Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The neural crest later develops into the central nervous system
|
False
|
|
|
Neurotubules and neurofilaments are not unique to neural cells
|
True
|
|
|
The mandible is the upper jawbone
|
False
|
|
|
The desmocranium is a group of facial bones that were cartilage before ossification
|
False
|
|
|
Synapses may occur where axons meet dendrites, cell bodies, or other axons
|
True
|
|
|
Rostral is opposite to posterior
|
True
|
|
|
The ethmoid bone is bat shaped
|
false
|
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there
|
31
|
|
|
The CNS consists of the
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin is produced by
|
Schwann cells
|
|
|
Describe the anatomical viewpoint/ plane
|
transverse- upper and lower
coronal front and back cut |
|
|
What is the blood brain barrier
|
the blood brain barrier is where etholical tissue usually has spaces in between, but then they come together to form a structure. The blood brian barrier is semipermeable but things like lead can go through. In addition astrocytes are tissues that surround the blood brain barrier and it's a gate keeper.
|
|
|
Name two types of glial cells and a function of one of these.
|
Olgiodendrocytes myelination of CNS
Schwann Cells- myelination of PNS |
|
|
What is the collective name for the chemical release at the synapse
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
|
name the six bones of the cranial skeleton
|
temporal
occipital frontal parietal sphenoid ethmoid |
|
|
what is the name given to our cheekbones
|
zygomatic bone
|
|
|
name two of the bones that must fuse correctly to prevent cleft palate
|
your plate must fuse correctly with palantine bone, maxillae and septum
|
|
|
The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic. Which of these deals with emergency situations (ie the fight or flight response)
|
Sympathetic
|
|
|
Name two muscles essential for mastication
|
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid temporalis massetter |
|
|
Describe the difference with sulci and gyri
|
sulci- depression of he skull/ cerebral hemisphere
gyri- raised areas of the skull/ brain |
|
|
What was it that Lafort described with regard to facial bones?
|
He described the frontal bones that are more likely to break
|
|
|
Describe what a synapse is
|
It's an open space where dendrites can bring across chemical signals across the synapse
|
|
|
Name two types of neurons
|
multipolar neurons with long axon
multipolar neurons with short axon |
|
|
Name a prominent suture of the skull
|
saggital
coronal lamdoid |
|
|
Name the two division of the peripheral nervous system
|
somatic- conscious
autonomic- automatic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) |
|
|
What is paranasal sinus?
|
Frontal and maxillary are two of the paranasal sinuses; they help with drainage, resonance in the voice
|
|
|
What are the four lobes on he brain
|
temporal
frontal occipital parietal |
|
|
Describe myelin and its function
|
myelin covers the axon and it speeds up reactions
|
|
|
describe the differences between CNS and PNS
|
CNS --> brain spinal cord, oliogodendrocytes
PNS --> everywhere else, Schwann Cells |
|
|
Describe the difference between afferent and efferent
|
afferent --> moves toward (sensory)
efferent --> moves away (motor) |
|
|
The ___ and ____ are the brain structures that correspond to the metencephalon
|
PONS and Cerebellum
|
|
|
The _____ the adult brain structure that corresponds to the myelencephalon
|
Medulla oblongata
|
|
|
Name and describe one of the two theories process growth in neural development
|
chemoaffinity- chemicals that have labels for certain actions
blue print- your body has a map already programmed for what it needs to do |
|
|
What is hydrocephalus and how does it impact the shape of the skull
|
There is water on the brain and that expands the brain
|
|
|
What is cell proliferation
|
Cell division
|
|
|
What gland in the endocrine system is known as the master gland?
|
Pituitary gland the hypothalamus controls it
|
|
|
Name three muscles of facial expression and describe how each contributes to a facial expression
|
orbicularis oris -- closes mouth
oribcularis oculi -- closes eyes mentallis -- brings up the skin of the chin |
|
|
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
|
Pons, medulla, midbrain
|
|
|
What is neurogenesis
|
The study that adults can produce new neurons
|
|
|
Why does MS affect the CNs and not the PNS
|
because CNS has oliogodendrocytes and PNS doesn't (oligodendrocytes have affect on MS)
|
|
|
What is meant by polarization
|
polarization means resting
|
|
|
describe in your own words what an ion channel is
|
it is when the action potential opens the ion channels and Na+ makes the inside more positive hyperpolarization. Then everything goes back to normal and refractory period means that nothing is moving
|
|
|
The isocortex is also known as the neocortex
|
True
|
|
|
The neocortex is often called the reptillian brain
|
False
|
|
|
There is usually blood in the subarachnoid space
|
False
|
|
|
CSF drains to the jugular vein through the dural venous sinuses, spaces between the layers of dura mater.
|
True
|
|
|
The amygdala is a seahorse shaped structure in the allocortex of the telencephalon
|
False
|
|
|
The basal ganglia are masses of gray matter deep within the brain
|
True
|
|
|
The subarachnoid space holds less CSF than the ventricles
|
False
|
|
|
the thalamus is primarily white matter
|
false
|
|
|
there are both specific and non-specific nuclei in the thalamus
|
true
|
|
|
the thalamus has three lobes
|
false
|
|
|
the thalamus contains over 120 nuclei
|
true
|
|
|
The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus
|
true
|
|
|
the meningeal layers are rich in nerve fibers allowing us to feel the pain of headaches
|
True
|
|
|
the cerebellum contains 50% of the neuron in our brain
|
True
|
|
|
What is the primary function of CSF
|
it's to protect
|
|
|
what procedure is usually used to examine CSF
|
lumbar puncture and spinal tap
|
|
|
what structure, located in the ventricles, produces CSF?
|
chronoid plexus
|
|
|
the meningeal layer that lines the brain tissue is the ___ mater
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
The outer layer of tough collagenous tissue is the ___ mater
|
dura mater
|
|
|
the space between the arachnoind and pia mater is the ___ space
|
subarachnoid
|
|
|
the artery that supplies blood to the dura mater is the ___
|
middle meningeal artery
|
|
|
name three structures of the limbic system
|
hippocampus
basal ganglia amygdala |
|
|
damage to the hippocampus may result in what difficulty
|
you could have damage to your memory. ex: dori from finding nemo not being able to create new memories
|
|
|
parkinson's disease is related to what structures of the allocortex
|
basal ganglia
|
|
|
describe in your own words what ventricles are
|
the ventricles are fluid filled spaces, filled with CSF, they are for protection
|
|
|
Describe the function of the sinuses in the brain
|
they are there to drain CSF back to the blood
|
|
|
Name the four structures of the Diencephalon
|
Thalamus
Subthalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus |
|
|
describe the shape of the thalamus
|
it's shaped like a walnut
|
|
|
where is the diencephalon located
|
below the telencepalon
|
|
|
Describe the difference between specific nuclei and non- specific nuclei
|
specific --> goes to the cortex - conscious actions
nonspecific --> doesn't go to the cortex, not conscious actions. Ex heart beat |
|
|
Describe the appearance of white mater in the thalamus?
|
It looks like a Y then when it's cut laterally it looks like stripes
|
|
|
Describe two functions of the epithalamus?
|
Circadian rhythm --> sleep wake cycle
Pineal gland emotion regulation |
|
|
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland
|
It's the master gland and it's controlled by the hypothalamus. It's to sense what neural senses go to what action
|
|
|
The lobes of the thalamus are adjacent to which part of the ventricular system
|
third ventricles
|
|
|
name two nuclei groups in the thalamus and describe two functions for these groups
|
anterior nuclei --> memory, emotion
middle nuclei --> emotion output, regulation |
|
|
Name one group of hypothalamic nuclei and describe two functions of the group
|
maxillary nuclei - emotion, regulation
duralmedial nuclei- rage other emotions |
|
|
name a disorder that results from damage to the thalamus
|
frontal lobe- not being able to control your emotions
|
|
|
name a disorder that results from damage to the hypothalamus
|
Anorexia
|
|
|
describe why the midbrain is often described as the colorful part of the brain
|
red nucleus - motor
periacqueductal gray - supressing pain substantanigra- parkinson's |
|
|
name the two cranial nerve nuclei that are located in the midbrain cr
|
cranial nerve 3 and 4 III and IV
|
|
|
the Metencephalon consists of two primary structures. name them
|
Pons and Cerebellum
|
|
|
What part of the ventricular system is located in the pons
|
4th ventricle
|
|
|
Name 2 of the 4 cranial nerve nuclei located in the cranial nerve nuclei in the pons
|
cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, 8, V, VI, VII, VIII
|
|
|
Name one white mater tract that travels through the pons
|
lateral lemniscus
|
|
|
Name two functions that may be compromised due to the damage
|
hard time staying conscious
hard time regulating emotions |
|
|
name the three pairs of white matter tracts that allow communication between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain
|
peduncles
cerebellar peduncules anterior, inferior, middle |
|
|
name two types of fibers in the cerebellum
|
mossy/ climbing fibers
|
|
|
what is ataxia
|
drunk, being off balance and lack of coordination
|
|
|
what tract in the brainstem is responsible for consciousness and alertness
|
reticular formation
|
|
|
Name the three arteries that make up the circle of willis
|
anterior artery
posterior artery middle artery |
|
|
what is the physiological significance of the circle of willis?
|
it's our safety mechanism
|
|
|
describe stenosis
|
narrowing of the arteries
|
|
|
describe in your own words the difference between an ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
|
ischemic - blockage
hemorrhagic- bleed |
|
|
describe blood flow from the heart to the brain
|
aorta- carotid- internal carotid- brain
aorta- subclavian- vertebral- basilar- brain aorta- carotid- external carotid- branches |
|
|
what is an aneurysm
|
a ballooning, weakening in the blood vessel can be caused by high blood pressure
|
|
|
describe how Parkinson's disease is caused and name two symptoms of the disease
|
it's caused by a lack of dopamine
there volume might be lower they might have tremours |
|
|
describe what broadman's areas are
|
they are part of the isocortex; it's characteristics the brain into sections of functions
|
|
|
what is decussation and where does it occur?
|
crossover of fibers, happens in the medulla oblongata
|
|
|
describe how one type of stroke may affect the functioning of an individual
|
a stroke might affect your frontal lobe and that could affect smell (olfactory) and emotions
|
|
|
describe what the cauda equine is
|
bottom part of spinal cord, means horses tail. bunch of fibers
function: inhibits sensory information |
|
|
dorsal root of the spinal cord contains sensory or motor neurons
|
Sensory
|
|
|
what is meant by dermatomes
|
pg 87 area of skin that correlates with area on spinal cord
|
|
|
Name and describe a disorder that can result from damage to the spinal cord
|
paralysis- paraplegia (lose function of legs)
|
|
|
describe how impluses travel and the neurons that are activated in picking up a cup of coffee
|
Primary sensory (occipital lobe) --> secondary sensory (parietal lobe) --> motor cortex (frontal lobe) --> primary motor
brain stem (basal ganglia) - spinal cord - hand - basal ganglia- cerebellum - primary motor |
|
|
What is the disorder that may result from excessive alcohol abudr
|
Korsakoff's
|
|
|
describe the difference between REM and SWS sleep
|
REM- rapid eye movement (lighter sleep/ dreams)
SWS slow wake sleep (deeper sleep) |
|
|
where is the primary cortex located?
|
frontal lobe
|
|
|
name on the spinal tracts that control motor movement
|
dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract
|
|
|
name the major region of the brain where linguistic functions are controlled
|
Perisylvian region
|
|
|
describe the visual pathway through the brain that allows us to interpret what we see (visual pathway = how we see)
|
Eyes --> CNII optic nerve
optic chiasm optic tracts thalamus occipital lobe secondary sensory (occipital/ parietal lobe) Wernike's area |
|
|
Name the three somatosensory systems
|
intraceptive - internal system
extraceptive- touch, pain proprioceptive- position of body |
|
|
What is a homunculus
|
little man, organization of somatic information
|
|
|
Explain what is meant by tonotopic
|
the auditory cortex is organized tonotopically; organized by pitch, in temporal lobe
|
|
|
What cranial nerves are sensory only
|
CNI, CNII, CNVIII
|
|
|
Which cranial nerves are sensory for taste
|
Glossopharyngeal, CNVII (facial), CNIX
|
|
|
The branches of the trigeminal nerves are
|
opthalamic, maxillary, mandibular
|
|
|
Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the
|
vagus nerve
|
|
|
Know the cranial nerve names and corresponding numbers for those cranial nerves that have a role in communication or swallowing
|
CNI- olfactory (smell)
CNII- optic (vision) CN V- trigeminal (motor facial) CN VII- facial CN VIII- CN IX- CN X- vagus (larynx) CN XII- hypoglossal (motor tongue) |
