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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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turner's syndrome
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a chromosomal abnormality in which all or part of one of the sex chromosomes is absent; Typical females have two X chromosomes, but in Turner syndrome, one of those sex chromosomes is missing or has other abnormalities. In some cases, the chromosome is missing in some cells but not others, a condition referred to as mosaicism[2] or 'Turner mosaicism'.
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simulation theory
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perceiving the actions and emotions of others using the same neural and cognitive resources as we would to produce the same feelings ourself
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simulation theory
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The simulation theory is not primarily a theory of empathy, but rather a theory of how we understand others -- that we do so by way of a kind of empathetic response. The theory holds that humans anticipate and make sense of the behavior of others by activating mental processes that, if carried into action, would produce similar behavior. This includes intentional behavior as well as the expression of emotions.
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empathy
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ability to appreciate another's point of view and share their experiences, can encompass sensation as well as emotion
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plasticity
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the brains ability to change as a result of experience, persists throughout life; changes in neural connectivity at synaptic level fast through strengthening connections or slow but more permanent with increase in connections
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optic ataxia
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Optic ataxia patients usually have troubles reaching toward visual objects on the side of the world opposite to the side of brain damage: associated with damage to the occipital-parietal cortex
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visual agnosia
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inability of the brain to make sense of or make use of some part of otherwise normal visual stimulus and is typified by the inability to recognize familiar objects or faces
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degrees of freedom problem
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number of different ways to act, infinite number of motor solutions
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generalised motor programs
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stored routines of actions and action sequences
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effectors
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parts of the body that can be moved (distal and proximal and may include eye muscles, tongue, jaw) provide means of communication, expression of emotions
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generalised motor programs
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stored routines of actions and action sequences
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effectors
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parts of the body that can be moved (distal and proximal, can include eye muscles, tongue, jaw) provide means of communication, expression of emotions
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muscle
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an excitable tissue that can only pull, controlled by alpha motor neurons
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motor unit
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motor neuron and all muscle fibres it controls (fine control smaller innervation ratio)
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central pattern generators
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eg breathing - not reliant on higher order brain structures
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motor equivalence
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motor plans are generalised and do not require the use of specific muscles
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response conflict
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situation of habituated response need to be overcome eg Stroop task
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change blindness
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failure to detect a sudden change in the visual field
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hypercomplex cells
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in vision, respond to particular orientations and lengths
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hemianopia (type of cortical blindness)
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restricted to one half of the visual field (damage to the V1 in one hemisphere)
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quadrantanopia
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quarter of the visual field
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scotoma
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small region of the visual field
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blindsight
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not being able to report a conscious visual stimuli
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V4
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colour / infero temporal region in the fusiform area
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V5
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movement, motor perception, MT medial temporal lobe and parietal regions
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achromatopsia
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impaired colour perception
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akinetopsia
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impaired movement perception series of still frames, but can discriminate biological motion
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agnosia
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disorder of object recognition
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apperceptive agnosia
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deficit in perceptual processing at the level of object perception
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associative agnosia
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a failure to understand the meaning of an object, deficit is at the leve lof semantic memory
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object constancy
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able to recognise objects from different viewpoints relies on semantic memory
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category specificity
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notion that the brain represents categories in different ways and or in different regions
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prosopagnosia
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inability to recognise familiar faces; impairments of face processing that do not reflect difficulties in early visual analysis
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object recognition
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implicates inerfo-temporal region
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object orientation
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implicated parietal lobes
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Duchenne lines
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wrinkles around the eyes associated with a sincere smile
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
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in monkeys after bilateral amygdala and temporal lesions - an unusual tameness and emotional blunting; a tendency to examine objects with the mouth; and dietary changes
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James-Lange theory
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self perception of bodily changes produces emotional experience (eg one is sad because one cries)
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object orientation
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implicates parietal lobes
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temporal resolution vs spatial resolution
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when vs where
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modularity refers to
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the notion that certain cognitive regions are restricted to the type of information they process
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domain specificity
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idea that cognitive regions are restricted to solely one type of information
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neurons make up ___ % of the cells in the brain
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ten
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action potential
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a sudden change in the electrical properties of the neuron membrane in the axon (depolarisation and repolarisation)
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retina
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the internal surface of the eye containing photoreceptors that convert light to neural signals
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rod cell
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sensitivity to light, those found at night
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cone cells
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specialised for high levels of light
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blind spot
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point in which the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no rods or cones present there
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p layers
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colour and detail
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m layers
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movement and large visual areas
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LGN
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lateral geniculate nucleus, major pathway from the retina to the brain
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V1
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primary visual cortex = area 17
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receptive field - the region of space that elicits a response from a particular neuron and responds to differences in light
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light in the centre of the receptor field excites a neuron whereas light surrounding the area may switch if off. Light over the entire receptor field may elicit no effect as may inhibit each other
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hubel and wiesel - early visual system
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simple cells respond to light in a particular orientation, complex cells respond to light in a particular orientation but not to single points of light; centre surround have their own receptor cells where light is in a specific field either centre or surround, if both then no change
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perseveration
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repeating an action already performed
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utilisation
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impulsive action on irrelevant objects
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confabulation
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a memory that is false and sometimes contradictory, without the intention to lie
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articulatory loop
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short term memory store for verbal material, refreshed by subvocal articulation
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deep dysphasia
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inability to repeat non-words
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phonological lexicon
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store of sounds that make up known words
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lexical access
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process matching acoustic form of word to store of known words
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amodal
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not tied to one or more perceptual systems
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autopagnosia
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inability to locate body part on self, pictures of others (selective deficity of one type of knowledge location/function)
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proper name anomia
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difficulty retreiving proper names
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wernickes aphasia
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nonsensical speech, not fluent, poor comprehension, speech spared, language impaired
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broca's aphasia
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problems with speech production, know what they want to say but can't get it out
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anomia
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difficulties finding words
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the lexical decision task
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basic procedure involves measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords.
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visual lexicon
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a store of the structure of known written words
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pure alexia
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Pure alexia is one form of alexia which makes up "the peripheral dyslexia" group.[1] Individuals who have pure alexia suffer from severe reading problems while other language-related skills such as naming, oral repetition, auditory comprehension or writing are typically intact.[2]
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attentional dyslexia
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paired or flanked difficulties, deficits in visuospatial
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neglect dyslexia
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one side - attention
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allograph
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letters / shape
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graph
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letters / stroke, order size direction
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afferent dysgraphia
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stroke omissions or additions, poor use of visual feedback in guiding writing
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subitising
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refers to the rapid, accurate, and confident judgments of number performed for small numbers of item
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size effect
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easier to state which numbers are larger when the numbers are small relative to large, even when the distance between them is the same
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distance effect
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easier to tell which number is larger when the distance between them is large
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executive functions
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control processes that enable an individual to optimize performance in situations requiring the operation and coordination of several more basic cognitive processes
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executive functions
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optimize performance, planning and decision making, error correction and trouble shooting, novel, dangerous or technically difficult
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basal ganglia
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subcortical grey matter - regulation of motor activity and the programming and termination of action; implicated in learning of skills and habits
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basal ganglia hypokinetic
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poverty - Parkinsons
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basal ganglia hyperkinetic
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excess- Huntingdon's
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damage to basal ganglia
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posture, muscle tone, abornmal movement
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Parkinsons
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substantia nigra (dopamine rich neurons) project to basal ganglia, when these die, stop sending signals to basal ganglia
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cognitive neuroscience explains
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processes by brain mechanisms through technology and theory
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functional specialisation
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neurons specific regions
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syndrome
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cluster of symptoms - meaningful
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single dissociation
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impaired i task, spared other eg a lesion to brain structure A disrupts function X but not function Y. Such a demonstration allows one to infer that function X and function Y are independent of each other in some way.
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double dissociation
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the demonstration that two experimental manipulations each have different effects on two dependent variables; if one manipulation affects the first variable and not the second, the other manipulation affects the second variable and not the first
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Caramazza's assumption for theorising single case studies
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fractionation - damage brain selective cognitive impairments, lead to form theory; transparency - lesion affect existing cognitive systems, don't create new ones; all cognitive systems are basically the same
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diaschisis
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discrete lesion disrupts distant regions of the brain that are structurally intact
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