Neuro Exam I

Front 1

2 parts of neuro exam:

Back 1

history and examination

Front 2

components of structured interview/history :

Back 2

-speed of onset (acute vs subacute vs chronic)
-pattern of progression (symptomsare stable, improving, worsening, fluctuating)

Front 3

examination components (3)

Back 3

sensory, motor systems, autonomic upon standing, does pt get light-headed/dizzy?)

Front 4

part of brain that interprets

Back 4

sensory cortex

Front 5

peripheral nervous system starts where?

Back 5

as soon as you exit the brain stem or spinal cord.

Front 6

2 motor components of PNS:

Back 6

visceral motor system and somatic motor system

Front 7

visceral motor nerves act:

Back 7

on smooth ms, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 8

somatic motor system acts on:

Back 8

skeletal (striated ms)

Front 9

diencephalon is composed of: (2)

Back 9

thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 10

brainstem is composed of: (3)

Back 10

midbrain, pons, and medulla

Front 11

structurally: frontal and parietal lobes are separated by:

temporal and frontal?

Back 11

central sulcus

lateral sulcus/lateral (sylvian) fissure

Front 12

precentral gyrus: region responsible for?

post-central gyrus: region resp for?

Back 12

motor control

sensory interpretation

Front 13

in brain, ____ matter is medial and ____matter is more lateral.

in spinal cord, ____ matter is medial, and _____ matter is more lateral.

Back 13

white, gray

gray, white

Front 14

primary mechanism of cells communicating with other cells?

Back 14

dendrites

Front 15

pseudo-unipolar neuron

Back 15

sensory neuron in PNS; contains axon split into 2 branches.

only afferent

Front 16

CNS:
-gray matter includes:
-glia includes:

Back 16

gray matter: dendrites, nucleii, axons

white: glia (supporting cells)

Front 17

in CNS: 3 types of supporting cells (glia) include:

Back 17

astrocytes,

oligodendrocytes

microglia

Front 18

astrocyte function:

Back 18

astrocytes: "star like",
buffer cell environment,
important during growth and development,
guidance of axons toward their targets, especially after injury, maintain ionic gradients,
structural support,
scar development

Front 19

In PNS:
Neurons/gray matter:
Glia/white matter:

Back 19

"nerves": sensory, motor, and autonomic
glia: schwann cells (myelinate a single axon), satellite cells

Front 20

oligodendocyte:

Back 20

oligodendrocyte: myelinate axons (multiple at a time)

Front 21

microglial cells:

Back 21

microglial: phagocytosis (cleaning up debris after trauma)

Front 22

electrical activity recorded in a neuron at rest:

normal value?

Back 22

resting membrane potential

-65mV

Front 23

when depolarization occurs (crosses threshold of___?)...this results in?

Back 23

-50mV; AP

Front 24

amplitude/response of potential of ___ is in response to the stimulus

Back 24

receptor potential

Front 25

one axon synapsing on another is known as the___?

Back 25

synaptic potential

Front 26

injecting a negative current into a membrane at rest

Back 26

hyperpolarization

Front 27

injecting positive current into membrane at rest results in:

Back 27

depolarization

Front 28

action potentials can be generated by either: (2)

Back 28

electrical potential or ionic flow.

Front 29

regardless of the intensity of the stimulus, APs all have the same____.

stimuli of different intensities will result in varying____ of the AP

Back 29

amplitude

frequencies of AP (1 AP, 2AP, etc)

Front 30

what triggers an AP in the absence of a battery?

Back 30

ionic flow

Front 31

electrical potential exists because of (2):

Back 31

ion transporters and ion channels

Front 32

differences in concentration of specific ions across the membrane, which are maintained with active transporters are__?

Back 32

ion transporters

Front 33

membranes are selectively permeable. ions flow with their concentration gradient through permeable channels

Back 33

ion channels.

Front 34

electrical potentials are determined by:

Back 34

concentration of ions inside and outside the cell.

Front 35

a membrane is at rest when?

Back 35

flow in=flow out.

Front 36

for potassium, resting membrane potential is typically?

Back 36

-58mV

Front 37

which equation predicts the electrical potential for a single ion?

Back 37

Nerst equation

Front 38

how do the following affect gradients in a single cell?
chemical gradients:
electrical gradients:

Back 38

chemical-push K+ out and Na+ and Cl- in.
electrical-keep them all from leaving the cell

Front 39

iwhich equation predicts electrical potential if more than one ion is present?

Back 39

goldman equation

Front 40

what maintains concentration gradients?

Back 40

transports (active; requires ATP)

Front 41

at rest there's more ___ inside the cell; more __outside?

Back 41

Na+ outside; K+ inside

Front 42

at rest, inside cell is ____, and membrane most permeable to ___ion efflux?

Back 42

negative K+

Front 43

Ionic Basis of AP:
1) upon depolarization: membrane becomes________.
2) Na+ pumps keep extracellular Na+ []__
3) membrane rapidly_____

Back 43

temporarily permeable to Na+

high

repolarizes to Resting Membrane Pot'l

Front 44

After AP, same axon is resistant to further AP. this period is called

Back 44

refractory period

Front 45

refractory period exists due to:

Back 45

slow time course to turn off K+ conductance

persistant Na+ conductance

Front 46

How are action potentials different from local potentials? (3)

Back 46

1) ALL OR NONE
2) there's a specific THRESHOLD you must cross
3) REFRACTORY PERIOD

Front 47

Voltage-gated permeability:
as neurons depolarize, what changes?

Back 47

the current increases; Na+ and K+ channels are voltage-dependent

Front 48

Hodgkin and Huxley's Voltage Clamp technique:

Back 48

measures the permeability while controlling cell membrane potential.

Front 49

length constant is?

Back 49

distance a nerve has to travel until it's too far to be useful; usually about 1mm

Front 50

3 mechanisms for increasing current flow:

Back 50

1) increase diameter of axon
2) myelinate axon
3) Nodes of Ranvier

Front 51

cell type that myelinates CNS axons?
cell type that myelinates PNS axons?

Back 51

oligodendrocytes;

Schwann Cells

Front 52

_____ channels are present at nodes of PNS axons?

Back 52

voltage gated channels

Front 53

voltage gated ion channels:

Back 53

selectively discriminate to ions they're specific to

Front 54

Ligand-gated channels:

ligand is ?

Back 54

respond to chemical signal, not a change in membrane potential.
ligand is a molecule that binds a receptor.

Front 55

tetrodotoxin (from puffer fish)
saxitotoxin (its chem homologue)
scorpion

all act on___channesl?

Back 55

Na+ ion channel toxins

Front 56

nimodipine (HTN)
furosemide (kidneys)
prilocaine (local nerve block)

all act on___channels?

Back 56

Ca+ channels

Front 57

critical pump in the CNS, consumes 20-40% of energy in brain,
sets up chemical gradient
generates small current via shuttling Na+ and K+ into/out of cell in ratio___?
blocked by ______?

Back 57

electrogenic: current created from 3 Na+ ion/2 K+ ratio.

blocked by ouabainso

Front 58

sodium pump inhibitor synthesized in adrenal gland, hypothalamus and heart, that's over-expressed in those with CHF, HTN, and renal failure?

acts on?

Back 58

ouabain

acts on ATPase pump exchanger

Front 59

has chemical makeup similar to ouabain. slows HR in those w/chronic heart failure, of AFib, Aflutter. increases the force of contraction via blocking Na+/K+ ATPase exchanger

Back 59

Digoxin

Front 60

Fluid Transmembrane pumps whose ion flow is determined by the binding and conformation of proteins.

Back 60

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Front 61

____ produce concentration gradients, which are exploited by________ to generate electrical signals

Back 61

ion transporters,

ion channels