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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What tracts concerning the reticular formation influence the ANS? |
Reticulobulbar and reticulospinal tracts - both Para and sympathetics |
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How does RF control endocrine nervous system? |
-uses hypothalamus NOT SUBTHALAMUS to control pituitary gland - influences release of releasing or release-inhibiting factors |
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How does RF influence the biological clock? |
- cycles for sleep, locomotion and hormone secretion |
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What is included in the limbic system? |
--anatomically it includes: the subcallosal, cingulate, and parahippocampal gyri, mammillary bodies, and the anterior thalamic nucleus |
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Concerning the hippocampal formation, where does the dentate gyrus continue into? |
the uncus |
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What reciprocal connections does the anterior thalamic nucleus have? |
-reciprocal connections w/ cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus - receives info from mammillary bodies - emotional tone and recent memory |
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What is the body of the fornix connected to? |
connected to the bottom of the septum pellucidum |
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Explain the shape of the fornix in general? |
starts as 2 distinct pieces (2 crura), then comes together by way of the commissure of the fornix, then the body splits into 2 anterior columns which reach the mammillary bodies on the hypothalamus |
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What is the major output pathway of the limbic system? |
hypothalamus |
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What is the olfactory function concerning the limbic system? |
no evidence that the limbic system has an olfactory function |
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What does the hippocampus border? |
is a cortical structure that borders the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle |
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What is the major output pathway from the hippocampus? |
- fornix; runs horizontal connects hippocampus with mammillary body |
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Where does the amygdala project? |
to the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus -receives a wide variety of ssy inputs |
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What is the blood supply of the hypothalamus? |
circle of willis |
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Where is the preoptic located? Function? |
most anterior aspect of anterior hypothalamus; anterior to chiasm - contributes to circuits that control - sexual behavior - parenting behavior - thermoregulation - sleep-walking cycles |
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What does a lesion of the hippocampus cause? |
-anterograde amnesia- memory before the event is unaffected - can’t store long term memory??? Not exactly sure |
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What is the amygdala concerned with? |
- emotion related aspects of learning |
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What is the preoptic recess? |
tiny reservoir of CSF in front of optc chiasm |
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What does the infundilbular recess do? |
tiny CSF reservoir by the infundilbulum |
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What are the primary inputs of the anterior hypothalamic? |
- inputs from the retinas |
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Primary outputs of the anterior hypothalamic? |
circadian clock of the brain - influences sleep, locomotion and hormone secretion |
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What is the relation of the SNS and the anterior hypothalamic? |
- connected w/ posterior pituitary gland for secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin |
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What is the tuberal of the hypothalamus? |
- regulates anterior pituitary - belongs to circuits that control sex behavior, food intake, nutrient metabolism - integrates sleep-wake cycles |
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What’s the mammillary bodies main purpose? |
main source of descending hypothalamic fibers to brain stem |
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What supplies the temporal pole ? |
-MCA |
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What is the blood supply to cingulate gyrus? |
- ACA/PCA |
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What is the parahippocampal gyrus blood supply? |
- PCA |
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Whats the blood supply to the orbitofrontal gyrus? |
- ACA |
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Describe the path of the medial forebrain bundle? |
-diffuse fiber path that runs rostral-caudal -travels from lateral HT area to/from other parts of HT and other regions -runs vertical |
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Disease of P-ANS fibers causes what? |
- impotence w/ failure of erection and ejac. |
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Disease of S-ANS fibers cause what? |
failure of start of ejac. |
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What is the most lateral center that deals with higher level bladder control? |
- called the lateral center and projects to Onuf’s nucleus - most medial is magnocellular nns of PPRF projects to S2-S4 of PNS |
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What is the lateral part of the Right peri-aqueductal gray matter important? |
- receives afferent fibers from sacral posterior gray horn and project excitatory fibers to - receives excitatory input from the Right preoptic nucleus in anterior hypothalamus |
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Why is the right anterior cingulate cortex active during urination? |
relay via the thalamus to the ant. Cing. Cortex - ACTIVE during tasks requiring attention! |
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What happens if you gotta pee but in an unsuitable place? |
inferior frontal gyrus, in turn, puts ant. Cingulate cortex on hold by reducing activity via association fibers to inhibitory interns - projections to hypothalamus and midbrain inhibit the preoptic area and periaqueductal gray by activating appropriate internns |
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Where part of the homunculus is concerned with voluntary contraction of pelvic floor? |
- sent from the prefrontal cortex to the medial side of the motor cortex in the paracentral lobule |
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Finally I can pee, what does the inferior frontal cortex do? |
allows pelvic floor is allowed to sag - preoptic area joins periaqueductal gray in activating PPRF while inactivating the lateral pons via internns |
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Urinary incontinence is associated with which side CVA? |
- Right CVA |
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How come ALS pts. typically retain bladder control until very late in the degen? |
because onuf’s nucleus is typically spared |
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What are s/s if there is a destruction to amydaloid complex? |
-Precise stereotactic lesions (where?) -Reduce emotional excitability -Normalization of behavior in pts with severe disturbances -No memory loss |
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What are the s/s of Kluver-bucy? |
-Bilateral removal of medial temporal lobes (animals) -Become docile -No evidence of fear or anger -Unable to appreciate objects visually(psychic blindness or visual agnosia) -Increased appetite -Increased sexual activity |
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Pt. presents with temporal lobe dysfunction… what do you expect to see? |
epilepsy with a preceded aura of sound or small prior to the seizure - confused, anxious, and docile - can perform complicated movements during the seizure, but won’t remember doing so |
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What does the medial temporal lobe include? |
hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, and amygdala |
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what does the pneumonic HEAL stand for when concerning the hypothalamus function? |
-Homeostasis mechanism - endocrine control via the pituitary - autonomic control - limbic mechanisms |
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What does the anterior pituitary gland do? |
contains glandular cells that secrete a variety of hormones into the circulation -release is controlled by the hypothalamus |
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What does the posterior pituitary do? |
does not contain glandular cells, instead it contains axons and terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus -these terminals in the post pituitary secrete the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin into the circulation |
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What does vasopressin do? |
antidiuretic hormone - promotes reabsorption of water by the kidney -diabetes insipidus (if you don’t have ADH, you pee all the time) |
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What are some of the hormones released by the anterior pituitary? |
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone |
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What part of the hypothalamus triggers a release of hormones in the anterior pituitary? |
medial eminence |
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What are the role of locus ceruleus? |
-noradrenergic nuclie - these are part of the RF that projects to the spinal cord -very distinctly stained group of cells, they are blue -norepinephrine (nonadrenergic) -RF: do I need to get more NE to run away? YES -locus ceruleus is a cluster of noradrenergic neurons in the pons, dorsally |
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What path accounts for blushing when embarrarsed or sweaty palms when anxious?
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Hypothalamic-Limbic Paths - Limbic and hypothalamic interconnections explain why emotional behavior is often accompanied by ANS activation: -Activation of this path could also affect other systems such as when depressed people have weakened immune system |
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What is the efferent loop of the limbic system concerned with? |
projections from the limbic center to the prefrontal (heteromodal) assn cortex (pulls everything together, assn., to make you you) and reciprocally with autonomic and endocrine centers |
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What is the afferent loop of the limbic system concerned with? |
-consists of pathways connecting neocortical assn cortices with the prefrontal cortex, autonomic and endocrine centers |
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What’s the role of the prefrontal cortex in relation to the limbic system? |
plays a role in guiding behavior and is indirectly involved in the initiation of mvt input from the limbic centers (efferents from the limbic system) subserve the effects of emotion on motor function |
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What subsystem is concerned with verbal short- term memory? Location in brain? |
-Articulatory loop system: verbal (left perisylvian region) |
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What subsystem is concerned with spatial short- term memory? Location in brain? |
-Visuospatial sketchpad: spatial (posterior region of right hemisphere) |
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What are the 2 categories of long term memory? |
- Explicit (declarative): - Implicit (procedural): |
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Concerning explicit memory what are examples of episodic memory? |
things about you; you remember your 1st bday party, your spouse’s bday; helps you imagine your future -so deals with past and future -baby’s don't have this. do not have the concept of a future. Must have a past to have a future |
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Concerning explicit memory what are examples of semantic memory? |
every other kind of memory; recognizing friends, know who your brother is. -anything that is not autobio?? |
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Explain implicit memory? |
(procedural): unconscious unintentional form of memory -Skill learning: riding a bike -Simple conditioning: pavlov’s dog -priming: show an increase in performance on task for which you were subconsciously prepared; you are given “_ a t”, you will know to fill in cat or something -ex. wheel-a-fortune -can do things with verbal or vision |
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What structure are most damaged concerning Wernicke-korsakoff? |
-dorsomedial and midline nuclei of thalamus, mammillary body and frontal cerebral cortex
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62. What supplement deficiency causes Wernicke-korsakoff? |
-thiamine deficiency resulting from malnutrition associated with chronic alcohol intake |
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63. What are s/s of kluver- bucy? |
visual agnosia or psychic blindness -hyperorality (insertion of inappropriate objects in the mouth….) -Hypersexuality -Docility -lack of emotional response -blunted affect and apathy -Bulimia |
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What are s/s of pituitary adenoma? |
-Headache common -amenorrhea in women, hypogonadism in men -Both Sex have these… Galactorrhea- milky breast -Infertility -hair loss -decreased libido and weight gain |
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What causes cushings disease? |
ACTH secreting tumors |
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Where is acetylcholine found? |
-Major efferent neurotransmitter of PNS -the neuromuscular junction (for ex: III nucleus) -preganglionic ANS synapses (for ex: Dorsal Motor nucleus of X) -postganglionic parasympathetic synapses |
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What’s up with Nicotinic Ach receptors? |
-found at neuromuscular junction -in transmitter-gated ion channels -therefore they are also called ionotropic and transmission is fast |
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Where is muscarinic Ach receptors found? |
-found on smooth and cardiac mm fibers and on many nns (found at mm → muscarinic) |
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Where is the dopamine found? |
Found mainly in nns located in the ventral midbrain (lots of stuff here): substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area |
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What is the route of the mesostriatal? |
SN-PC and projects to caudate nucleus and putamen; |
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What is the route of the mesolimbic system? |
arises mainly from ventral tegmental area and projects to limbic structures |
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What is the function of the raphe nucleus? |
cluster of nuclei in the brainstem, medial to the RF. Main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain. SSRIs are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as their targets |
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What does the rostral raphe nucleus do? |
the entire forebrain, including cortex, thalamus, and BG -excitatory/inhibitory effects even, sometimes, within the same structure -play role(?) in depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggressive behavior and certain eating disorders |
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What does the caudal raphe nucleus do? |
raphe nuclei of the caudal pons and medulla project to: -cblm, medulla, and spinal cord -projections to spinal cord and medulla are involved in pain modulation |
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Where are the epinephrine nns located in the brainstem? |
- in the tegmentum of lower brainstem |
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What are excitatory amino acids? |
- glutamate- does not cross blood brain barrier - found mostly in hippocampal formation and in the striatum |
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What imaging would u use for acoustic neuroma ? |
MRI |
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-CT is better for: |
-Head trauma -Lower cost needed -Fresh hemorrhage -Speed needed -Skull fx -Calcified lesion -Claustrophobic or obese pt (>250#) -Pacemaker or metallic fragments in heart or eye |
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-MRI is better for: |
-Subtle areas of tumor, infarct, demyelination, etc -Brain stem lesion -Old hemorrhage -Anatomical detail needed -Low contrast/small lesions, e.g., -MS plaques -Low grade astrocytoma -Acoustic neuroma |
