Neuro Exam Part 1

Front 1

neurotransmitters

Back 1

glu
asp
gaba
gly

dopamine
ne
epi
histamine
serotonine

no

Front 2

astrocytes

Back 2

fibrous - myleinated
protoplasmic - gray matter

Front 3

oligodendrocytes

Back 3

if in CNS and makes mylein

Front 4

radial glial cells

Back 4

form elongated filaments along which developing neurons migrate their final destinations

Front 5

ependymal cells

Back 5

line inner surfaces of the brain, ventricles, blood vessels

Front 6

micro glial

Back 6

scavengers, resemble macrophages

lay down material for growth or prevention of growth, prevent spread of dead material = glial scar

attract astrocytes

Front 7

schawan cells

Back 7

form mylein around fast conducting axons

PNS

Front 8

glail cell function

Back 8

multiple ways to regulate microenvironment

potassium concentration, trophic factors

Front 9

sensory systems

Back 9

extract information and represent information

cannot directly transduce information if receptor not present

representation of the energy exposed to, relationship between physical world and response but NOT the same

influenced by all systems

Front 10

transduction

Back 10

always changes in relative permeabilities

AP per unit time

Front 11

phasic response

Back 11

lots of calcium gated potassium channels

RATE OF CHANGE

fast adapting

some produce when on or off

Front 12

tonic

Back 12

minimal calcium gated potassium channels

DURATION and INTENSITY

slow adapting

Front 13

receptive field

Back 13

region when stimulated changes the activity of the neuron

Front 14

lateral inhibition

Back 14

used to enhance contrast/acuity

Front 15

acuity

Back 15

ability to resolve two points as two points

Front 16

best stimulus

Back 16

everything will response in an range of energies

what is the energy that best results in stimulation with the highest probability

Front 17

homunculus

Back 17

the mapping of receptive fields within the brain with corresponding densities

Front 18

meissners corpuscle

Back 18

sensitivity to motion and initial contact

phasic

epidermis

small receptive fields

Front 19

merkels discs

Back 19

transmits compressive strain to sensory nerve endings

response is sustained during period of pressure with firing frequency proportional to pressure applied

epidermis

tonic

small receptive fields

Front 20

ruffini's corpuscle

Back 20

activated by compression or pressure

tonic - slowly adapting

dermis, works with merkels disc, above pacinian corpuscle

large receptive field

Front 21

pacinian corpuscle

Back 21

rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptor

sensitive to ground vibrations
sustained pressure are transient because compression of the senstive ending is relieved by redistribution of fluid within capsule

viscal elastic properties

Front 22

hair follicle

Back 22

phasic

Front 23

free nerve endings

Back 23

tonic

coat epidermis

one that is not connected to any structure of capsule

information of pain temperature itch or tickle

Front 24

modality

Back 24

type of response

Front 25

parallel processing

Back 25

columns all analyze information of all possibilities of a receptive fields

different modalities

different constalations are active for different stimuli

Front 26

efferent control

Back 26

carry nerve impulses away from CNS used for feedback

efferent control with delay - parkinson's disease

Front 27

propreception

Back 27

sense of body in space

Front 28

fusalodge

Back 28

compartments of common material

reference to muscle spindle

intrafusal vs extrafusal

Front 29

spindle fiber receptive field

Back 29

a state of stretch, insertion point to insertion point all stretch at the same time

Front 30

spindle fibers

Back 30

straited

muscle cells but do not create force therefore not working muscles

muscle cells that at capable of sensory system

multiple neurons monitoring each fire

parallel sensing

Front 31

chain fiber

Back 31

tonic, nuclei arranged linearly

force energy

Front 32

bag fibers

Back 32

nuclei arranged in a bag like formation

phasic, lengthening or shortening

Front 33

primary endings

Back 33

large group Ia afferent neurons grouped around central part of both bag and chain fibers

fast conducting, sensitive to rate of change

Front 34

secondary endings

Back 34

group II afferent fibers grouped around ONLY chain fiber distal portion of spindle fiber

slowly conducting

sensitive to relative level of static stretch

Front 35

fusimotor fibers

Back 35

gamma -motor neurons which innervate both chain and bag fibers providing efferent control

Front 36

alpha motor neurons

Back 36

innervate working muscle

Front 37

golgi tendons

Back 37

in series with working muslce generation of tension, cannot detect rate of change

Front 38

mylienated vs non mylienated in pain receptors

Back 38

sharp or dull = myleniated

dull and delayed = non myliienated

Front 39

nocebo effect

Back 39

driving the endogenous opipdergi system in the oposite direction of the placebo effect

Front 40

pain perception

Back 40

incorrect to suppose that a specificed quantity of nociceptor impulese travels in an uninterrupted streatm to the cerebral cortex and produce a proportional amount of pain

rather, given level of nocireceptor activation can produce dramatically different subjective experiences under different conditions

subjective to social cultural and personal factors