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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what decideswhich side of the brain is dominant?
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where the speech center is located?
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your brain has a "back-up" of everything but what?
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speech center
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what is plasticity?
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allows for recovery from cortical damage?
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is plasticity greater in children or adults?
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children
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In a WADA test, what is the significance of raising the arms and counting?
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as the anasthetic is introduced into the specific carotid, if speech stops as the opposite hand falls, then it means the speech center is on the same side as the inserted anasthetic
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what disorders involves understanding how to perform a task, but unable to perform the task?
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apraxia
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what disorders involves the premotor cortex?
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apraxia
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what disorders involve the visual cortex, and not being able to but the "visual puzzle pieces" together?
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agnosia
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what disorder involves not being able to recognize objects by touch?
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astereognosis
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what disorder involves a unilateral, non-dominant ignoring of half of the body?
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autotopagnosia
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what type of disorder involves disruption of symbolic communication?
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aphasia
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what specific type of aphasia involves garbled words that range from sttutter like to mutism?
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expressive
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what specific type of aphasia involves word substitutions that have no association with what is being talked about?
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receptive
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what specific type of aphasia involves being able to read, but not being able to write
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agraphia
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what specific type of aphasia involves not being able to read
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alexia
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what specific type of aphasia involves letter or words or symbol reversals and inversions
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dyslexia
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what specific type of aphasia involves not being able to understand what they hear?
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echolalia
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what happens when the hemispheres of the brain can not communicate with the other?
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disconnection syndrome
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What part of the brain is responsible for perception, reaction, emotion, abstract thought, and communication?
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association cortex
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What allows the two sides of the brain to cmmunicate with eachother?
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corpus callosum and the anterior commisure
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what are the 3 lobes of the association cortex
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parietal/temporal/occital- symbolic communication, prefrontal- motor planning and motion, limbic- memory and learning
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what determines the dominant hemisphere?
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location of the speech center
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what is typically seen in the left hemisphere?
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verbal expression, logic thought, analtical ability, linguistics, math
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what is typically seen in the right hemisphere
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non-verbal expression, visual/spatial relations, synthetic thought, initiative, music apopreciation.
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apraxia?
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inappropriate motor response, because of damage to the premotor cortex
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agnosia?
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don't know it, visual, astereognosis, and time
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what is autotopagnosia?
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don't recognize half of your body
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aphasia?
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disruption of symbolic communication (hearing, speaking, reading, writing)
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brocha's(expression) aphasia?
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garbled words, from studder-like to mutism
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wernicke's (receptive) aphasia?
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word substitutions
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agraphia aphasia?
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read, but can't write
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alexia?
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can't read
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echolalia
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can't understand what the y hear, write down the question, they write donw the resonse and read it aloud
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disconnection syndrome?
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disconnection of the two brains, and the two sides can't communicate with one another
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what kind of learning is habituation and sensitization?
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non-associative
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what kind of learning is classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
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associative learning
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what kind of learning is imprinting, latent, and vicarious?
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complex
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what is the midline area of the cerebellum?
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vermis
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what is the functional role of the cerebellum?
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muscle synergy, or coordination of movement activity
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what is the oldest part of the cerebellum, and located at thte floclonodular node?
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archicerebellum
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what is the anterior lobe of the cerebellum>
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Palleocerebellum
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What is the newest and largest portion of the cerebellum that is posterior?
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neocerebellum
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what is the functional role of the anterior lobe?
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Controls antigravity musculature and recieves proprioceptive inputs from the limbs, primary lobe affected by alcohol
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what is the functional role of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum?
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recieves afferent projections from the cerebral cortex via the pontine nuclei, coordination of skilled movement initiated by the cerebral cortex
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what is the functional role of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum?
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recieves information from the vestibular system
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what are te layers of the cerebellar cortex?
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outer (molecular)with stellate and basket cells and the dendritic arboriztions of purkinjie cells, middle (purkinjie) wuth purkinjie cell bodies, and Inner (granular) with granular and golgi cells and rossettes of mosy fibers to form cerebellar glomeruli
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what is the only output cell of the cerebellum?
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purkinjie cells
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what is the inhibitory influence on the cells of the vestibular nuclei?
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purkinjie cells
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what excites and inhibits purkinjie cells
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excited by parallel fibers of granule cells and climbing fibers from inferior olivary nucleus, inhibited by basket and stellate cells
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what does purkinjie synapse on?
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deep cerebellar nuclei
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what do granule cells do in the cerebellum?
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excite purkinjie, basket, stellate and golgo cells
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what regulated granule cells in the cerebellum?
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- golgi cell, + mossy fibers
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what is the primary input of the cerebellum? where do they terminate?
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mossy fibers, rossettes
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what is the neurotransmitter of mossy fibers?
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glutamate
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what is the nuerotransmitter for the climbing fibers of the cerebellum?
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aspartate
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what tracts pass through the inferior peduncle tract to the cerebellum?
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vestibular cerebellum, spinocerebellar, olivocerebellar
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what tract enters the cerebellum from the middle peduncle tract?
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pontocerebellar
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what area of the brain does the cerebellum not have efferent pathways to?
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middle penucle
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ataxia?
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loss of coordination
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dysmetria?
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loss of finite measure, can't gage distance
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dysarthria
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loss of tongue control to articulate speech
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dysdiadocokinesia
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loss of rapid alternating movements
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decomposition of movement?
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can't stay balanced
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titubation?
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bobble head
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tremor with cerebellar dysfunction
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shake when you intend to move
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what is another name for the basal nuclei?
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striatum
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what 3 regions create the corpora striatum?
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caudate nuclesu, putamen, and globus pallidus
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what 2 regions create the lentiform nucleus?
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putamen (lateral) and globus pallidus (medial)
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What is the amygaloid body of the basal nuclei associated with?
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smell
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how is the subthalamic nuclei associated with the basal nuclei?
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it is the relay nuclei between globus pallidus medial and lateral
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How is the substantia nigra associated with the basal nuclei
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it is a dopamine associated area and it interacts with the neostriatum of the basal nuclei
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what is the role of basal nuclear circuits
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can either enhance or limit motor output
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what is the motor loop of the basal nuclei?
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learned and stored movements, sensorimotor and skeletalmotor
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what is the cognitive loop of the basal nuclei?
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planning aheah, the association loop
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what is the limbic loop of the basal nuclei?
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emotional aspects of movements, body language, body expression, and the oldest
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what is the occulomotor loop of the basal nuclei?
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frontal eye fields, broadman area 8
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what is the excitatory and inhibitory substance of the basal nuclei?
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substance P, GABA
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what is the indirect pathway of the basal nuclei associated with
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D2 receptors, which leads to hyperkinesia
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what is associated with the direct pathway in basal nuclei
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D1 receptors, and hypokinesia
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Caudate area of basal nuclei?
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behavioral and cognitive motor control
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putamen area of basal nuclei?
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operation of distal limb musculature
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globus pallidus are of basal nuclei?
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contratraverse movement
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amygdala area of basal nuclei
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instinctive and emotionally stimulated movement
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what is ballism ?
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throwing of the body
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athetosis?
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shake-like movement
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torticollis
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neck is twisted and stuck in positio, no pain, but can't move it back
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what is the most common form of basal nuclei dysfunction
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parkinsons, associated with bradykinesia, mask-like face, pill-rolling, reduction of dopamine by the substantia nigra
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what is chorea?
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tics, sudden quick movements, torret's syndrome and sydenham's disease
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Sclera?
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outer layer of the eye, perforated by the optic nerve and opthalamic vessels
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Cornea?
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anterior clear portion of sclera, innervated by V1. recieves nourishment form tears and aquesous humor.
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what is the middle portion of the eye?
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choroid, blood vessels, connective tissue
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what is the inner layer of the eye?
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Retina, converts light to nerve impulses
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What is the Uvea of the eye?
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iria, ciliary body, and choroid
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What is the iris of the eye?
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connective tissue, muscle and pigment, controls light entry onto retina.
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what connects the iris and the choroid in the eye?
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ciliary body, makes aqueous humor and anchors the lens.
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what are the bipolar cells fo the eye?
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transmit the signals from the rods and cones and they enhance contrast and help in differentiation in color.
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Where are the rods found in the retina?
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most of the surface, adjacent to macula, 100 million per eye,
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Rods use what pigment?
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rhodopsin, they are used in dim light
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Where are cones found?
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in the macula, 7 million per eye. used in high light and react quickly
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What causes color blindness?
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absence of specific cones.
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what is the pigment used in cones?
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iodopsins
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what is the retinal pathway?
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photoreceptors -->bipolar--> ganglionic-->thalamus. (horizontal cells transmit to bipolar cells too.) Amacrine cells integrate info from bipolar cells and modify the transmission to the ganglion cells.
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lesion of optic nerve?
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total blindness unilateral
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partial lesion of optic chiasm
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quadrantanopia (contralateral superior of lesion)
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complete lesion of optic chiasm?
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Bitemporal hemianopia
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lesion of optic tract?
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contralateral homonymous hemianopia
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lesion of geniculocalcarine tract
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superior contralateral homonymous quadrantanopia
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what is the pupillary light reflex pathway?
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ganglion cells-->lat. geniculate body-->pretectal nuclei in midbrain-->post. commisure-->Edinger Westphall nucleus--> CIII--> constrictor pupillae
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Accomodation pathway?
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superior colliculus-> Edinger Westphal-> Rostral cells to the constrictor pupillae, or caudal cells ciliary muscles to increase refractive power of the lens.
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myopia?
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nearsighted, light waves converge before the retina, corrected with concave lens
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hypermetropia?
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farsighted, light waves focus behind the retina, corrected with convex lenses.
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prespyopia?
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farsighted due to aging
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astigmatism?
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curvature of the cornea is not uniform, causing errors in refraction
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what is voluntary saccadic movements of the eye
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eyes move, head doesn't, broadmann #8
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optimokinetic mystagnis
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eyes snap back to the center
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what connects one extra-ocular nuclei with the other?
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medial longitudinal fasciculus
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strabismus
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squint, weak eye movement of one eye. lazy eye
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MLF syndrome?
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can't adduct eye, seen in patients with MS
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Parinaud's syndrome
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can't move pupil up or down
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what includes the external ear?
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auricle and external acoustic canal
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what consists of the middle ear?
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tympanic membrane, ear ossicles, and oval window
magnifies sound 20X |
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vibration pathway through inner ear?
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stapes-> oval window-> scala vestibuli(filled with perilymph)->heliotrema->scala tympani->round window
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what is the scalia media?
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cochlear duct.(between scala vestibuli and tympani), it contains the Organ of Corti
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where are high pitched sound waves heard in the organ of corti?
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stereocilia close to the base
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what part of the organ of corti hears low frequencies?
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apex of the organ
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what is tonotropism
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where the frequency is picked up in the organ of corti
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what is the pathway of hearing?
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receptors of organ of corti-> C.VIII->spinal ganglion->Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear nuclei
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Dorsal Cochlear nuclei
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lateral lemniscus to thalamus, or superior colliculus to thalamus to Broadman41,42,22
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Ventral cochlear nuclei
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to superior olivary nucleus-> medialgeniculate body-> cerebellum and ventral acoustic stria
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conduction deafness
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passage of soundwaves, obstruction, otosclerosis, otitis media (middle ear infection)
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what is otosclerosis?
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ankylosis of stapes to oval window
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sensorineural deafness
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cochlear or nerve damage, neuroma, drugs, loud noise exposure, rubella
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presbyacusis?
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high frequency hearing loss, whispers are loud, but yelling is quiet
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what is the static labyrinth
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utricle and saccule- monitor head position and linear motion
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macula positioning in vestibular system?
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utricle - horizontal, saccule - verticle
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what pathways do the utricle and saccule participate in?
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vestibulospinal to keep head and gaze horizontal when head is tipped, and Eye Righting reflexes associated with the MLF, lateral vestibular nuclei, and occulomotor nucleus
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what is the kinetic labyrinth?
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semicircular canals (SLP) endopymph moves when head rotates, the cupula inside the ampulla and the kinocilia causes depolarization
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what is the role of the vestibular system
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compensate for movementof the eyes in response to movement of the head, helps us track movement
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nystagmus
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eyes rotate in same direction as head, warm water causes eyes to move away from water then snap back. accompanied by vertigo.
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olfaction pathway?
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olfactory receptors-> cribriform plate-> mitral cells in olfactory bulb (glomeruli)
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how do mitral cells function in olfaction?
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release glutamate to stimulate granule cells, stimulated granule cells inhibit areas that aren't by using GABA.
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anosmia?
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loss if smell due to smoking, rhinitis, hysteria, Kallman's syndromeand meningiomas
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hyperosmia
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excessive sensitivity to smell, pregnancy, menopause, irritation
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dysosmia
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altered smells, alcohol withdrawl, hallucinations, senility
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How often do smell receptors turn over?
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4-8 weeks
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How often to taste receptors turn over?
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10-14 days
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Fisrt order for facial?
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geniculate
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First order for glossopharangeal?
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petrosal
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first order for vagus?
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nodose
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where do the secondary order cells of gustation lie?
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superior portion of the solitary nucleus
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what is the 2nd messenger for sweet gustation?
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inostitol triphosphate
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what blocks sodium channels in saltiness gustation
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diuretic amiloride
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what happens in the bitter pathway
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potassium channel blocked, and IP3 release
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what happens in the Umami pathway?
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glutamate binds to cation channel and opens Calcium channels
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gustation pathway?
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central tegmental tract-> thalamus VPM and parabrachial plexus-> gustatory cortex (43-> amygdala and hypothalamus
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ageusia?
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loss of taste
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dysgeusia
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altered taste, xerosthomia, zinc,
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xerostomia?
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dry mouth
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what are the roles of the thalamus?
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integration and correlation of afferent activity, focusing of attention, pain perception
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what divides the 30 thalamic nuclei?
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internal medullary lamina
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specific nuclei of thalamus?
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sensorimotor areas of the cerebral cortex
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associative nuclei of the thalamus?
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association cortex for knowledge and memory
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what is the medial geniculate nulei in the thalamus used for?
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relay for hearing
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what is the lateral geniculate nuclei in the thalamus used for
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relay for vision
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anterior nucleus of anterior region of thalamus?
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emotional tone and recent memory, sense of direction, from hippocampus to cingulate cortex 23
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dorsomedial nucleus of medial region of thalamus?
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integration of somatic, visceral and olfacotry together(aromatherapy)
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what is the pathway of the dorsalmedial nucleus of the medial region of the thalamus
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sup. colliculus, piriform olfactory cortex and ventral pallidum to frontal eye fields
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centromedian nucleus
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relays info between regions of the corpus striatum, autonomic regulation of emotion, goes to insular cortex
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what is the posterolateral nucleus of the lateral division of the thalamus for?
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vision and eye movement, from sup colliculus to parietal association cortex
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only difference between the pulvinar and posteriorlateral nucleus in the lareral region of the thalamus?
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pulvinar projects to the visual cortex
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Ventral Anterior Nucleus of the ventral tier of the thalamus?
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planning movements, from basal nuclei to the supplementary motor cortex 6
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Ventral lateral nucleus of the ventral tier of the thalamus?
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executing movements
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VPL nucleus
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somatic sensation from body
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VPM nucleus?
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somatic sensation from head and neck
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lateral geniculate body of the thalamus?
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relays visual information to the visual cortex from the retina
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medial geniculate body of the thalamus?
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relays auditory info to the auditory cortex 41 and 42
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thalamus problems?
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chronic intracable pain. lesions are placed to deal with it.
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