Neuro- Internal Structure Of Brainstem

Front 1

Where are the pyramids? What do they contain

Back 1

part of ventral medulla

contain corticospinal tracts

Front 2

What is the pyramidal decussation?

It marks the junction of what structures?

Back 2

crossing site for corticospinal tracts at the caudal end of pedullary pyramid

marks jxn between spinal cord and brainstem

Front 3

Fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus
What are they?
Where are they located?

Back 3

tracts conveying wall-localized touch , pressure, vibration and joint position sense from legs (gracilis) and arms (cuneatus)

located in DORSAL FUNICULUS of SPINAL CORD

Front 4

What are the Dorsal Columns

Back 4

collective term for the FASCICULUS GRACILIS and CUNEATUS

Front 5

Nucleus Gracilis
is located where?
what terminates there?

Back 5

nuclei in the caudal medulla (for the termination of fasciculus gracilis)

Front 6

Nucleus Cuneatus
is located where?
what terminates there?

Back 6

nuclei in the caudal medulla (for the termination of the fasciculus cuneatus)

Front 7

Internal arcuate fibers

Back 7

nerve fibers leaving the ventral part of the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus

Front 8

Medial lemniscus
made of what type of fibers?
is a continuation from what structures?

Back 8

continuation of SENSORY FIBERS from the DORSAL COLUMN NUCLEI continuing rostrally trhough brain stem

Front 9

Lateral/External Cuneate Nucleus

what type of fibers emanate from it?
what stuctures do these fibers connect?

Back 9

nucleus just lateral to the nucleus cuneatus

for RELAY of PROPRIOCEPTIVE FIBERS from:
the UPPER LIMB to the CEREBELLUM

Front 10

CENTRAL CANAL
-where is it located?
-what is inside?
-what other space is it continuous with?

Back 10

center of spinal cord and lower medulla

filled with CSF

connects with 4th VENTRICLE in the MEDULLA

Front 11

where the central canal opens up to the 4th ventricle

Back 11

OBEX

Front 12

Why kind of fibers are in the Spinal Tract of the Trigeminal

Back 12

pain and temperature sensory fibers

running caudally through the caudal/lateral brain stem

continuous with the fibers in the Trigeminal nerve

Front 13

termination of trigeminal pain and temperature sensory fibers in the spinal tract of the trigeminal

Back 13

SPINAL NUCLEUS OF THE TRIGEMINAL

Front 14

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus is a pathway for what?

Where is it located?

Back 14

aka the MLF

parthway for several ascending and descending tracts

located near midline, just ventral to the ventricle system

Front 15

HYPOCLOSSAL NUCLEUS
contains what kind of neurons?

Back 15

nucleus containing motor neurons for tongue muscles

Front 16

Nucleus Solitarius
-is what type of nucleus?
-for which nerves?

Back 16

VISCERAL SENSORY NUCLEUS for CNIX and CNX

Also has taste (gustatory) part

Front 17

nucleus that contains motor neurons for parasympathetics running in CNIX and CNX

Back 17

DORSAL MOTOR NUCLEUS OF THE VAGUS

Front 18

termination of nerve fibers from CNVIII

Back 18

VESTIBULAR NUCLEI/COMPLEX

Front 19

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle provides a connection from what to what?

From where does it receive input?

Back 19

connection from medulla to cerebellum

input from SPINAL CORD and BRAIN STEM

Front 20

Middle cerebellar Peduncle

provides a connection from what to what?

is a relay for connections from the cerebral cortex to where?

Back 20

connecetion from the basal pons to the cerebellum

relay for connections from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

Front 21

structure that contains most of the cerebellar outputs

Back 21

Superior cerebellar peduncle (connection from cerebellum to midbrain)

Front 22

Pontine gray/basal bons

Back 22

-bulbous nucleus on ventral aspect of pons
-termination of corticobulbar fibers
-and origin for pontocerebellar projections through middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 23

DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI (denate, interposed, fastigeal)

Back 23

output nuclei from the cerebellum

Front 24

nucleus associated with CEREBELLAR function

Back 24

INFERIOR OLIVE NUCLEUS

Front 25

What terminates at the Cochlear Nuclei?

Back 25

auditory nerve fibers in CNVIII

Front 26

Where is the Internal bend (genu) of CNVII?

Back 26

The fasical nerve has a long course through the CAUDAL PONS with an internal bend (GENU) around the ABDUCENS N.

Front 27

Where is the facial nucleus?

What type of fibers orginate here?

Back 27

nucleus located in the CAUDAL PONS

origin of the MOTOR NERVE FIBERS to MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

Front 28

RAPHE NUCLEI
(where are they, what do they contain)

Back 28

SEROTONIN-CONTAINING NUCLEI

in MIDLINE of brainstem

Front 29

ABDUCENS NUCLEI
located where?
what kind if neurons are found here?

Back 29

located in CAUDAL PONS

contains MOTOR NEURONS in CNVI (to lateral rectus muscle of eye)

Front 30

The Trapezoid body is made of crossing fibers in the pons, for what pathway?

Back 30

the auditory pathway

Front 31

What nerve passes through the middle cerebellar peduncle in the pons?

Back 31

CNV

Front 32

contains motor neurons to jaw muscles (mastication)

termination of touch and pressure sensory fivers from the face (chief sensory nucleus)

Back 32

TRIGEMINAL NUCLEI

Front 33

part of the ventricle system located DORSAL to the brainstem from mid-medulla through pons

Back 33

4th VENTRICLE

Front 34

Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius

Back 34

CSF path through midbrain

Front 35

Periaqueductal Gray
(what is it, where is it, what is it involved in?)

Back 35

NUCLEUS surrounding the cerebral aqueduct, involved in pain suppression

Front 36

INFERIOR COLLICULUS is a relay for what?

where is it located?

Back 36

relay for the AUDITORY PATHWAY

located dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct (IN TECTUM)

Front 37

a multisensory nucleus involved in reflex head and eye movement

Back 37

SUPERIOR COLLICULUS

Front 38

the portion of the midbrain dosral to the cerebral aqueduct (comprised of the colliculi)

Back 38

TECTUM

Front 39

TEGMENTUM

Back 39

"core" of the brain stem between the centricle system and the pyramids in the medulla, basal pons and crus cerebri in the midbrain

Front 40

Cerebral Peduncle/Crus Cerebri
(where? what is it comprised of?)

Back 40

in the midbrain

comprised of CEREBRAL CORTICAL EFFERENT projections to the BRAIN STEM and SPINAL CORD

Front 41

SUBSANTIA NIGRA

Back 41

large nucleus of the midbrain
located just dorsal to the crus cerebri

major source of DOPAMINE in basal ganglia

degenerates in PARKINSONS

Front 42

RED NUCLEUS

Back 42

motor nucleus in the midbrain

Front 43

MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS

Back 43

in caudal part of thalamus (part of diencephalon)

relay in AUDITORY PATHWAY

Front 44

LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS

Back 44

in caudal part of thalamus (part of diencephalon)

replay in VISUAL PATHWAY

Front 45

PULVINAR

Back 45

major posterior projection of the THALAMUS

Front 46

PINEAL GLAND
(where is it? what does it secrete?)

Back 46

gland located just dorsal to the midbrain

involved in circadian secretion of melatonin

Front 47

CEREBRAL ARTERIAL SUPPLY

Back 47

Ant: INTERNAL CAROTIDS and branches
Post: VERTEBRALS/BASILAR and branches
CIRCLE OF WILLIS
PERFORATING ARTERIES

Front 48

Anterior cerebral circulation is mainly supplied via

Back 48

paired internal carotid arteries

Front 49

Posterior cerebral circulation is mainly supprised via

Back 49

paired VERTEBRAL ARTERIES joining to form the BASILAR artery (and resepctive branches)

Front 50

connects the anterior and posterior circulations and connects the two hemispheres

Back 50

THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS

Front 51

arise from proximal portions of the major cerebral vessels, supply the structures in and around the base of the brain

Back 51

PERFORATING ARTERIES

Front 52

ICA

Back 52

Interal Carotid Artery
-Cervical portion
-Petrous Portion
-Cavernous Portion
-Subarachnoid Portion

Front 53

Cavernous Portion of ICA
(location) [branches]

Back 53

(w/in cavernous sinus) [branches to pituitary, cranial nerves, cavernous sinus, dura]

Front 54

Petrous Portion of ICA
(location) [branches]

Back 54

(in petrous part of temporal bone) [inconsistent branches: tympanic/pterygoid]

Front 55

Cervical Portion of ICA
(location) [branches]

Back 55

(bifurcation of c. carotid to skull) [no branches]

Front 56

Subarachnoid Portion of ICA
(location) [branches]

Back 56

(from exit of cavernous sinus to its bifurcation into terminal branches:
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
and Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

Front 57

Branches of the Intracranial(Subarachnoid) ICA

Back 57

1) Opthalmic Artery
2) Posterior Communicating Artery
3)Anterior Choroidal Artery
4) Anterior Cerebral Artery
5) Middle Cerebral Artery

Front 58

Opthalmic Artery
branch of what?
supplies what?

Back 58

branch of Intracranial ICA

supplies orbit and contents

Front 59

Posterior Communicating Artery
branch of what?
connects to what?
supplies what?

Back 59

branch of Intracranial portion of ICA

connects ICA to POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY

perforators supply optic chiasm/tract and hypothalamus

Front 60

Anterior Choroidal Artery
branch of what?
connects to what?
supplies what?

Back 60

branch of Intracranial ICA

supplies the OPTIC TRACT, GLOBUS PALLIDUS< INTERNAL CAPSULE, UNCUS, MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE, CHOROID PLEXUS of the LATERAL VENTRICLE

Front 61

Anterior Cerebral Artery
branch of what?
supplies what?

Back 61

-medial division of the ICA bifurcation
-turns to enter interhemispheric fissure
-connected to Ant. Choroidal A. via (ant. Communicating A)
-cortical branches to medial, frontal, parietal lobes and corpus collosum
-perforating branches supply hypothalamus, corpus collosum, pituitary stalk, fornix, caudate septum pellucidum

Front 62

Middle Cerebral Artery
branch of what?
located where?
supplies what?

Back 62

-lateral branch of the (intracranial) ICA bifurcation
-runs in Sylvian Fissure
-cortical branches supply LATERAL TEMPORAL LOBE & most of LATERAL HEMISPHERE
-perforators supply CAUDATE, PUTAMEN, GLOBUS PALLIDUS, INTERNAL CAPSULE

Front 63

PATH of the VERTEBRAL ARTERY

Back 63

-originates from the subclavian
-travels through the transverse foramen
-curves around the lateral mass of the atlas
-enters the cranium via the foramen magnum

Front 64

Branches of the VERTEBRAL ARTERY

Back 64

1. Muscular/Meningeal branches in neck
2. POSTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY
3. POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY (PICA)
4. ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY

Front 65

POSTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY
branch of what?
supplies...?

Back 65

branch of Vertebral Artery

supplies: POST MEDULLA/INF CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE/posterior third of SPINAL CORD

Front 66

PICA
branch of what?
supplies...?

Back 66

posterior inferior cerebellar artery (branch of vertebral)

supplies: lateral MEDULLA/ TONSILS/ VERMIS/ inferolateral surface of CEREBELLUM

Front 67

Anterior Spinal Artery
branch of what?
supplies...?

Back 67

branch of vertebral artery

supplies: paramedian region of MEDULLA/ ant.two-thirds of SPINAL CORD

Front 68

What provides the majority of the blood supply to the spinal cord?

Back 68

Anterior Spinal Artery (anterior two-thirds)
Posterior Spinal Artery (posterior third)

Front 69

formed by the junction of the two vertebral arteries at the pontomedullary border

Back 69

BASILAR ARTERY

Front 70

branches of the Basilar Artery

Back 70

AICA (Ant/inf.Cerebellar Artery)
Pontine Arteries
SCA (Sup.Cerebellar Artery)
Posterior Cerebral Artery

Front 71

AICA
(Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery)
course..
supplies..
branch(es)...

Back 71

branches from Basilar artery runs toward int. auditory meatus, then travels in horizontal fissure of cerebellum

supplies: cerebellum around the fissure
branch: labarynthine artery (supplies internal auditory meatus and structures)

Front 72

Pontine arteries
branches of what?
supply what structure?

Back 72

multiple small arteries branching from Basilar artery

supply the PONS

Front 73

Superior Cerebral Artery (SCA)
branch of what?
course...
supplies what?

Back 73

-branch of basilar a.
-runs around the pons to upper cerebellum
-supplies: brainstem, upper surface of cerebellar hemispheres & upper vermis

Front 74

Posterior Cerebral Artery

Back 74

-branch of Basilar a.
-runs around brainstem, travels bt occipital lobes

-cortical branches supply: inferomedial TEMPORAL and PARIETAL LOBES & OCCIPITAL LOBE
-perforating branches supply: BRAINSTEM, THALAMUS, CHOROID PLEXUS of 3rd and 4th ventricles

Front 75

Major Cerebral Venous Sinuses

Back 75

Superior Sagittal Sinus
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
Great Cerebral Vein of Galen
Straight Sinus

Front 76

runs in midline from frontal region to the occipital region and drains into the transverse sinus

Back 76

SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS

Front 77

receives blood from cortical veins in frontal, parietal and occipital regions (including the Vein of Trolard)

Back 77

SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS

Front 78

responsible for the bulk of CSF absorption

Back 78

arachnoid granulations projecting into the superior sagittal sinus

Front 79

runs in the inferior border of the falx and drains into the straight sinus

Back 79

Inferior Sagittal Sinus

Front 80

receives blood from the falx, corpus collosum, and medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere

Back 80

Inferior Sagittal Sinus

Front 81

Great Cerebral Vein of Galen

Back 81

not a sinus, but an important vein that lies near the pineal gland and joins the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus

Front 82

receives blood from the base of the brain and deep brain structures

Back 82

Great cerebral vein of Galen

Front 83

runs in the midline of the tentorium at the attachment of the falx and drains into the transverse sinus

Back 83

Straight sinus

Front 84

Transverse sinus receives blood from

Back 84

the straight sinus
and superior sagittal sinus
the Vein of Labbe and adjacent occipital and cerebellar regions

Front 85

Transverse sinus runs where?

Back 85

laterally in the occipital region toward the base of the mastoid process

Front 86

Sigmoid Sinus is a continuation of what?

Back 86

the transverse sinus in the mastoid, becomes the internal jugular vein at the skull base

Front 87

Cavernous sinus lies along what?

Back 87

the side of the sphenoid

Front 88

Cavernous Sinus contains

Back 88

-multiple channels
-internal carotid artery
-CNII, IV, V1, V2 and VI
-blood from orbit, pituitary, temporal lob, and Superficial Middle Cerebral Vein

Front 89

Cavernous Sinus is connected to what?

Back 89

connected to posterior sinuses via the SUPERIOR PETROSAL SINUS and the INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS