Neuro Fns Lect #25

Front 1

What part of the brain is the cerebellum part of (diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon)?

Back 1

Metencephalon

Front 2

The cerebellum recieves input from massive amounts of afferent information, what is it's main Output influence?

Back 2

Motor Activity (planning and coordinating, posture/balance, eye movements)

Front 3

This is the superficial layer of Gray substance where most of the cerebellar afferents terminate?

Back 3

Cerebral Cortex

Front 4

This midline structure in the cerebellar cortex is flanked by two cerebral hemispheres?

Back 4

Vermis

Front 5

What are the three layers of the cerebral cortex?

Back 5

granule, purkinje, molecular

Front 6

This part of the cerebellum consists of white matter of afferents to and efferents from the cerebellar cortex?

Back 6

Medullary substance

Front 7

This is where most of the fibers leaving the cerebellar cortex terminate, there should be 4 pairs of them?

Back 7

Intrinsic Nuclei

Front 8

These structures are formed by fibers entering and exiting the cerebellum?

Back 8

Cerebellar peduncles

Front 9

This cerebellar peduncle connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?

Back 9

SCP

Front 10

This cerebellar peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum?

Back 10

MCP

Front 11

Which cerebellar peduncle connects the medulla to the cerebellum?

Back 11

ICP

Front 12

This fissure separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

Back 12

Primary

Front 13

This cerebellar fissure separates the posterior lobe from the Flocculonodular lobe (or vestibulocerebellum?

Back 13

Posterolateral Fissure

Front 14

The flocculonodular lobe consists of what two things?

Back 14

Most inferior part of the Vermis (Nodulus) and portions of the cerebellum continous with it (flocculi)

Front 15

This SUBDIVISION of the cerebellar cortex consists of the vermis (w/o nodulus) and the most medial zones of the cerebellar hemispheres (vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, pontocerebellum)?

Back 15

Spinocerebellum

Front 16

This SUBDIVISION consists of the most lateral zones of the cerebral hemisphere?

Back 16

Pontocerebellum

Front 17

Sensory from this part of the body is represented rostrally in the anterior lobe of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 17

Lower limbs

Front 18

Upper limb and face incoming sensory info is somatotpically organized to what region of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 18

caudally in the posterior lobe

Front 19

Sensory information from theses is represented medially in the cerebellar cortex?

Back 19

Axial and proximal muscles

Front 20

Where are distal limbs represented (sensory) in the cerebellar cortex?

Back 20

Laterally (paravermis of spino/pontocerebellum)

Front 21

Where are head and neck muscles represented in the cerebellar cortex?

Back 21

Vermis region

Front 22

The vestibulocerebellum recieves both primary and secondary afferent fibers via the ipsilateral ICP. From where do the PRIMARY fibers come from (vestibular nerve, vestibular nuclei)?

Back 22

Vestibular nerve (secondary come from the nucleus)

Front 23

This afferent tract conveys proprioceptive information from individual muscles of the lower limb and terminates onto the spinocerebellum?

Back 23

PSCT (posterior spinocerebellum tract)

Front 24

Is PSCT crosses or uncrossed?

Back 24

Uncrossed

Front 25

Where do fibers of the PSCT originate from (where are their cell bodies located…it’s a nucleus)?

Back 25

Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke

Front 26

This tract that terminates in the spinocerebellum is the upper limb homologue of the PSCT?

Back 26

Cuneocerebellar Tract

Front 27

This DOUBLE crossed tract carries "whole limb" golgi tendon information from the lower limb and terminates in the spinocerebellum?

Back 27

ASCT (anterior spinocerebellar tract)

Front 28

Is info conveyed by the ASCT to the spinocerebellum from the contralateral or ipsilateral lower limb?

Back 28

ipsilateral (double crossed)

Front 29

Trigeminocerebellar fibers carrying information from the face convey information from what three nuclei?

Back 29

Spinal V nucleus, Principal sensory nucleus of V, mesencephalic nucleus

Front 30

Information from the spinal V nucleus, principal sensory nucleus of V, and mesencephalic nucleus of V covey info to the cerebellum via what peduncles respectively?

Back 30

ICP, MCP, SCP

Front 31

The ipsilateral cerebral cortex communicates with the contralateral pontocerebellum via what fibers?

Back 31

Pontocerebellar fibers (from pontine nuclei)

Front 32

Pontocerebellar fibers connect the Ipsilateral cerebral cortex with the (ipsilateral cerebellum, contralateral cerebellum)

Back 32

Contralateral

Front 33

These fibers terminate in the cerebellum as climbing fibers on purkinje cells in vestibulo, spino and pontocerebellum?

Back 33

Olivocerebellar fibers

Front 34

The inferior olivary complex relays three kinds of information to the three divisionso of the cerebellar cortex, what are they?

Back 34

vestibular to the vestibulocerebellum, motor feedback from the spinal cord to the spinocerebellum, and cerebral cortex motor info to the pontocerebellum

Front 35

The inferior olivary complex recieves input from various motor areas of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex via what nucleus?

Back 35

red nucleus

Front 36

What are the two TYPES of FIBERS that enter the cerebral cortex?

Back 36

Mossy and Climbing

Front 37

These types of fibers synapse on Granule cells of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 37

Mossy

Front 38

These types of fibers originate in the inferior olivary complex and synapse on the purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 38

Climbing

Front 39

True/ FALSE ALL mossy and climbing fibers give off collaterals that form EXCITATORY synapses with neurons of specific DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI?

Back 39

1

Front 40

What kind of synapses (inhibatory or excitatory) do the collaterals from the mossy and climbing fibers make with the deep cerebellar nuclei?

Back 40

Excitatory

Front 41

Where do the collaterals from the mossy and climbing fibers go?

Back 41

Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

Front 42

These fibers comprise ALL the afferents of the cerebellar cortex EXCEPT the olivocerebellar fibers?

Back 42

Mossy fibers

Front 43

The axons of these cerebellar cortex cells ascend to the molecular layer and bifurcate to form parallel fibers?

Back 43

Granule Cells

Front 44

What synapses do the parallel fibers form after leaving the Granule cells?

Back 44

distal purkinje cells, golgi cells, outer stellate cells, and basket cells

Front 45

This is the basic synaptic structure of the granule cell layer?

Back 45

Synaptic Glomerulus

Front 46

The axons of these cerebellar nuclei are inhibitory (GABA) on Deep Cerebellar Nuclei and Vestibular Nuclei?

Back 46

Purkinje Cells

Front 47

This cell layer of the cerebellar cortex consists of two interneurons and extensive synapses, what layer and what are these components?

Back 47

Molecular cell layer; climbing fibers, parallel fibers, basket cells, outer stellate cells

Front 48

What is the ratio of climbing fiber to purkinje cell?

Back 48

1:01

Front 49

Which cell of the molecular layer inhibit purkinje cell stomata?

Back 49

Basket cell (powerful inhibition)

Front 50

Which cell of the molecular layer inhibit pukinje cell dendrites?

Back 50

Outer stellate cell

Front 51

These fibers stimulate purkinje cells indirectly (climbing, mossy, both, neither)?

Back 51

Mossy

Front 52

In general, do mossy fibers influence one purkinje cell or many purkinje cells?

Back 52

Many, via parallel fibers

Front 53

What is the benefit of the "signal averaging mechanism", which results from each mossy fiber having a small influence on a large number of purkinje cells?

Back 53

Useful in moment to moment coordination/regulation of motor function (large amounts of information)

Front 54

These fibers directly stimulate Purkinje cells?

Back 54

Climbing fibers

Front 55

What is a possible function of climbing fibers?

Back 55

alter purkinje sensitivity to parallel fibers, timing and sync, motor learning

Front 56

What are the two cerebellar cortical outflow tragets (via purkinje axons)?

Back 56

Vestibular nuclei and deep cerebellar nuclei

Front 57

From medial to lateral, what is the order of the Deep Cerebellar nuclei?

Back 57

Fastigial, Globose, Emboliform, Dentate

Front 58

The four Deep Cerebellar Nuclei use WHAT as their neurotransmitter?

Back 58

Glutamate

Front 59

From what division of the cerebellum do purkinje fibers project DIRECTLY to locations OUTSIDE the cerebellum (pontocerebellum, spinocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum)?

Back 59

Vestibulocerebellum (to all 4 vestibular nuclei)

Front 60

What functions do the axons of the purkinje fibers located in the vestibulocerebellum play?

Back 60

Influence the LVST/MVST; Cancel VOR

Front 61

In the VERMAL pathway of the spinocerebellum, where do axons of the purkinje fibers project to?

Back 61

Fastigial Nucleus

Front 62

What is the pathway for the vermal path of the spinocerebellum?

Back 62

Vermis > Fastigial Nucleus > Bilateral Vestibular Nuclei and reticular formation > vestibulospinal/reticulospinal tracts

Front 63

Where do purkinje cells in the paravermal cortex project to?

Back 63

Globose and emboliform nuclei

Front 64

Fibers arising from the globose and emboliform nuclei aexit the cerebellum via which peduncle?

Back 64

SCP

Front 65

Fibers from the globose and emboliform nuclei terminate in which two regions?

Back 65

contralateral red nucleus and contralateral VLp of thalamus

Front 66

What is the function of the Paravermal pathway?

Back 66

Activate LATERAL descending systems (rubrospinal and corticospinal)

Front 67

Which cerebellar pathway is involved with control of fine, fractioned movements of the dital musculature?

Back 67

Paravermal Pathway

Front 68

Which side of the body (ipsilateral or contralateral) does the paravermal spinocerebellum influence movement on?

Back 68

Ipsilateral

Front 69

Where do purkinje cells from the pontocerebellum project to?

Back 69

dentate nucleus

Front 70

Where do fibers of the dentate nucleus project to?

Back 70

contralateral red nucleus and contralateral thalamus

Front 71

What is the function of the Pontocerebellum fibers that project to the dentate nucleus?

Back 71

Activate lateral descending systems to facilitate INITIATION of limb movements and planning of complex movements

Front 72

This is often damaged in medulloblastoma, a brain tumor usually seen in children?

Back 72

vestibulocerebellum (nodulus)

Front 73

What are the symptoms of a midline leasion of the vestibulocerebellum?

Back 73

ataxic gait, head tremor, nystagmus

Front 74

A patient with truncal ataxia comes in to the office. He presents with a history of alcohol abuse. His symptoms DO NOT improve when he is recumbent. What is a possible cerebellar lesion?

Back 74

Midline lesion of the spinocerebellum (vermal Portion)

Front 75

Are symptoms of midline lesions to the vestibulocerebellum improved upon being recumbent?

Back 75

Yes

Front 76

This general kind of cerebellar lesion results in asynergia of ipsilateral limbs (midline lesion, hemispheric lesion, both, neither)

Back 76

Hemispheric lesion (asynergia = disordered movements)

Front 77

What is dysmetria?

Back 77

errors in distance of movements

Front 78

True/False Intention tremors are seen only during an attempted movement?

Back 78

True(

Front 79

A person has difficulty flexing and extending his elbow, he has what medical definition (dysmetria, gait ataxia, dysarthria, dysdiadochokinesis)?

Back 79

Dysdiadochokinesis

Front 80

Does cerebellar damage cause paralysis?

Back 80

NO

Front 81

A patient comes in complaining of difficulty flexing and extending the knee, talking. He has gait ataxia, and displays a tremor when he attempts to move his limbs. When reaching for a glass he overshoots and knocks it off the table. All these are on his right side. What is a possible lesion?

Back 81

R cerebellar Hemispheric Lesion