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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which foramina leads from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
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Foramina of Monro
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Which foramen/foramina is/are situated medially in the 4th ventricle and leads to the subarachnoid space?
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Foramen of Magendie
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Where are the choroid plexi located?
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Within the ventricles- Lateral ventricles- on the floor; 3rd Ventricle- on the ceiling; 4th Ventricle- on the back - they are highly specialized tufts of capillaries
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What are 2 mechanisms that allow circulation of CSF?
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Body movement, convection currents, and arterial pulsations
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What are 3 functions of CSF?
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1. Maintains homeostasis
2. Reduces fxnal weight of the brain by 96% 3. Provides cushioning b/t cranial vault and brain surface |
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What is the mechanism by which "old" CSF is absorbed?
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Through the arachnoid granulations by ways of the venous blood
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Describe how the ventricular system is "linked" between the arterial and venous blood circulation systems.
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Manufactured in the ventricles in the choroid plexis- CSF is released from the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space - circulates up to the SSS where it is absorbed by the arachnoid granulations by means of the venous blood- disposes of anything unwanted in it
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From which ventricle does the aorta rise?
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Left
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At the top of the aortic arch, which artery arises?
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Left subclavian and Left common carotid arteries on the left side and on the right is the brachiocephalic artery
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Low in the abdomen the aorta bifurcates into which 2 arteries? What do these arteries supply?
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Femoral arteries- supply blood to the legs
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Through which opening do the vertebral arteries pass before they enter the posterior cranial fossa?
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The foramen magnum- through the openings in the transverse processes C1-C6
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Which 3 arteries supply the cerebellum?
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Posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA, Anterior inferior cerebellar artery AICA, Superior cerebellar artery SCA
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Which arterial system is the origin of the posterior cerebral circulation?
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Vertebral Basilar System
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Parts of which 2 arteries form part of the Circle of Willis?
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Proximal portions of the anterior cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery
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Where does the middle cerebral artery go after it leaves the Circle of Willis?
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Laterally through the Sylvian Fissure to the lateral surfaces of the brain
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What part of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply? Where does it arise from?
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It supplies to the medial portions of the frontal and parietal lobes arising from the Circle of Willis
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What structures are included in the basal ganglia?
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Caudate Nucleus (head, body, tail), Lenticular nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)
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Name the structures that are included in the lenticular nucleus?
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Putamen and Globus Pallidus
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If your stroke patient had left homonymous hemianopsia, how would you modify the presentation of visual stimuli?
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Put it closer to his/her right side
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What are 3 functions of the basal ganglia?
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1. Regulates muscle tone
2. Maintains trunk posture 3. Dampens excess muscle movement |
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In the cerebellum, what is the name of the features that are the correlate of sulci and gyri in the cerebral hemispheres?
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Folia
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From most medial to most lateral, list the cerebellar nuclei?
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1. Fastigial
2. Interposed (Globose and Emboliform) 3. Dentate |
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What are 3 cerebellar disorders?
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1. Dysarthria
2. Dysequillibrium 3. Rebound |
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What is involved in the early development process of gastrulation?
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Cell divisions, migrations, and rearrangements produce 2 or 3 primary tissues, the start of specialized tissues and organs - after cleavage
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As observed in neurons, what is the process of collateral sprouting?
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a surviving axon grows a new branch to replace the synapses left vacant by a damaged axon - an enriched environment and levels of environmental stimulation needs to be in place to encourage it
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What are Neural Tube Disorders?
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Spina Bifida and Anencephaly
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What are disorders of the Cerebral Hemispheres?
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Microencephaly and Holoprosencephaly
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What are Disorders of the Cerebellum?
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Arnold-Chiari Malformation
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From inferior to superior, name the 3 components of the brain stem?
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Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
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What are 2 structures (located in the inferior portion of the brain stem) that are of interest to SLPs?
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Cranial nerve nuclei, medullary respiratory center, and pontine pneumotaxic center
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Please describe the size and location of the thalamus.
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Anterior to posterior- 3 cms.
Medial to lateral- 1 1/2 cms. Located laterally to the 3rd ventricle |
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What are 2 of the 5 thalamic nuclei that are of interest to SLPs and why?
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Medial Geniculate Body- it's part of the ascending auditory pathway that terminates at Heschll's Gyrus- important for auditory comprehension
Pulvinar- a language center of the brain |
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What are 3 symptoms of thalamic pain syndrome?
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Oversensitve to pain
Undersensitive to pain Inappropriate laughing, crying... |
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What is the general function of the hypothalamus? Provide one example.
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Helps maintain homeostasis, maintains basic life functions (flee, fight, feed, mate)
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What are 3 subcortical structures that are included in the limbic system?
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hippocampal formation
fornix amygdaloid |
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What is the function of the limbic system?
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It controls your emotional responses to what's going on right now, relates to past occurances, and makes you aware of situations (if you're in a park late at night you are aware of the danger of the situation, what has happened in the past in this type of situation, what potential dangers are, and know that this is unsafe)
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What are ventricles?
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Spaces w/i substance of each hemisphere filled w/ CSF- 2 Lateral, 3rd, and 4th
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What is the Lateral ventricles structure?
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Right and left- anterior, temporal, and posterior horns- C Shaped
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Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
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inferior/medial to the lateral ventricles
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Where is the 4th ventricle located?
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near the cerebellum- attached to each other by passageways (conduits or aqueducts)
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What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd?
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Foramina of Monro
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What connects the 3rd and 4th Ventricles?
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Aqueduct of Sylvius
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What are the openings in the 4th ventricle connectingn to the subarachnoid space?
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2 Foramina of Luschka (lateral) and 1 Foramen of Magendie (medial)- all allow CSF to leave the 4th and enter the subarchniod space
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What is CSF?
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Cerebrospinal fluid- clear, colorless fluid that is constantly circulating in the body- 100-140 ML circulates constantly
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Where is CSF manufactured?
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In the highly specialized clumps of capillary- choroid plexi
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How much CSF is manufactured in a minute?
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.35 ML/ minute- 500 ML/day- total volume is renewed/replaced fully 3 times / day
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What are the 3 circulating mechanisms within the ventricles and subarachnoid space for CSF?
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1. Changes in body position
2. Arterial pulsations 3. Convection currents of the constant manufacture of CSF |
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What are the absorption mechanisms of CSF?
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Absorbed by venous blood by ways of the Arachnoid granulations in the superior saggital sinus
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What are the functions of the CSF?
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1. Reduces fxnal weight of the brain on the brain stem by 96%
2. Allows cushioning between cranial vault and brain surface 3. Carries waste matter away in the venous blood 4. Blood brain barrier- prohibits movement of high molecular weight substances into the brain 5. Maintains homeostasis |
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What's the clinical relevance of CSF?
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1. Absorbs energy from TBI- not perfect though when it exceeds the pressure
2. Manufactures/uptakes need to be balanced- if not there's a blockage somewhere - puts pressure on surrounding brain substances 3. In skull fracture, CSF can leak out the nose/ears- not good! 4. Diagnostic purposes - If it's pinkish it means that there is blood in the subarachnoid space |
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What is the pathway of blood from the heart?
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Blood leaves the heart out of the left ventricle through the aortic valve- goes superior and to the left around the aortic arch- decends in thorax through opening in diaphragm to abdomen
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What is the route of blood flow descending from the heart?
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Left ventricle > aortic valve > superior and left around aortic arch > descends through thorax through diaphragm > enters abdomen where it bifurcates > femoral arteries > blood to legs
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What is the route of blood flow ascending from the heart to the posterior portion of the brain?
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Aortic arch > L subclavian and L Common Carotid > R Brachiosuphalic trunk > R subclavian and common carotid ... R and L Subclavians > Vertebral arteries (thread through transverse processes) > goes through foramen magnum > PICA joins here > connect to form basilar artery at floor of posterior cranial fossa > AICA enters here > SCA and PCA enter here at Circle of Willis- provides blood flow to cerebellum and brain stem
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What is the route of blood flow ascending anteriorly into the brain?
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R and L Common Carotids > both bifurcate into external and internal common carotids at thyroid cartilage (carotid body is here which regulates respiration) > external carotid goes through the foramen lacerum and provides blood flow to the face > internal carotids enter the circle of willis > also branches off to form MCA
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What are the arteries that provide blood to the brain stem and cerebellum?
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Anterior Inferior Cerebellary Artery - nourishes front bottom - Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery - nourishes back underneath part - Superior Cerebellar Arteries - where basilar artery enteres Circle
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Where does the Posterior Cerebral Artery supply to?
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brings blood to inferior surface of temporal lobe and some terminal branches go off to lateral surfaces
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Where does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply to?
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Branches off internal carotids then transverses Sylvian fissure and branches out into lateral surfaces of brain - lenticulostriate arteries penetrate deep into gray matter of frontal lobe and basal ganglia
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Where does the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply to?
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Branches off Willis into medial longitudinal fissure and supplies medial surfaces of frontal and parietal lobes
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What is the Circle of Willis made up of?
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- Most proximal portions of PCA forms posterior portion
- Posterior communicating arteries runs between PCA and MCA - Most proximal portions of ACA - Anterior communicating artery forms anterior portion if there is one * |
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What structures provide blood flow into the brain?
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The vertibral basilar system and the 2 Internal Common Carotids
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What structures bring blood flow AWAY from the brain?
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Anterior cerebral artery, Posterior cerebral artery, Middle cerebral artery, Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery, Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and Superior cerebellar artery
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Why is a stroke in the MCA so detrimental?
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It provides blood flow to the central language zone on the left and the parietal areas on right - degree of damage depends on blockage area
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What is the watershed area?
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Where the terminal branches of the MCA interdigitate with the ACA and PCA - C shaped area that is susceptible to lesions- sensitive to lack of oxygen > anoxia
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What is the basal ganglia and where is it located?
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Subcortical nuclei in the grey matter on the CNS- movement regulating system- located subcortically near the midline deep in each hemisphere
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What are the components of the basal ganglia?
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1. Caudate Nucleus- head, body, tail
2. Lentiform Nucleus- which is made up of the putamen and globus pallidus |
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Describe the Caudate Nucleus.
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The head connects to the putamen (striatum) - lies lateral to anterior horn of lateral ventricles and follows their course- lateral to thalamus- C shaped- grey matter- receives information from the cortex and sends it off to the putamen
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Describe the putamen.
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It works together with the caudate nucleus (striatum)- receives input from caudate and cortex and sends off info to the globus pallidus- larger 1/2 of lenticular nucleus
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Describe the globus pallidus.
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Works with the putamen to form lenticular nucleus- medially to putamen and thalamas- 2 part structure divided by the internal medullary lamina- external and internal portions- has some myelinated fibers (pale)- receives from putamen and sends off to thalamus
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What is the function of the basal ganglia?
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1. Helps regulate baseline muscle tone.
2. Maintains trunk posture. 3. Regulates aspects of movement (amplitude and velocity) 4. Role in sequencing motor programming of speech. 5. Dampens excess movements. |
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What are disorders of the basal ganglia?
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1. Hypokinetic Movement Disorder- Parkinson's and PSP- too little voluntary movement- resting tremor
2. Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders- Huntington's Corea, Aptosis, tics from Torrets, Diskinesia- involuntary movements get in the way of voluntary (speech) movements |
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What is the cerebellum?
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Mega-information processor- self regulating- takes in sensory info (auditory, visual, tactile, kinesthetic, proprioceptive, motor,)- controls aspects of movement- takes in sensory info, analyzes it, and makes adjustments according to intended movements
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Where is the cerebellum located?
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w/i the cranial vault in the posterior cranial fossa- inferior to occipital lobes- posterior to brain stem- seperated by tentorium cerebelli- connected to brain stem thru 3 cerebellar peduncles
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What is the cerebellum composed of?
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2 hemispheres- 3 cerebral cortex layers- connecting fiber called vermis- thin foldings called folia- bridge between midbrain and medulla
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What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles?
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1. Superior- Brachium conjunctiva- carries Efferent info to make adjustments to movement- regulates movements based on afferent info
2. Middle- Brachium pontis- carries afferent info into cerebellum about how accurate/inaccurate movements are 3. Inferior- Restiform body- afferent info to cerebellum to analyze movements in relation to their intended target |
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What are the cerebellar nuclei?
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the hemispheres that lie lateral to the vermis- from medial to lateral-
1. Fastigial 2. Interposed- made up of globose and emboliform 3. Dentate |
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What is the function of the cerebellar nuclei?
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2nd movement regulator
1. Body position (visual, auditory, joints for proprioception, skin, cranial nerves, motor cortex 2. Influences aspects of muscle movement- speed, trajectory, direction, force, sequences muscle pairs, speech movements - ipsilateral control! - somatopically organized |
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What are disorders of the cerebellum?
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Ataxia, Dyssinergia, Dysdiadochokinesia, Dysarthria, Dysmetria, Disequillibrium, Rebounding, Intention tremor, Hypotonia
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Where is the brain stem located?
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Between/ connects spinal cord to the diencephalon (inferior cerebral hemispheres)
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What are the components of the brain stem? (Superior-> Inferior)
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1. Midbrain
2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata (becomes spinal cord once it passes through the foramen magnum) |
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What are the 3 general functions of the brain stem?
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1. Supports motor fxn- connections to basal ganglia, cerebellum, and has cranial nerve nuclei
2. Conduit for a number of neural pathways from brain and brain stem to spinal cord 3. Contains critical respiratory control centers |
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Describe the midbrain.
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Most superior- Aqueduct of Sylvius passes through
1. Connection for brachium conjunctivum 2. Substantia nigra is located here- interacts w/ basal ganglia- dopamine is here- facilitates motor fxns 3. Structures of ascending auditory pathway are located here- lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus 4. Contains cranial nerve nuclei |
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Describe the Pons.
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1. Contains cranial nerve nuclei
2. Connection for brachium pontis 3. Pontine Pneumotaxic Center is here- critical respiratory control region- also regulates rhythme and depth of fxning of medullary respiration center in medulla |
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Describe the Medulla Oblongata.
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most inferior
1. Contains cranial nerve nuclei 2. Connection for restiform body 3. Has medullary respiration center- responds to CO2 levels in the blood 4. Near 4th ventricle floor |
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What are the pathologies of the brain stem?
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1. Tumors
2. Infection 3. Stroke (can lead to locked in syndrome) 4. Brain Swelling |
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What is the diencephalon?
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It is made up of a variety of structures that form the central core of the cerebrum- grey matter deep within the hemispheres- 1/40th of the size of the cerebral hemispheres- but does ALOT
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What are the structures that make up the diencephalon?
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1. Thalamus
2. Epithalamus 3. Subthalamus 4. Hypothalamus |
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What does the diencephalon provide linkage to?
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1. Spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres
2. Brain stem and cerebral hemispheres 3. Different regions within hemispheres to each other |
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Where is the diencephalon located?
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Inferior to the lateral ventricles- anterior to the midbrain (deep)- between anterior commissure and posterior commissure- 2 halfs of midbrain
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Describe the Thalamus.
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It takes incoming stimuli and redirects it- front anterior to posterior > 3 cms. medial to lateral > 1.5 cms. - Width- 3 cms. - 3/4 of diencephalon
- located on either side of 3rd ventricle- medial to basal ganglia- seperated by interal capsule |
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How is the thalamus organized?
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There are 2 hemispheres- joined by massa intermedia- each hemisphere is seperated into 3 sections by internal medually lamina which are further subdivided into other nuclei- white matter
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What are the 5 thalamic nuclei?
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1. Medial Geniculate Body- part of ascending auditory pathway from primary auditory cortex to Heschll's Gyrus
2. Lateral Geniculate Body- part of visual pathway- gets info from optic tract and sends to primary visual cortex 3. Pulvinar- largest section- role in language formation, processing, lexical properties, reading, and writing 4. Ventral Anterior Nucleus- receives info from globus pallidus and substantia nigra and sends it out to primary and premotor cortex- facilitates in skilled movements and initiation of voluntary movements 5. Ventral Lateral Nucleus- gets info from cerebellum and globus pallidus and sends it to primary motor cortex- coordinates and integrates voluntary motor movements |
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What are the functions of the Thalamus?
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1. Another mega-information processor (like cerebellum) 2. Processes sensation (vision, hearing, taste, pain,...)
3. Processes proprioceptive and kinesthetic movements 4. Intigrates info from other thalamic nuclei 5. Lots of feedback loops to thalamus- language fxning |
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What are the pathologies of the Thalamus?
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1. Thalamic Aphasia- lesion in pulvinar (lang. processor)- fluent output, diff. naming, paraphasic jargon, diff. initiating speech, echolalic, voice is softer as it continues, aud/reading comp is good, writing is impaired0 fluctuates from day to day
2. Thalamic Syndrome- Increased and decreased sensitivity to pain- inappropriate laughing crying, ...- parasthesias - sensations that occur w/o external stimulus |
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Where is the Hypothalamus located?
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Below the thalamus- anteriorly
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What structures are contained in the hypothalamus?
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Optic chiasm, mamillary bodies, pituitary glands, pituitary stalk- has connections with thalamic nuclei, brain stem, cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, and pituitary gland
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What is the fxn of the hypothalamus?
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1. Control center for autonomic nervous system- fxns of flee, fight, feed, mate
2.Controls homeostasis 3. Works w/ limbic system to regulate emotions, memory, and learning 4. Critical roles in life fxns. |
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What are the pathologies of the Hypothalamus?
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Diabetes insipidous- causes excess thirst and urinary output
- disturbed body temp, food/water intake, abnormal hormones (libido, menstrual cycles) |
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Describe the Subthalamus.
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Between thalamus and midbrain (deep)- relates to the basal ganglia and its role in motor fxning
- Lesions are hemiballismus- during wake cycles- excessive involuntary movement of extremities |
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Describe the Epithalamus.
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It's made up of 2 small structures-
1. Habenular nucleus 2. Pineal gland (endocrine structure) Also inhibits fxns of gonads, controlls cercadium rhythmes, emotional experiences, and drive |
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What is the limbic system composed of?
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Numerous parts of the lobes, structures are connected directly/indirectly to hypothalamus- connects cortex to diencephalon and midbrain
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Describe the rings of the limbic system.
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1 Horizontal ring (surrounds brain stem) and 2 Vertical rings (loops to surround corpus collosum, also part of cingulate gyrus)- they are parts of structures that surround the midbrain- most posterior part of the anterior cranial fossa - within it are the parrahippocampal gyrus and amygdoloid cortex
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What are the cortical structures in the limbic system?
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Parrahippocampal gyrus, the Insula, and the Cingulate Gyrus
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What are the subcortical structures in the limbic system?
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The Hippocampal formation, the fornix, amygdala, and septal nuclei (Sometimes the olfactory bulbs and mamillary bodies as well)
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What is the fxn of the limbic system?
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In general, it relates organisms to its environment based on
1. Current needs 2. Present situations 3. Based on previous experiences Specifically, it detects and expresses emotional responses- how you feel and respond- regulates emotional behavior, and those for survival (flee, fight, feed, mate) - Also w/ memories and learning w/ emotional content |
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What is the pathology of the limbic system?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome- visual agnosia, hypersexuality, hyperoral, hyperphasic, can't screen out unwanted visual stimuli, memory deficits, but lang. is in tact
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What is the PNS?
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Everything in the nervous system outside of the CNS- includes cranial, motor, and spinal nerves of the autonomic nervous system
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What are the functional components of the PNS?
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Reflective of organization of nerves by 3 fxns:
1. General-Specific 2. Somatic-Visceral 3. Afferent-Efferent |
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What is general/specific organizations?
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General- cranial nerves having fxns. similar to those exhibited by spinal nerves
Special- cranial nerves w/ specialized fxns. |
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What is somatic/visceral organization?
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Somatic- innervates body wall, skeletal muscles
Visceral- innervates viscera - organs and glands |
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What is afferent/efferent organization?
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Afferent- sensory- incoming information
Efferent- motor- outgoing info |
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What is the autonomic nervous system and it's fxns?
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Visceral efferent motor only (GVE)
1. Maintain homeostasis 2. Innervates smooth and cardiac muscles/glands |
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What are the neurons of the ANS governed by?
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1. Local reflex stimuli
2. Integrative influences from brain stem and hypothalamus |
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What are the 2 segments of the ANS?
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1. Sympathetic- receives impulses flowing out of thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord- excitatory- general effects- mobilizes body for fight, flee,...- evoked by strong emotions (pain, fear, rage)
2. Parasympathetic- receives impulses flowing out from cranial and sacral portions of CNS- inhibitory- specific effects- conserves body's resources |
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What are examples of sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses?
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Sympathetic- heart pounds, goose bumps, hair stands up, eyes dilate, ...
Parasympathetic- digestion slows, sex organ activity is decreased, bladder muscles relax, sphinctors restrict |
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Name three of the five processes of neuronal growth as outlined in the lecture slides.
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1. Proliferation
2. Migration 3. Differentiation 4. Myelination 5. Synaptogenesis |
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How is the neural tube formed and what will eventually derive from the neural tube?
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Eventually becomes the spinal cord and brain- cavity formed inside the tube surrounded by ependymal cells
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Greenough conducted experiments in which rats and other animals were raised in diff environments, each offering a different degree of sensory and motor stimulation. What is one of the key observations in these studies relating to neuronal development?
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Axonal sprouting and more dendritic arborization in response to enriched environments has been found in variety of species- motor activity alone can benefit as well
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