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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what nucleus of the thalamus does the basal ganglia primary output through?
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Ventral Lateral
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Key differences of basal ganglia vs. cerebellum
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ipsilateral (vs. contra)
Cerebellum: coordination -Ataxia -excitatory output to thalamus Basal Ganglia: planning and initiation -dyskonesia -inhibitory output to thalamus |
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Dyskosia types
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Chorea:dance-like
Ballismus: flinging tics: spasmidic movement or vocalization Myoclonus: rapid muscular jerk |
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Rigidity
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increased resistance to passive movement due to simultaneous contraction of extensors and flexors
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Brake Hypothesis:
Stand still |
brake voluntary movements of distal muscles while not braking (gating/allowing/releasing) activation of axial muscles controlling posture
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Brake Hypothesis:
Initiate movement |
brake postural control and release voluntary control of distal muscles
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Striatum
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caudate + putamen (+ nucleus accumbens)
-Embryologically and cytoarchitecturally (but not functionally) a single nucleus |
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Lentiform or lenticular nucleus
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putamen + globus pallidus
-lens shape |
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Corpus striatum
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(caudate & putamen) + globus pallidus
-telencephalic structures of the basal ganglia |
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Pedunculopontine nucleus
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cholinergic diffuse modulatory system
regulates & relays basal ganglia activity through indirect pathway |
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pathways from the GPi to the thalamus:
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Lenticular fasciculus (through IC)
Ansa Lenticularis (loops under) -form thalamic fasciculus when they meet |
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modulation of direct and indirect pathways by SN pars compacta
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both facilitate increased thalamic activity
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Motor Channel
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Input: BA 1-7 to Putamen
Output: VL/ VA thalamus Thalamic Projection: supp., primary, premotor cortex (BA 4,6) -controls medial and lateral motor systems |
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Oculomotor Channel
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Input: Parietal and Prefrontal cortex to Body of Caudate
Output: VA/MD thalamus Thalamic Projection: frontal eye fields and supplementary eye fields -control eye movements, especially saccades |
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Prefrontal Channel
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Input: Parietal and Premotor cortex to Head of Caudate
Output: VA/MD thalamus Thalamic Projection: Prefrontal cortex |
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Limbic Channel
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Input: Hippocampus, amygdala, temporal cortex to Nucleus Accumbens, Caudate and Putamen
Output: VA/MD thalamus Thalamic Projection: Anterior Cingulate Gyrus, Orbital frontal cortex -emotions, motivation, learning, memory |
