Neuro Facts

Front 1

There are 31 spinal nerves

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8 cervical12 thoracic5 lumbar5 sacral1 coccygeal

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The dorsal root of each spinal nerve is

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Sensory

Front 3

The ventral root of each spinal nerve is

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Motor

Front 4

The spinal ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies

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On the dorsal root of the spinal nerve

Front 5

Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathwayFasciculus gracilusFasciculus cuneatus1st - Fibers ascend in dorsal columns and terminate in Fibers decussate and form the 2nd - The medial lemniscus ascends to the 3rd - From the VPL fibers project through the posterior limb of the internal capsule to the Damage above decussation results in Damage in the spinal cord (below the decussation)

Back 5

Conscious proprioception, tactile discrimination, vibration sensation, form recognition, joint and muscle sensationLower extremitiesUpper extremitiesCaudal medulla (gracile and cuneate nuclei)Medial lemniscus Ventral posteriolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VPL) Post central gyrus (3,1,2) primary somatosensory cortexContralateral lossIpsilateral loss

Front 6

Lateral spinothalamic tract1st order neurons found in the2nd order neurons decussate in the3rd order neurons project through theLesion of the tract causes

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Pain and temperature sensationDorsal root ganglion – project through the dorsolateral tract of Lissauer – synapse in the dorsal hornVentral white commosure and ascend in the contralateral lateral funiculus – terminate in the VPLPosterior limb of the internal capsule to areas 3,1,2Contralateral loss of pain and temperature below the lesion

Front 7

Lateral corticospinal tract Arise from layer V of the cerebral cortexFibers in the medulla travel in the85-90% of fibers cross at the level of the10-15% of fibers do not crosslesion above the motor decussation results inlesion in spinal cord results in

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Voluntary skilled motor activity from upper limbsNot fully developed until second year of life (Babinski’s sign)Premotor cortex (area 6)Primary cortex (area 4)Primary sensory cortex (3,1,2)Medullary pyramids pyramidal decussation (continue as lateral corticospinals)anterior corticospinals contralateral spastic paresis + Babinskiipsilateral spastic paralysis + Babinski

Front 8

Neural plate is formed by the thickening of the

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Ectoderm at the midline (3wks)

Front 9

The neural tube produces the

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CNS – brain and spinal cord

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Derivatives of neural crest include

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Ganglia, glia, adrenal medulla, melanocytes

Front 11

The cells of the adrenal medulla are called

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Chromaffin cells – release epi and nor epi

Front 12

The mantle layer of the neural tube becomes the

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Gray matter of the spinal cord

Front 13

The mantle layer is divided into the

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Alar plate (sensory) and the basal plate (motor)

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The alar plate forms the

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Posterior horn of gray (sensory)

Front 15

The basal plate forms the

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Lateral and anterior horns of gray (motor)

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The marginal layer of the neural tube becomes the

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White matter of the spinal cord

Front 17

Anterograde degeneration occurs in the segment

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of nerve fiber distal to the trama (Wallerian)

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Retragrade degeneration occurs in the segment

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of the nerve proximal to the trauma and the cell body

Front 19

Regenerated nerve fibers have about

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80% the dia. and conduction velocity of the original fiber

Front 20

The major contributing ion to the resting potential is

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K+, Na+ has little effect

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The threshold potential is when the

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Na+ influx begins to exceed the K+ efflux

Front 22

Inhibitory synaptic currents are carried by

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K+ or Cl- channels

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Excitatory synaptic currents are carried by

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Na+, Ca++ or K+

Front 24

The poster funiculus contains the

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Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

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The lateral funiculus contains the

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Anterior and posterior spinocerebellars, spinotectal, lateral spinothalamic, lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal

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The anterior funiculus contains the

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Anterior spinothalamic, anterior corticospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal

Front 27

There are 3 neurons in ascending(sensory) pathways1st order2nd order3rd order

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Spinothalamic, fasciculus gracilus and cuneatus, posterior spinocerebellar and anterior spino cerebellarCell body in dorsal root ganglionConnects 1st and 3rdCell body in thalamus and travels to cortex

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Descending tractsPyramidal tractsExtrapyramidal tracts

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Lateral corticospinal, anterior corticospinalRubrospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal

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Spinal nervesCervicalThoracicLumbarSacralCoccygeal

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31 total – formed from the union of dorsal and ventral roots8 pairs12 pairs5 pairs5 pairs1 pair

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Dorsal primary rami (mixed sensory and motor)

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Innervate dorsal musculature of trunk

Front 31

Ventral primary rami (mixed)Cervical plexusBrachial plexusLumbosacral plexusPudendal plexus

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Innervate ventral musculature of trunk and entire musculature of the extremities (form pluexi)C1-4 – neckC5-8 & T1 – upper extremitiesL1-4 – anterior thigh, L4-5 & S1-3 – post thigh, leg, footS2-4 – pelvic floor

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Meningeal branch of spinal nerves

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(sensory and vasomotor) – innervate dura mater of cord

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Rami communications connect the

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Ventral root with the sympathetic trunk

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The nuclei of the parasympathetic NS are

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Craniosacral

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The nuclei of the sympathetic NS are

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Thoracicolumbar

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The target organs of the parasympathetic NS contain

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Muscarinic receptors (ACh)

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The target organs of the sympathetic NS contsin

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Adrenergic receptors – Muscarinic receptors (sweat glands, adrenal medulla)

Front 38

Epi and norepi are synthesized from

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Tyrosine

Front 39

Alpha 1 receptors are located on

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Vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstriction) and hepatocytes

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Alpha 2 receptors are located on

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Platelets and white adipocytes (inhibit norepi release)

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Beta 1 receptors are located in the

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Heart (increase myocardial activity)

Front 42

Beta 2 receptors are located in the

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Lungs, vascular smooth muscle and hepatocytes (arterial vasodilation)

Front 43

Inhibitory neurotransmitters are

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GABA (wide spread) and Glycine (spinal cord, brain stem and retina)

Front 44

The medulla is part of the myelencephalon which has

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Centers to control heartbeat, respiration and blood pressure

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The motor decussation is located

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Superior to the junction of the medulla with the spinal cord

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In the motor decussation

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80% of the pyramidal fibers cross

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Nucleus gracilus and nucleus cuneatus are located in

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The posterior portion of the medulla

Front 48

After synapsing in nucleus gracilus and cuneatus the pathway continues with

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Internal arcuate fibers crossing and ascending as the medial lemniscus

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The medial lemniscus pass to the

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Cerebellum or thalamus – terminate in the VPL

Front 50

The cuneocerebellar fibers arise form the

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Accessory cuneate nucleus – uncrossed fibers – enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle – info from the upper extremity and neck (equivalent of the posterior spinocerebellar tract from the lower extremities)

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The reticular formation is located at the level of the

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High medulla

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The Raphe nucleus is part of the

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Reticular formation – located in the midline of the medulla, pons and midbrain – synthesizes serotonin

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In the reticular formation are vital reflex centersCardiac centerVasomotor centerRespiratory centerVomiting, coughing, swallowing

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Control heart rateControls blood pressure – diameter of blood vesselsInitiates and regulates breathing

Front 55

Which cranial nerves originate in the medulla?

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IX, X, XI and XII

Front 56

CN VIII, auditory pathway (cochlear)Only crossed fibers ascend – uncrossed fibers terminate in the reticular formation

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-organ of corti transmits to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla – then transmits to the inferior colliculi – then to the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus – then to auditory centers in the temporal lobes

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Damage to the cochlear nerves causes

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Tinnitus

Front 58

CN VIII (vestibular)

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Receptors are the crista in the ampulla of the semicircular canals, crista of the utricle and the crista of the saccule

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The vestibular nuclei projects (vestibulospinal)

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Crossed and uncrossed fibers that descend in the MLF

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Vestibular efferent fibers from the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum

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Exert inhibitory influences and eliminate the effects of motion sickness and nystagmus

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Injury to the vestibular branch of CN VIII causes

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Vertigo, ataxia and nystagmus

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The organs of static equilibrium are located in

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The utricle and saccule - stimulus is gravity

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The organs of dynamic equilibrium are located in

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The cristi ampullaris of the semi circular canals – the stimulus is angular acceleration

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Impulses from the cristi travel to the

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Vetibular nuclei via the MLF

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Right head movement causes a

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Right nystagmus – fast to right – slow to left

Front 66

Which cranial nerves originate from the pons?

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V, VI, VII and VIII

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Longitudinal bundles of the pons carry

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Corticospinal, corticopontine and corticobulbar fibers

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Transverse fibers of the pons originate in the

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Pontine gray, cross the midline and go to the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle

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The tectum is part of the midbrain and is made of

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The roof of the cerebral aqueduct, superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

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Midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculusTectumTegmentum

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-reflex centers for auditory system- CN IV- lateral lemniscus - Substantia Nigra

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The crus cerebri is located Middle 3/5 containsLateral 1/5 containsMedial 3/5 contains

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Lateral and ventral to the tegmentumCorticobulbar and corticospinalCorticopontine from parietal, occipital and temporal lobes Frontopontine from frontal lobe

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The only nerve that exits the dorsal brain stem is the

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Trochlear nerve (CN IV) – totally crosses

Front 73

The midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus contains the following nuclei…

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Red nucleus, EW nucleus, oculomotor complex, Substantia nigra, brachium of the inferior colliculus

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Oculomotor complex includesCaudal central nucleusDorsal nucleusIntermediate nucleusVentral nucleusEW nucelus

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Innervate levatorInnervate inferior rectusInnervate inferior oblique Innervate medial rectus

Front 75

The midbrain at the level of the pretectum contains

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The direct and consensual pupillary light reflex centers

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The light reflex pathway is

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ON > optic chiasm > optic tract > Brachium of the superior colliculus > Pretectal nuclei (synapse) > Ipsilateral and contralateral EW nuclei > Ciliary ganglion with inferior division of CN III >Short ciliary nerves >Constrictor muscles of each eye

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Dorsal thalamus Anterior nucleusPosterior end has two elevationsLateral geniculateMedial geniculate

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Relay center for impulses from the olfactory organVisual relay stationAuditory relay station

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Hypothalamus – floor of the 3rd ventricle

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Regulation of body temp, regulation of fat, water and CHO metabolism, sleep, sex and emotions also influenced

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Epithalamus – root of the 3rd ventricle contains

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Vascular structure – choroids plexus – forms CSF

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Subthalamus - relay of sensory info to

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Cortex concerning vision, audition and aquilibrium

Front 81

The internal gray matter of the cerebrum is called the

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Basal Ganglia

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Brodmann area 4

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Frontal lobe – pre central gyrus – motor

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Brodmann area 1-3

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Parietal lobe – post central gyrus – general sensation

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Brodmann area 17

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Occipital lobe – visual area

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The long parallel folds of the cerebellum are called

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Rolla cerebelli

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The cerebellar cortex consists of

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Purkinje cells

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Nuclei of the cerebellumDentate nucleusEmboliform nucleusGlobose nucleusFastigial nucelus

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Largest Lies near the midline of the4th ventricle

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The inferior cerebellar peduncle carries connections

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To and from the medulla oblongata and spinal cord

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The middle cerbellar peduncle carries connections

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To cerebellum from the pons

Front 90

The superior cerebellar peduncle carries impulses

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From the dentate nucleus to the midbrain

Front 91

The maintenance of equilibrium involves the

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Flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

Front 92

The internal carotid artery enters the skull through the

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Carotid canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

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Two branched of the internal carotid artery are the

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Posterior communicating A. and the Ophthalmic A.

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At the very end of the ICA it divides into the

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Ant. and middle cerebral arteries (part of the Circle of Willis)

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The vertebral arteries are the first branches off the…

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Subclavian arteries

Front 97

Vertebral arteries travel in the

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Transverse foramina of the upper six cervical vertebra-enter the skull through the foreman magnum

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The two vertebral arteries join at the

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Posterior rim of the pons – form the Basilar A.

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The Basilar A. continues forward and branches at the

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Anterior rim of the pons – forms the posterior cerebral As

Front 100

The circle of Willis includes…

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Posterior cerebral As (from Basilar A)Posterior communicating As (from ICA)Anterior cerebral As (from ICA)Anterior communicating A

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Vestibuloencephalic pathway functions in

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Coordination of eye movements

Front 102

Vestibulospinal tract functions in the

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Coordination of head and body movements

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The dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae ascend as

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Lateral lemniscus (synapse in contralateral inf. Colliculus)

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Somasthetic system

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Concerned with bodily sensationsSends info to the postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe

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Limbic system

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Concerned with emotion, autonomic activity, motivationHypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala

Front 107

Olfactory axons pass through the

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Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Front 108

The area for smell association is located in the

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Frontal lobe (gyrus cinguli)

Front 109

The area for smell appreciation is in the

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Temporal lobes (uncus)

Front 110

The amygdaloid nucleus enables olfactory stimuli to

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Influence food seeking and sexual behavior

Front 112

Taste buds on posterior 1/3 of tongue

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CN IX (glossopharyngeal) afferent neurons

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Taste bunds on anterior 2/3 of tongue

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CN VII (facial) afferent neurons

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Lingual branches of nerves synapse in the

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Solitary nucleus

Front 115

Neurons for taste ascend in the

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Medial lemniscus > VPL > inf. Postcentral gyrus (parietal)

Front 117

The predominant synapse in the nervous system is

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The chemical synapse

Front 119

The inverse myotonic reflex involves the

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Golgi tendon organ

Front 120

The flexor withdrawal reflex involves the

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Cutaneous receptors

Front 121

Negative feedback is a

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Corrective action to return things to normal

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Pacinian corpuscles respond to

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Touch (pressure), aka tactile sensation – free nerve endings encapsulated in connective tissue

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A dynamic proprioceptor generates an action potential

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Only with a change in direction of movement

Front 124

The basilar membrane in the ear responds to

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Different frequencies of sound by changing form

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The basilar membrane has microvilli on it called

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Hair cells

Front 126

Movement of the hair cells toward the kinocillium

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Results in depolarization/ activation

Front 127

Movement of the hair cells away from the kinocilium

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Results in inhibition/ hyperpolarization

Front 128

Statokinetic reflexes aka righting reflexes

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Restore normal orientation of head and body in space

Front 129

Static reflexes depend on

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Labyrinth organs, proprioceptors in the neck muscles, visual input and input from muscles of the trunk and limbs

Front 130

Muscle spindles (stretch receptor) sense the

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Length of the muscle and its velocity of contraction

Front 131

Nuclear bag fibers are innervated by

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Type 1a nerve fibers – info about muscle length and velocity

Front 132

Nuclear chain fibers are innervated by

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Type II nerve fibers – info about muscle length

Front 133

Gamma motor neurons

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Regulate the sensitivity of Type 1a fibers

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Crossed corticospinal fibers form the

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Lateral corticospinal tract – innervate distal muscles

Front 136

Uncrossed corticospinal fibers form the

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Ventral corticospinal tract – innervate axial muscles

Front 137

The basal ganglia are involved with the control of

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Mvmt that requires constant monitoring by sensory feedback

Front 138

The cerebellum has 3 basic function

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-planning of a movement-control of posture and equilibrium-control of limb movement

Front 139

The basal ganglia include

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Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)

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Caudate and the putamen receive

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Input to the basal ganglia

Front 141

The globus pallidus provides

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Output from the basal ganglia

Front 142

Caudate and the putamen regulate

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Unconscious contractions (arm swinging while walking)

Front 143

Globus pallidus regulates

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Muscle tone for specific intentional body movements

Front 145

Vestibulospinal tract

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Reflex control of equilibrium

Front 146

Tectospinal tract

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Coordination of headand body movements in response to visual, auditory and cutaneous stimuli

Front 147

Reticulospinal tract

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Maintain posture and control of sweat gland activity

Front 148

Lateral reticulospinal tract

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Innervate flexors in the control of posture

Front 149

Rubrospinal tract

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Control of distal flexor muscles

Front 151

All preganglionic neurons are

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Cholinergic (parasympathetic and sympathetic) nicotinic

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Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are

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Cholinergic

Front 153

Sympathetic posteganglionic neurons are

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Mostly adrenergic