Neuro: Higher Cortical Processing

Front 1

This is the layer of the cortex that is the primary recipient of the thalamus inputs.

Back 1

Layer 4

Front 2

These two cortical layers are the descending projections to the thalamus or other subcortical structures.

Back 2

Layers 5 and 6

Front 3

These two cortical layers is where a lot of information processing occurs in general.

Back 3

Layers 2 and 3

Front 4

[ Association / Primary ] areas are regions responsible for encoding sensory information and commanding movements (20%); while [ association / primary ] areas are regions responsible for attending, identifying, recognizing stimuli, and planning appropriate responses (80%); cognition.

Back 4

Primary

association

Front 5

This lobe plays a role in taste, emotion and homeostatic regulation of autonomic activity.

A. limbic lobe
B. insula lobe
C. frontal lobe
D. parietal lobe

Back 5

B. insula lobe

Insula Lobe is a region of the cerebral cortex that is buried within the depths of lateral fissure.

Front 6

This lobe includes the paraterminal, cingulate, parahippocampal gyri. This regions plays a central role in memory, learning, emotion, some neuroendocrine function, and autonomic activity.


A. limbic lobe
B. insula lobe
C. frontal lobe
D. parietal lobe

Back 6

A. limbic lobe

Front 7

What are the four major gyri of the frontal lobe? What are the two major fissures?

Back 7

GYRI: precentral, superior frontal, middle frontal, and inferior frontal

FISSURES: precentral and central

Front 8

Name the lobe that is described.

A. essential for vision
B. involved in somatosensation, vision, and attention
C. involved in hearing, vision, language, and memory
D. essential for planning and executing learned and purposeful behaviors

Back 8

A. occipital lobe
B. parietal lobe
C. temporal lobe
D. frontal lobe

Front 9

This lobe has four functionally distinct areas: the primary motor cortex, the premotor and supplementary areas, Broca’s area, prefrontal cortex.

Back 9

Frontal lobe.

Front 10

Primary motor cortex is located in the _________.

A. precentral gyrus
B. postcentral gyrus

Back 10

A. precentral gyrus

parallel and anterior to the central sulcus. This area controls voluntary movement and contains neurons whose axons comprise the corticospinal tract, and extend to the brain stem and spinal cord, which in turn innervate skeletal muscles.

Front 11

Anterior to motor cortex (which is located in the precentral gyrus) are the ________ and ________ areas.

Back 11

premotor and supplementary motor areas

These regions occupy part of the precentral gyrus, along with adjacent regions of the superior and middle frontal gyri. These areas take part in the planning and selection of a specific movement or sequence of voluntary movements.

Front 12

The most anterior region of the frontal lobe, the prefrontal cortex, includes the remaining parts of the superior frontal, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. This large association area of cortex is important for the development of ...

Back 12

working memory, planning, moral reasoning, impulse control, and the regulation of appropriate social behavior. The role of prefrontal cortex in behavior is complex and difficult to define. (Think Phineas Gage.)

Front 13

Broca’s area located in the ____________gyrus of one hemisphere (usually the left hemisphere and is referred to as the dominant hemisphere) is responsible for the expressive component of language.

Back 13

inferior frontal gyrus

Broca’s area is connected to a receptive language area, known as Wernicke’s area, located in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus. Together they coordinate language expression (Broca’s area) and comprehension (Wernicke’s area). Damage to these language areas lead to aphasia, a defect in expressing or understanding spoken or written language.
Patients with Broca’s or expressive aphasia have trouble speaking or writing. Speech is telegraphic, lacks grammatical structure, and is confined largely to single word utterances of a noun or verb.

Front 14

What are the parietal lobe's four main gyri and two prominent sulci?

Back 14

GYRI: postcentral, intraparietal, supramarginal, and angular

SULCI: central and postcentral

Front 15

True or False:

Damage the primary somatosensory cortex of one hemisphere results in a contralateral loss of fine tactile discrimination and proprioception. However, general tactile and pain sensation remain intact.

Back 15

True

Front 16

Unilateral damage to the __________ can lead to defects in reading (alexia) or naming objects (anomia), or an inability to write or draw simple figures (agraphia).

A. L angular gyrus
B. L postcentral gyrus
C. L superior parietal lobule

Back 16

A. L angular gyrus (of parietal lobe)

Front 17

Unilateral damage to this lobe's hemisphere results in a disturbance of personal and extrapersonal space, or sensory neglect. Patients with this syndrome exhibit a profound neglect for the contralateral half of their body or external world. “Contralateral Neglect Syndrome”.

Back 17

(usually the right hemisphere and referred to as the nondominant hemisphere) of the parietal lobe

Front 18

This lobe has four functionally distinct areas: primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s Area essential for language comprehension, an inferior region involved in higher order visual processing, and a medial part concerned with learning and memory.

Back 18

Temporal lobe

Front 19

The primary auditory cortex is located on this gyrus. The spectrum of audible frequencies (tonotopic) is mapped onto the primary auditory cortex.

Back 19

superior temporal gyrus

Front 20

True or False:

Patients with Wernicke’s or receptive aphasia have difficulty in language comprehension. They can write or speak but have trouble using words correctly. They often substitute a letter or word for one another (paraphasia), insert new or meaningless words in their speech (neologism) or string together words or phrases in meaningless ways.

Back 20

True

Front 21

Medial/inferior regions of this lobe are essential for learning and memory. Bilateral damage results in the inability to learn new information or make new memories (anterograde amnesia). (Think HM).

Back 21

Temporal lobe!

Front 22

Name the two major gyri and the sulcus that separates them- of the occipital lobe.

Back 22

Cuneus and lingual gyri, calcarine sulcus.

Front 23

Damage to ________ cortex can result in prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize faces.

A. occipital-temporal
B. occipital-parietal
C. temporal-frontal
D. temporal- parietal

Back 23

A. occipital-temporal

Other defects can include color agnosia, a failure to discriminate between colors or names of colors; object agnosia, a defect related to naming objects; or simultanagnosia an inability to recognize parts of an image as a whole.

Front 24

Which aphasia has the following characteristics- Broca's or Wernicke's?

Tendency to repeat phrases or words, disordered syntax, disordered grammar, disordered structure of individual words.

Back 24

Broca's aphasia

also, other characteristics are: halting speech and comprehension intact (woulda been kinda easy if I included those)

Front 25

Which aphasia has the following characteristics - Broca's or Wernicke's?

Little spontaneous repitition, syntax adequate, grammar adequate, contrived or inappropriate words.

Back 25

Wernicke's aphasia

other characteristics: fluent speech, comprehension not intact

Front 26

True or False:

opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, represented in Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic map as areas 44 and 45.

Back 26

True