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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensory (afferent) inputs enter CNS via
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dorsal-root entry zone
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DRG cell is ___, with what branches?
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Psuedo-unipolar
-CENTRAL -PERIPHERAL projecting branches |
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Where do efferent exit?
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ventral-root exit zone
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Somatic motor fibers located?
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ventral horn
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What are 2 types of somatic motor fibers in ventral horn?
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1. LMNS (alpha MNs)
2. MNs (gamma MNs) *LMN = lower motor neuron |
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responsible for innervating skeletal muscle?
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1. LMNS (alpha MNs)
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Innervate muscle-spindle receptors
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2. MNs (gamma MNs)
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DREZ stands for?
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doral root entry zone (rootlets come in and are still assoc w/ just one spinal segment)
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Ventral and dorsal root combine to form
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Spinal nerve
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What sends fibers to terminate in autonomic ganglia?
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Autonomic PREgangionic neurons
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Autonomic PREganglionic neurons include
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Sypamthetic and Parasympathetic PREganglionic neurons
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Sympathetic PREganglionic neurons ahve their cell bodies
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Intermediate horn (T1 to L1-2)
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Parasympathetic PREganglionic neurons have their cell bodies
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between DORSAL and VENTRAL horns in S2-S4 spinal levels (no intermediate horn)
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Where is spinal cord larger?
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Cervical enlargement (C5-8)
Lumbosacral enlargemnt (L4-5 and S1-S2) |
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Why are the cervical and lumbosacral enlargments so large?
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Process information for both the UPPER and LOWER extremities
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patch of skin innervated by a cutaneous (sensory to skin) nerve from ONE spinal0nerve segment (or one DRG)
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Sensory dermatome
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Why are sensory dermatome clinically important?
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localizing lesions ot specific spinal levels based on sensory deficits observed at specific parts of body
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What is somatotopic organization?
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Different parts of the body (and H/N) will be neurally-represented in an orderly fashion w/in the CNS nuclei and tracts
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because visceral organs DO NOT have sep. dermatomes, what happens?
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Referred pain from visceral organs to specific skin dermatomes
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Clavicle ?
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C4
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Nipple?
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T4
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umbilicus?
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T10
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Brainstem consists of 3 parts?
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla |
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What are 2 key features of the Ventral midbrain surface?
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1. Crus cerebri
2. Cranial nerve III (oculomotor n.) |
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What contains major MOTOR tracts descending from a number of Cortical areas?
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CRUS CEREBRI
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What tracts does the Crus Cerebri contain?
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Corticospinal
Corticobulbar Corticopontine |
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Cranial n. III (oculomotor n.) is located where?
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Projects out of the INTER-PEDUNCULAR FOSSA, medial to Crus cerebri
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What does cranial n. III innervate?
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1. 4 of 6 extraocular mm. for controlling eye movements
2. innervates muscle for lifting eyelid (LEVATOR PALPERBRAL SUPERIORIS m.) |
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3 features can observe about Dorsal Midbrain Surface?
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1. Tectum (roof) formed by 4 colliculi
2. CN IV decussates as nerve exits at caudal midbrain 3. Pineal gland (diencephalic) hangs over superior colliculus at dorsal midline |
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Is a nucleus largely mediating VISUAL reflex and eye mvts: not part of visual pathway important for visual perception
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Superior Colliculus
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Is a key relay nucleus along the auditory pathway important for sound perception?
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Inferior colliculus
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What role does CN IV have
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Innervates one extraocular muslce (superior oblique on the contralateral eye)
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Where does CN IV decussate?
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as nerve exits at caudal midbrain
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What kind of structure is the pineal gland?
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Diecephalic
(hangs over SUPERIOR COLLICULS at dorsal midline) |
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Pons consists predominantly of
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1. Ventral Pons
2. Pontomedullary junction (ventral surface) 3. Dorsal Pons |
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What is the base of the pons?
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Ventral (basal) part of pons
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What fibers descend in ventral pons?
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Corticospinal and corticobulbar
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(from ventral part of pons), what sends fibers across midline to become part of MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE as fibers terminate in CEREBELLUM?
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Pontine Nuclei
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What connects the Pons w/ the Cerebellum
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Mainly MIDDLE CREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
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What is the Trigeminal nerve (V) responsible for as it exits VENTROLATERAL PONS as 3 roots?
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1. Sensory innervation of face
2. LMNs that innervate MUSCLES OF MASTICATION |
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What are some key contents of the Potomedullary junction (ventral surface)?
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1. Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII exit at pontomedullary junction
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innervates only one extraocular muscle: lateral rectus which abducts the eye
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CN VI (abducens)
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Contains LMNs that innervate a sereis of skeletal muscles know as the MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
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CN VII (facial)
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Innervates specialized sense organs in the inner ear?
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CN VIII (vestibulo-cochlear)
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What are 2 branches of CN VIII (vestibulo-cochlear)
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1. Auditory branch for hearing
2. vestibular branch important for balance |
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What is the CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE (contents?) ***
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Clinically important area where ACOUSTIC tumors can affect CN VII, VIII and V
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Dorsal pons consits of?
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1. Cerebellum
2. 3 cerebellar peduncles 3. IVth ventricle 4. Floor of IVth ventricle 5. Facial colliculus |
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what covers dorsal pons?
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Cerebellum
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What connects CEREBELLUM to BRAINSTEM?
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3 CEREBELLAR peducles
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What separates Ventral cerebellum from dorsal pons?
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IVth ventricle
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What is on the dorsal pons?
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Floor of IVth ventricle
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Where is the facial colliculus?
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On dorsal pontine surface
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Key components of ventral medullary surface (3)
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1. Medullary pyramids
2. Pyramidal decussation at ventral midline of caudal medulla 3. Olivary eminence (bulge of inferior olive) |
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Medullary pyramids contain?
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1. Mostly CORTICOSPINAL tract fibers destine for CORD
2. Remaining CORTICOBULBAR fibers destine for MOTOR NUCLEI of lower cranial nerves |
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The pyramidal decussation at ventral midline of caudal medulla contains?
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Overwheling majority of CORTICOSPINAL tract fibers DECUSSATE
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Where is the Olivary eminence located?
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bilaterally at rostral 1/3-1/2 of ventral medulla
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Olivary eminence is landmark for entry of CN?
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IX, X, XI, XII
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What does the olivary eminence do?
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Structure mediating motor learning though its cerebellar connections
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The Dorsal medullary surface consists of
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Cuneate and Gracile tubercles in caudal medulla
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What are the CUNEATE and GRACILE tubercles?
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Major relay nuclei (dorsal-column nuclei) in the somatosensory pathway ascending to CEREBRAL CORTEX
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What is the Cerebellum (small brain) responsible for?
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Coordinated motor movements
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Gross features of Cerebellar surface (3)
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1. Laterally-oriented FOLIA
2. Primary fissures 3. Vermis and Flocculonodular lobes |
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The laterally-oriented FOLIA in cerebellum are analogous to what in the cerebral cortex?
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GYRI
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Primary fissures separate?
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Anterior from posterior lobe of th eCerebellum
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What are located ventrall on the cerebellum?
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Vermis and Flocculonodular lobes
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What is located on the dorsal surface of the cerebellum?
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1. Cerebellar peduncles
2. Deep cerebellar nuclei |
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What is important to note about the Tonsil located near the cerebellum?
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Tonsilar herniation can cause death via foramen magnum
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What connects the Cerebellum with Different brain regions?
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3 peducles
- Middle, Inferior, and Superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Which is the LARGEST peducle; provides bulk of AFFERENT inputs to cerebellum
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Middle Crebellar Peducle (MCP)
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What is mainly SENSORY (proprioceptive) tracts ascending from spinal cord and provides much smaller cerebellar AFFERENT?
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Infereior cerebellar peduncle (ICP)
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What provides most of the cerebellar EFFERENTS?
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Superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)
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2 features of Internal organiztion of Cerebellum
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1. Cerebellar cortex underneath a surface layer of white matter
2. Bilateral set of deep cerebellar nuclei also part of cerebellum |
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. Cerebellar cortex underneath a surface layer of white matter output is mainly to
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deep cerebellar nuclie
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what provides SOLE cerebellar CORTICAL outputs (inhibitory)
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Large Purkinje cells (inhibitory)
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Cerebellum is important for?
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Coordinated movement based on on-going sensory inputs
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Forebrain consits of what 2 structures?
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Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
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Diencephalon consists of the (3)
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Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus
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What forms most of the diencephalic mass?
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Thalamus
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What is below the thalamus; near floor of IIIrd ventricle; much smaller in mass
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Hypothalamus
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Forms rest of the diencephalon along dorsal and posterior talamic surface (e.g., pineal)
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Epithalamus
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What is the appearance of the Thalamus?
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egg-shaped
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The thalamus is a set of nuclei where?
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on either side of IIIrd ventricle
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How are most nuclie named?
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According to their relative location with respect to each other
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What is the Thalamus?***
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Gateway for ALL SENSORY inputs (EXCEPT olfactory)
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Where are the Sensory inputs of the thalamus destined for?
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Cerebral cortex
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What is a SPECIFIC thalamic nucleus?
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a relay for sensory information to primary sensory cortex
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Where do specific thalamic nuclei send fibers?
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to specific cerebral cortical areas
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Two key portions of thalamus?
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Hearing (MG)
Vision (LG) |
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Specific thalamic nuclei are connected with?
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Specific CORTICAL areas
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Series of nucli largely named with respect to the IIIrd VENTRICLE and OPTIC chiasm
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Hypothalamus
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What are 2 hypothalamic regions prominent on ventral (basal) cerebrum?
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Median Eminence
Mammillary bodies |
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Origin of INFUNDIBULAR PROCESS and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
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Median eminence
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Nuclei of the POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS
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Mammillary bodies
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Hypothalamus is part of the brain that controls?
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NEUROVISCERAL
-Endocrine -Autonomic functions |
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What is the major subcortical nuclei deep to Cerebral cortex?
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Telencephalon
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What is the major ganglia associated with the Telencephalon?
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Basal ganglia
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What are the major structures of basal ganglia?
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Caudate (c-shaped) runs along lateral ventricle
Lentiform nuclei Subthalamus Substantia nigra |
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Key structures of basal ganglia?
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CAUDATE (c-shaped)
LENTIFORM nuclei |
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What are the parts of the Lentiform nuclei?
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Putamen + Globus Pallidus
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Where is the head of caudate located?
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Lateral to ventricles I, II
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Motor nuclei of basal ganglia modulate?
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motor cortical OUTPUT via motor Thalamus
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Key relationship with basal ganglia is?
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knowing relative location of basal ganglia and thalamus w/ respect to internal capsule
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Where is Amygdala located?
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Subcortically in Medial Temporal lobe, deep to uncus
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What do the key subcortical telencephalic structures of the amygdala belong to?
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limbic system
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What are parts of the circuits of the AMYGDALA involved in?
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emotions and their overt behavioral expression, such as rage
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What kind of INPUT does Amygdala receive?
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Olfactory inputs
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Where does Hippocampal formation occur?
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Medial temporal lobe
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Amygdala is a part of which circuit?
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Limbic circuit
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What else is amygdala involved in?
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Hippocampal formation and its efferent projection to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus
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What does the forebrain consist of?
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1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon |
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What does the Diencephalon consist of?
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1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus (anything with the word "thalamus") |
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What forms most of the DIENCEPHALIC mass?
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Thalamus
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What is located below the thalamus and what VENTRICLE is it below?
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Hypothalamus
-IIIrd ventricle -much smaller in mass than thalamus |
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What fomrs the rest of the diencephalon along the dorsal and posterior thalamic surface (eg, pineal)
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Epithalamus
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What shape is the thalamus?
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egg-shaped
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Where/what is the thalamus
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set of NUCLEI on either side of IIIrd ventricle
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How are the nuclei of the thalamus named?
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Most nuclei named according to relative location w/ respect to each other
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The thalamus is the gateway for ?
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All SENSORY inputs (except olfactory) destined for Cerebral Cortex
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A specific thalamus nucleus is a relay for what/
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Sensory information to primary sensory cortex
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What shape is the thalamus?
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egg-shaped
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Where/what is the thalamus
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set of NUCLEI on either side of IIIrd ventricle
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How are the nuclei of the thalamus named?
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Most nuclei named according to relative location w/ respect to each other
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The thalamus is the gateway for ?
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All SENSORY inputs (except olfactory) destined for Cerebral Cortex
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A specific thalamus nucleus is a relay for what/
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Sensory information to primary sensory cortex
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Where do specific Thalamic nuclei send fibers?
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To specific cerebral cortical areas (recall, cerebral cortex is grey areas with Purkinje cells)
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What are the hypothalamic nuclei located/named in relation to?
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IIIrd ventricle (Periventricular nucleus) and Optic chiasm (supraoptic nucleus)
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What 2 hypothalamic regions are prominent on the ventral (basal) cerebrum?
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1. Median eminence
2. Mammillary bodies |
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What is the origin of infundibular process and neurohypophysis?
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Median eminence
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What is the nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus?
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Mammillary bodies
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What 2 functions does the hypothalamus control?
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1. Endocrine
2. Autonomic *Neurovisceral control |
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What is the major SUBCORTICAL NUCLEI deep to the Cerebral Cortex?
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Telencephalon
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What are the key structures of the Telencephalon?
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1. Basal ganglia
2. Amygdala 3. Hippocampal formation |
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What are the key structures of the basal ganglia of the telencephalon?
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1. Caudate (c-shaped)
2. Lentiform (putamen + globus pallidus) nuclei also 3. Subthalamus 4. Substantia nigra |
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What is located lateral to ventricles I, II?
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Caudate nucleus
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What kind of output do the motor nuclei of the basal ganglia mediate via the thalamus?
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Motor
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What is a key structure relating the basal ganglia to the thalamus?
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Internal capsule
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What structure (telencephalic) is located Subcortically in MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE, deep to uncus?
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Amygdala
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Why is the Amygdala important (what circuit)?
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Part of LIMBIC CIRCUIT, along with Hippocampal formations and its efferent projection to the mammilary body of hypothalamus
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What else is located near amygdala in medial temporal lobe/
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Hippocompal formation
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What kind of input does the Amygdala receive?
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Olfactory
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What parts of circuits in the amygdala involved in?
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emotions and their overt behavioral expression, such as rage
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What does the INTERNAL CAPSULE connect?
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massive tract connecting CEREBRAL CORTEX w/ SUBCORTICAL areas
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What is the internal capsule called near the cerebral cortex?
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Corona Radiata
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Where does the coronal radiata from the cerebral cortex convere to form the internal capsule?
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Deep in the Telencephalon (recall, telencephalon is basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampal formation "think Limbic Circuit")
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The Internal Capsule separates what two structures?
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Thalamus (medial) from Lentiform nuclei (lateral)
*part of basal ganglia of telencephalon |
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There are 3 parts to the Internal capsule, each contianing different tracts
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1. Anterior Limb
2. Genu (Coricobulbar tract) 3. Posterior limb (Corticospinal tract and thalamic connections) 4. Retrolenticular (visual/optic radiations) |
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Corticobulbar tract descends in?
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Genu
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Corticospinal tract descends in?
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Posterior Limb
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Thalamic connections (radiations) with somatosensory cortex in?
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Posterior limb
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Visual (optic) radiations in
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Retroleenticular part of internal capsule
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What does the internal capsule become in the midbrain?
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Crus Cerebri
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Cerebral cortex consists of 5 lobes - what are they?
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1. Frontal
2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital 5. Insular |
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What defines the gross anatomical borders of the cerebral cortex?
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Sulci and fissures
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What separates the frontal from the parietal lobe on the lateral surface of the cerebrum?
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Central sulcus (of Rolando)
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What separates the FRONTAL/PARIETAL lobes from the TEMPORAL lobe?
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Lateral (Sylvian) fissure
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Where is the insular cortex located?/can you see it grossly?
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It is hidden (insulated) deep in Lateral Fissure
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Is there a clear separation between the TEMPORAL/PARIETAL lobes and the PARIETAL/OCCIPITAL lobes?
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Not clearly separated on lateral surface
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Where is the Primary Visual Cortex located?
-fissure? -lobe? |
At Calacarine fissure in Medial Occipital Lobe
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What are the 2 main separations of the cerebral lobes on the lateral surface?
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1. Central Sulcus (of Rolando)
2. Lateral (sylvian) Fissure |
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What structure does the limbic lobe follow?
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C-shaped structure follwing the LATERAL VENTRICLES from frontal/parietal lobes into Temporal lobe
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What structures does the LIMBIC LOBE include?
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Cingulate Gyrus (over corpus collosum)
Parahippocampal gyrus (in medial temporal lobe) |
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Why is the limbi lobe important?
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It is an important cortical structures forming a FOREBRAIN LIMBIC CIRCUIT
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What does the forebrain limbic circuit do?
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Mediates Emotions and Memory/Learning
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Describe the Cellular (anatomic) organization of the Cerebral Cortex
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Organized in multiple cell layers (laminar organization)
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Where are 6 cellular layers found?
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Neocortex
-Prefrontal association cortex -Primary Motor cortex -Parietal-temporal-occipital assocation cortex -Primary visual cortex |
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Where are 2-5 layers found?
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In phylogenetically older allocortex (eg, hippocampus)
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How is the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex defined?
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Cell size
Types Packing Density |
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How are Brodman's areas defined?
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anatomically by their differeing CYTOARCHITECTURE;
HOWEVER DO HAVE FUNCTIONAL SIGNFICANCE |
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Differing cytoarchitecture =?
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Differing laminar organization
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How are specific functions arranged in the cerebral cortex?
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Specific functions localized to Discrete areas in the cerebral cortex
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What underlies the differing functions of areas in cerebral cortex?
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Connectional differences of specific cortical areas
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Is there hemispheric symmetry or asymmetry in specific higher functions?
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Assymetry (example Broka's area of speech)
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What are 2 tracts connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
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1. Corpus Callosum
2. Anterior Commissure |
