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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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astrocytes
-fxn -stain -embryologic layer |
-physical support in CNS
-BBB -GFAP stain -ectoderm (all CNS/PNS cells arise from ectoderm--"neuroectoderm"--except "M"icroglia (AKA "M"acrophage arise from "M"esoderm) |
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ependymal cells
-desc -embryologic layer |
line ventricles
-ectoderm (all CNS/PNS cells arise from ectoderm--"neuroectoderm"--except "M"icroglia (AKA "M"acrophage arise from "M"esoderm) |
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microglia
-desc -what embryologic layer |
phagocytes
Mesoderm: (all CNS/PNS cells arise from ectoderm--"neuroectoderm"--except "M"icroglia (AKA "M"acrophage arise from "M"esoderm) |
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oligodendroglia
-desc -embryologic layer |
central myelin production: each oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple CNS axons, up to 30 each
-destroyed in MS -ectoderm (all CNS/PNS cells arise from ectoderm--"neuroectoderm"--except "M"icroglia (AKA "M"acrophage arise from "M"esoderm) |
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Schwann cells
-desc -embryologic layer |
peripheral myelin production
-each Schwann cells myelinates only 1 PNS axon -promotes axonal regeneration -ex of Schwannoma is acoustic neuroma (location commonly assoc w/internal acoustic meatures: CN 7,8) -ectoderm (all CNS/PNS cells arise from ectoderm--"neuroectoderm"--except "M"icroglia (AKA "M"acrophage arise from "M"esoderm) |
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from what embryologic layer to CNS/PNS supportive cells arise?
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all arise from ectoderm ("neuroectoderm"), except "M"icroglia (arise from "M"esoderm)
[mneum: "M"icroglia & "M"acrophages arise from "M"esoderm] ectoderm: -astrocytes -ependymal cells -oligodendroglia -Schwann cells |
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peripheral nerve layers
==>desc ==>which layer must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment |
Peripheral nerve layers:
1. endoneurium surrounds a single nerve fiber 2. perineurium surrounds fascicle of nerve fibers ["P"erineurium="P"ermeability barrier and thus must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment) 3. epineurium (dense CT) surrounds entire nerve (fascicle+bv) |
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meissner's corpuscle
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-small encapsulated nerve endings
-LIGHT discriminatory touch of glabrous (hairless) skin, like DERMIS of palms, soles, digits [makes sense that something superficial like dermis would handle LIGHT touch) [mneum: Meissner's ~ "MISER" whose DISCRIMINATORY touch helps him hang onto his money in his PALMS AND DIGITS (miserly fingers) ] |
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Merkel's corpuscle
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-cup-shaped nerve endings
-LIGHT, crude touch -DERMIS of fingerips, hair follicles, hard palate |
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Pacinian corpuscle
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-LARGE encapsulated nerve endings found in DEEPER layers of skin at ligaments, joint capsules, serous membranes, mesenteries
-coarse touch [makes sense b/c in deeper layers of skin] -vibration, tension |
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inner ear
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1. Bony labyrinth (within temporal bone):
-contains PERILYMPH (Na+ rich, think outside the cell) -contains: *cochlea (hearing) --base (narrow & stiff) picks up high-frequency sounds --apex (wide and flexible) picks up low-freq sounds (Elderly people lose high freq sounds first, then low) *vestibule (spatial orientation) *semicircular canals 2. Membranous labyrinth -within bony labyrinth -contains ENDOLYMPH (K+ rich, think inside the cell) -contains: *Maculae (within utricle and saccule)--detects LINEAR acceleration * "A"mpullae (within semicircular canals)--detects "A"ngular acceleration |
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cochlea
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*cochlea (hearing)
--base (narrow & stiff) picks up high-frequency sounds --apex (wide and flexible) picks up low-freq sounds (Elderly people lose high freq sounds first, then low) |
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what detects linear acceleration
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maculae (within utricle & saccule)
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what detects angular acceleration
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Ampullae (within semicircular calans)
["A"mpullae="A"ngular acceleration) |
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BBB
-desc -what can pass thru BBB |
3 things make up BBB:
1. tight jxns b/w non-fenestrated capillary epithelial cells 2. BM 3. astrocyte foot processes -nonpolar > polar can cross BBB -glucose & aa cross via carrier-mediated transport mechanism |
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fxns of hypothalamus
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mneum: The hypothalamus wears "TAN HATS":
T=Thirst and water balance (supraoptic nucleus) A=Adenohypophysis (ant pit) control via RH's (Releasing Hormones, i.e. TRH) N=Neurohypophysis hormone production(oxytocin & ADH) H=Hunger (destroy lateral nucleus==>anorexia & starvication) & satiety (destroy ventromedial nucleus==>hyperphagia & obesity; mneum: destroy VENTROMEDIAL nucleus==>grow VENTRALLY & MEDIALLY) A=Autonomic Regulation (ant hypothalamus regulates PSNS; post hypo regulates SNS) & circadian rhythms (suprachiasmic nucleus) T=Temperature ("A/C": "A"nterior hypo "C"ools when too hot; post hypo heats when too cold) S="S"ex & Emotions ("S"eptal nucleus; destruction==>rage) |
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what controls thirst and water balance
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supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamus
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what controls sex & emotion
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"S"ex= "S"eptal nucleus of hypothalamus;
destruction==>rage |
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destruction of what leads to rage
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Septal nucleus of hypothalamus ("S"eptal="S"ex and emotion)
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what coordinates cooling
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"A/C"
-ant hypothalamus coordinates cooling when too hot |
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what regulates PSNS
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ant hypothalamus
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what regulates SNS
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post hypothalamus
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destruction of what leads to anorexia and starvation
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lateral nucleus of hypothalamus
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destruction fo what leads to hyperphagia and obesity
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ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
(mneum: if destroy ventromedial nucleus==>grow ventrally and medially) |
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what coordinates circadian rhythms
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suprachiasmic nucleus of hypothalamus
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what coordinates warming when it's too cold
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post hypothalamus
(mneum: "A/C": ant hypothalamus cools when it's too hot; post hypothalamus warms when it's too cold) |
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neurohypophysis receives projections from where
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from hypothalamus: supraoptic nucleus (ADH; thus this nucleus controls thirst) & paraventricular nucleus (oxytocin)
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thalamus
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-major relay for ascending sensory info that will eventually reach cortex
-lateral geniculate nucleus: visual -medial geniculate nucleus: auditory [mneum: "L"ateral=light (visual); "M"edial=music (auditory)] *VPL (Ventral Posterior nucleus, Lateral part)=BODY SENSATION: -dorsal column (touch, proprioception, vibration, pressure) -spinothalamic (pain, temp) *VPM (Ventral Posterior nucleus, Medial part)=FACIAL SENSATION: -CN 5 *VA/VL (Ventral Anterior/Lateral nuclei)=MOTOR |
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Limbic system fxns
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"5 F's":
-Feel -Feed -Fight -Flight ("Fight/flight" response) -Fuck |
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broadmann area 4
-desc -what lobe |
-motor cortex
-frontal lobe |
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broadmann area 6
-desc -what lobe |
pre-motor cortex
frontal lobe *part of extrapyramidal circuit |
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broadmann area 8
-desc -what lobe |
-frontal eye fields
-frontal lobe |
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broadmann area 44,45
-desc -what lobe |
-Motor speech (Broca's) area
-frontal lobe |
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broadmann area 41, 42
-desc -what lobe |
primary auditory cortex
-temporal lobe (makes sense b/c temporal lobe is near the ear) |
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broadmann area 22
-desc -what lobe |
-associative auditory cortex (Wernicke's area)
-temporal lobe (makes sense b/c temporal lobe is near the ear) |
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broadmann area 17
-desc -what lobe |
principal visual cortex
-occipital lobe |
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frontal lobe functions
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"Executive fxn": planning, organizing, inhibition, lnaguage, motor regulation
frontal lobe lesion==>lack of social judgment |
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homonculus
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for sensory and motor:
upside-down man named HAL ("H"ead, "A"rm, "L"eg): leg (inferior stuff) most medial, then arm, then head (superior) |
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ACA supplies what
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-medial surface of brain, thus
==>leg area (makes sense; leg is most medial on sensory-motor homonculus) |
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MCA supplies what
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-lateral surface of brain, thus
==>trunk-arm-head area of sensory-motor homonculus ==>Broca and Wernicke's speech area |
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MC site of Berry aneurysm?
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ant comm artery
==>can cause visual field defects (frontal eye fields) |
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posterior communicating artery
-pathology |
common site of aneurysm;
==>CN 3 palsy |
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"arteries of stroke"
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(pic in HY Neuro p. 31)
lateral striate arteries (come off MCA) ="arteries of stroke" -supply IC, caudate, putamen, GP |
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stroke of anterior circle causes what defects?
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(think of Brodmann's areas)
[anterior circle=branches of IC, i.e. ACA, MCA) -general sensory/motor prob -language prob (aphasia) -motor prob |
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stroke of posterior circle causes what defects?
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think of Brodmann's areas)
[posterior circle=branches of vertebral arteries, i.e. PCA, basilar artery, cerebellar arteries) -CN defects (vertigo, visual defects) -coma -cerebellar deficits (ataxia) |
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-CN defects (vertigo, visual defects)
-coma -cerebellar deficits (ataxia) suggest lesion where? |
posterior circle=vertebral artery distribution--PCA, basilar artery, cerebellar arteries
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-general sensory/motor prob
-language prob (aphasia) -motor prob suggest stroke where? |
[anterior circle=branches of IC distribution, i.e. ACA, MCA)
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CSF flow
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choroid plexus of lateral ventricles produces CSF
==>Interventricular foramen/foramen of Monro ==>3rd ventricle ==>Cerebral Aquaduct ==>4th ventricle ==>subarachnoid space via 2 foramen of "L"ushka ("L"ateral) & 1 foramen of "M"agendie ("M"edial) |
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spinal nerves
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31 total:
8 cerv 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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where does vertebral disk herniation usually happen?
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b/w L5 and S1
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to what level do these extend down to?
-spinal cord -subarachnoid space At what level do you perform lumbar puncture? What structures pierced in lumbar puncture? |
(pic-Neuro made simple: p. 5)
-spinal cord: vertebral level L2 , but spinal nerves L2-S5 exit the spinal cord caudally to continue caudally as the cauda equina to exit by their corresponding vertebrae -subarachnoid space: S2 Thus, perform lumbar puncture in L3-L4 or L4-L5 interspace @ level of cauda equina(below s.c. but subarachnoid space still there) mneum: "To keep the cord ALIVE, keep the spinal needle b/w L3 and L5") Structures pierced in lumbar puncture: 1. Skin/Superficial fascia 2. Ligaments (supraspinous, interspinous, ligamentum flavum0 3. Epidural space 4. Dura mater 5. Subdural space 6. Subarachnoid space (CSF) 7. NOT PIERCED: pia |
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dorsal column
-fxn -1st-order neuron -Synapse 1 -2nd-order neuron -Synapse 2 -3rd-order neuron |
Fxn: touch/vibration/pressure, proprioception
1st order neuron: DRG ==>enters s.c. ==>ascends ipsilaterally in dorsal column -Synapse 1: nucleus gracilis/cuneatus (medulla) -2nd order neuron: DECUSSATES in medial lemniscus (medulla); ascends contralaterally in medial lemniscus 2nd synapse: VPL (thalamus) 3rd order neuron: sensory cortex |
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spinothalamic tract
-fxn -1st-order neuron -Synapse 1 -2nd-order neuron -Synapse 2 -3rd-order neuron |
Fxn: pain & temperature
1st order neuron: sensory nerve ending [A-delta (fast) & C (slow) fibers] ==>enters s.c. 1st synpase: ipsilateral gray matter, dorsal horn (s.c.) 2nd order neuron: DECUSSATES in AWC; ascends contralaterally until thalamus 2nd synapse: VPL (thalamus) 3rd order neuron: sensory cortex |
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Lateral corticospinal tract
-fxn -1st-order neuron -Synapse 1 -2nd-order neuron -Synapse 2 |
fxn=descending voluntary mvmt of contralateral limbs
1st-order neuron= UMN: descends ipsilaterally from motor cortex==>thalamus (IC; VA/VL nuclei)==>down to pyramidal decussation (medullary-s.c. jxn) ==>DECUSSATES in pyramidal decussation, then descends contralaterally 1st synapse: ant horn cells of spinal cord (remember ant s.c.=motor; dorsal s.c.=sensory) 2nd order neuron= LMN ==>leaves s.c. 2nd synapse: NMJ (SkM) |
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what causes waiter's tip
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=Erb's palsy
-damage to upper trunk (C5 & 6) of brachial plexus d/t violent stretch b/w head and shoulder, i.e. during baby delivery |
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what causes Klumpke's Palsy
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=Claw hand
-damage to Lower Trunk, d/t sudden upward pull of arm, i.e.: -swinging from tree branch -during baby delivery- pulling on baby's abducted arm (upward) arm to pull them out of vagina |
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what causes claw hand
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-damage to ulnar nerve
-damage to lower trunk (Klumpke's palsy) |
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what causes wrist drop
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-damage to radial nerve
-damage to posterior cord (gives rise to radial and ax nerves) |
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what causes winged scapula
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damage to long thoracic nerve (derived from C 5,6,7)
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what protects brachial plexus in a clavicle fracture?
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subclavius muscle
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radial nerve
-passes thru what muscle -site of injury -innervates what? Injury ==>what motor deficit ==>what sensory deficit |
Passes thru supinator
site of injury=shaft of humerus -radial nerve supplies all muscles in extensor/posterior compartments of arm and forearm Motor Deficit- Loss of: -Extensor carpi radialis longus==>wrist drop Only if damage oprximal to origin of radial N's branches to triceps: -brachioradialis==>loss of brachioradialis reflex -triceps==>loss of triceps reflex -cannot extend at elbow Sensory deficit- Loss of: -posterior brachial cutaneous -posterior antebrachial cutaneous |
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Median nerve
-passes thru what muscle -site of injury -innervates what? Injury ==>what motor deficit ==>what sensory deficit |
-passes thru pronator teres
site of injury=supracondyle of humerus Lateral root of Median Nerve innervates: -all muscles of forearm flexor/anterior compartment except Flexor Carpi Ulnaris & 1/2 of FDP (Flexor Digitorum Profundis), which are innervated by ulnar -first two lumbricals -thenar eminance Motor Deficit: Loss of: -(NO loss of any arm muscles) -forearm pronation -wrist flexion -finger flexion -thenar atrophy Sensory Deficit: Loss of -lateral palm and thumb and radial 2.5 fingers |
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Ulnar Nerve
-passes thru what muscle -site of injury -innervates what Injury ==>what motor deficit ==>what sensory deficit |
-passes thru flexor carpi ulnaris
-site of injury=medial epicondyle (makes sense; picture it in your head) Innervates all muscles of hands and forearm except those innervated by median N: -flexor carpi ulnaris -ulnar half of FDP (median nerve innervates all other muscles of forearm flexor/anterior compartment) -palm hypothenar eminence Motor deficit: -claw hand (d/t unopposed action of FDP) -impaired wrist flexion & adduction/ulnar deviation Sensory deficit: -medial palm (hypothenar eminance) -ulnar 1.5 fingers |
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axillary nerve
-site of injury -motor deficit |
-site of injury=surgical neck of humerous or anterior shoulder dislocation
-loss of deltoid action |
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musculocutaneous nerve
-passes thru what muscle -innervates what Injury ==>what motor deficit ==>what sensory deficit |
-passes thru coracobrachialis
Innervates: -all muscles in anterior/flexor compartment of arm -skin of lateral forearm [lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve] -lose fxn of muscles in anterior/flexor compartment[Netter p 412]: corachobrachialis, biceps, brachialis muscles These: *control biceps reflex *flex at elbow |
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what causses:
-loss of forearm pronation |
median nerve injury
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what causes:
impaired wrist flexion and adducdtion |
ulnar nerve injury
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what causes loss of triceps reflex
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radial nerve injury==>
-wrist drop -loss of triceps (triceps reflex) -loss of brachioradialis (brachioradialis reflex) |
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what causes loss of brachioradialis reflex
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radial nerve injury==>
-wrist drop -loss of triceps (triceps reflex) -loss of brachioradialis (brachioradialis reflex) |
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what causes loss of biceps reflex
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Musculocutaneous nerve injjury==>
-loss of biceps reflex (coracobrachialis, biceps, & brachialis) |
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Erb-Duchenne palsy
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-d/t tearing of upper trunk of brachial plexus (C5 & C6) d/t sudden forced separation of head and shoulder, i.e.:
*fall on shoulder *complicated baby delivery 1. arm hangs at side (loss of abductors) 2. arm medially rotated (loss of lateral rotators) 3. forearm pronated (loss of biceps, which supinates the forearm) |
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thoracic outlet syndrome
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=Klumpke's palsy
-embryologic defect compresses subclavian A and inf trunk of brachial plexus (C8, T1) *Injured ulnar nerve (innervates all hand muscles except thenar muscles & 2 radial lumbricals, which are innervated by median N): ==>Atrophy of thenar (median N) & hypothenar (ulnar N) eminences ==>Atrophy of interosseous muscles ==>Sensory deficits on medial side of forearm and hand *Injured median nerve ==>atrophy of thenar eminence Also, disappearance of radial pulse when turn head toward opposite side |
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common peroneal/fibular nerve
-spinal levels -fxn -injury ==> ? |
L4, L5, S1, S2
mneum: "PED= Peroneal Everts & Dorsiflexes; if injured, foot is dropPRED" *Loss of dorsiflexion (foot drop) Common Peroneal nerve==> 1. Deep peroneal nerve innervates leg anterior compartment==>dorsiflex 2. Superficial peroneal nerve innervates leg lateral compartment==>evert |
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tibial nerve
-spinal levels -fxn -injury ==> ? |
L4-S3
*loss of plantar flexion *innervates posterior compartment (of leg) mneum: "TIP=Tibial nerve Inverts & Plantarflexes; if injured, can't stand on TIPtoes" |
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radial nerve
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innervates posterior/extensor compartment of both the arm and forearm:
AKA innervates the "BEST": -Brachioradialis -Extensors of wrist and fingers (injury==>wrist drop) -Supinator -Triceps |
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thenar muscles
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thenar and hypothenar eminences both have "OAF" muscles:
O=Opponens (pollicis/digiti minimi) A=Abductor (pollicis brevis/digiti minimi) F=Flexor (pollicis brevis/digiti minimi) |
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hypothenar muscles
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thenar and hypothenar eminences both have "OAF" muscles:
O=Opponens (pollicis/digiti minimi) A=Abductor (pollicis brevis/digiti minimi) F=Flexor (pollicis brevis/digiti minimi) |
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location of pudendal nerve block?
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ischial spine
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location of appendix
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2/3 of the way b/w umbilicus and ant sup iliac spine (McBurney's point)
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where do lumbar puncture
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iliac crest
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pain in right shoulder?
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referred gallbladder pain via phrenic nerve
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C2 dermatome
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posterior half of "skull cap"
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C3 dermatome
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high turtleneck shirt
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C4 dermatome
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low-collar shirt
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T4 dermatome
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nipple
mneum: "T4 at the TEAT PORE" |
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T7 dermatome
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xyphoid process
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T10 dermatome
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umbilicus (imp for early appendicitis pain referral)
mneum: "T10 is at belly butTEN" |
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L1 dermatome
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inguinal ligament
Mneum: "L1 = IL (Inguinal Ligament)" |
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L4 dermatome
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includes the kneecaps
Mneum: "down on L4 (all fours") |
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S2-4 dermatome
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erection and sensation of penile and anal zones
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Biceps reflex tests what nerve root
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C5;
makes sense b/c biceps is innervated by MSK, which comes from C5,6 mneum: Reflexes counting up in order: S1,2 (S1=Achilles) L3,4 (L4=Patella) C5,6 (C5=Biceps) C7,8 (C7=Triceps) |
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triceps reflex tests what nerve root
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C7
makes sense b/c triceps is innervated by radial N, which derives from C7 mneum: Reflexes counting up in order: S1,2 (S1=Achilles) L3,4 (L4=Patella) C5,6 (C5=Biceps) C7,8 (C7=Triceps) |
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Achilles reflex tests what nerve root
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S1
mneum: Reflexes counting up in order: S1,2 (S1=Achilles) L3,4 (L4=Patella) C5,6 (C5=Biceps) C7,8 (C7=Triceps) |
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patellar reflex tests what nerve root
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L4
mneum: Reflexes counting up in order: S1,2 (S1=Achilles) L3,4 (L4=Patella) C5,6 (C5=Biceps) C7,8 (C7=Triceps) |
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moro reflex
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primitive reflex;
extension of limbs when startled |
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rooting reflex
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primitive reflex;
nipple seeking |
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palmar reflex
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primitive reflex;
grasps object in palm |
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what CN's lie medially at brain stem?
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3, 6, 12
(mneum: 3 (x2) = 6 (x2) = 12) |
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CN 7 actions
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-facial mvmt
-closes eyelid -lacrimation (2-neuron path) -salivation (2-neuron path; via submaxillary and sublingual glands) -taste on ant 2/3 tongue |
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CN 9 actions
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-taste from post 1/3 tongue
-sensation from eustachian tube (middle ear) & upper pharynx -swallowing -salivation (via parotid gland: otic ganglion) -monitor caroitid body/sinus chemo- and baroreceptors |
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what CN mediates salivation
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-CN 7 (via sublingual and submandibular glands)
-CN 9 (via parotid gland: otic ganglion) |
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what CN mediates swallowing
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CN 9 and 10
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what CN mediates carotid body/sinus chemo- and baroreceptors
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CN 9
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what CN mediates Ao Arch chemo- and baroreceptors
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CN 10
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what CN mediates talking
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CN 10
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CN 10 actions
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-thoracic and abdominal viscera
-swallowing -palate elevation -Ao arch chemo and baroreceptors -taste from epiglottis -sensory info from lower pharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus |
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where are CN nuclei located?
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midbrain: CN 3,4
pons: CN 5-8 medulla: CN 9-12 Note: Lateral nuclei =sensory "M"edial nuclei="M"otor |
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vagal nuclei
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1. nucleus "S"olitarius: CN 7,9, 10
*visceral "S"ensory info: -taste -baroreceptors -gut distention 2. nucleus a"M"biguus: CN 9, 10, 11 *"M"otor innervation of: -larynx -pharynx -upper esophagus ==>swallowing, palate elevation 3. dorsal motor nucleus of X (DMX) -sends autonomic (PSNS) fibers to heart, lungs, upper gI |
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nucleus solitarius
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CN 7,9, 10
*visceral "S"ensory info: -taste -baroreceptors -gut distention |
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nucleus ambiguus
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CN 9, 10, 11
*"M"otor innervation of: -larynx -pharynx -upper esophagus ==>swallowing, palate elevation |
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what CN goes thru cribriform plate
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CN 1
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where does CN1 go thru
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cribiform plate
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middle cranial fossa
-what structures does it contain -what CN's does it contain |
CN 2-6: through sphenoid
*optic canal (CN 2, opthalmic A, central retinal V) *superior orbital fissure (eye stuff: CN 3,4,V1,6, opthalmic V) *foramen rotundum (CN V2) *foramen ovale (CN V3) *foramen spinosum (middle meningeal A) |
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posterior cranial fossa
-what structures does it contain -what CN's does it contain |
CN 7-12: thru temporal or occiptal bone
*internal auditory meatus (CN 7,8) *jugular foramen (CN 9,10,11,jugular vein) *hypoglossal canal (CN 12) *foramen magnum (spinal roots of CN 11, brain stem, vertebral arteries) |
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optic canal
-which cranial fossa is it in -what goes thru |
-middle cranial fossa
CN 2 opthalmic artery central retinal vein |
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superior orbital fissure
-in which cranial fossa is it -what goes thru it |
-middle cranial fossa
eye stuff: 3,4,V1,6,opthalmic V |
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internal acoustic meatus
-in which cranial fossa is it -what goes thru it |
-posterior cranial fossa
CN 7,8 |
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jugular foramen
-in which cranial fossa is it -what goes thru it |
-posterior cranial fossa
CN 9,10,11 jugular V |
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foramen rotundum
-in which cranial fossa is it -what goes thru it |
-middle cranial fossa
CN V2 |
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foramen ovale
-in which cranial fossa is it -what goes thru it |
-middle cranial fossa
CN V3 |
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foramen magnum
-in which cranial fossa is it -what goes thru it |
-post cranial fossa
*spinal roots of CN 11 *brain stem *vertebral A |
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cavernous sinus
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-collection of venous sinus4s on either side of the pituitary
-blood from eye and superficial cortex==>cavernous sinus==>int jugular vein (makes sense that drains eye b/c cavernous sinus contains muscles extraocular eye muscles) contains: -CN 3,4,V1,V2,6 (only CN6 is "free-floating") -postganglionic sympathetic fibers |
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cavernous sinus syndrome
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-d/t mass effect
-opthalmoplegia (CN 3, 4, 6) -opthalmic (V1) and maxillary sensory (V2) loss |
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damage to what nerve can cause extreme hoarseness
-what can cause the damage |
Recurrent laryngeal (branch of vagus)
-can be damaged during thyroid surgery b/c the nerve passes b/w trachea and esophagus, very close to thyroid |
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lumbar puncture
-at what level -sequence of layers punctured |
-L3-L4 or L4-L5 ("To keep the spinal cord alive, poke b/w L3 and L5")
Layers Punctured: -skin -superficial fascia -deep fascia -supraspinous ligament -interspinous ligament -interlaminar space -epidural space -dura -arachnoid -subarachnoid space (pia not punctured) |
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what mediates gag reflex
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-CN9 mediates afferent path
-CN10 mediates effect path |
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mastication muscles
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3 "M"'s "M"unch (close jaw):
1. Masseter 2. teMporalis 3. Medial pterygoid "L" Lowers (opens jaw): Lateral pterygoid |
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muscles with "glossus" in their name are innervated by what CN?
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hypoGLOSSal nerve, except for "palatoglosses," which is innervated by vagus ("palat"=vagus)
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muscles with "palat" in their name are innervated by what CN?
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vagus, except for TENSor veli palatini, "who was too TENSe" (innervated by V3)
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what visual defect does lesion in right optic nerve cause?
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right anopia
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what visual defect does lesion in right optic tract cause?
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left homo hemi
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what visual defect does lesion in right Meyer's loop cause?
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[Meyer's loop=temporal lobe]
left upper quadrantic anopia |
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what visual defect does lesion in right dorsal optic radiation cause?
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[dorsal optic radiation=parietal lobe]
left lower quadrantic anopia |
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what causes left upper quadrantic anopia
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temporal lobe lesion (Meyer's loop)
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what causes left lower quadrantic anopia
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parietal lobe lesion (dorsal optic radiation)
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what causes these Sx:
on attempted lateral gaze ==>MR palsy ==>abducting eye has nystagmus -convergence is nl |
MLF syndrome (Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus, which MR goes thru)
"MS. MLF"--MLF syndrome often d/t MS -convergence is nl b/c uses diff pathway than MR normally: -when looking left, left CN 6 fires, which contracts the left LR and stimulates the contralateral (right) nucleus of CN 3 via the right MLF to contract the right MR |
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MLF syndrome
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"MS. MLF"--often d/t MS
(MLF=Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus, which Medial Rectus connects to) on attempted lateral gaze ==>MR palsy ==>abducting eye has nystagmus -convergence is nl normally: -when looking left, left CN 6 fires, which contracts the left LR and stimulates the contralateral (right) nucleus of CN 3 via the right MLF to contract the right MR |
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visual defect assoc w/MS
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MLF syndrome
"MS. MLF"--often d/t MS (MLF=Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus, which Medial Rectus connects to) on attempted lateral gaze ==>MR palsy ==>abducting eye has nystagmus -convergence is nl |
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"kuh kuh kuh" tests what CN
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CN 10 (palate elevation)
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"la la la" tests what CN
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CN 12 (tongue)
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"mi mi mi" tests what CN
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CN 7 (lips)
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Golgi tendon organs
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monitor muscle tension
incr tension==>GTO sends inhibitor signal to alpha motor neurons (e.g. makes you drop heavy suitcase you've been holding too long) |
