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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 unimodal association areas
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somatosensory
visual auditory premotor |
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3 multimodal association cortices
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posterior area
anterior area limbic area |
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posterior area - multimodal association cortex
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sensory integration including
- visuaospatial localization - language - attention areas caudal to somatosensory association gyrus |
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anterior area - multimodal association cortex
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motor integration, including:
- motor planning - language production - judgement prefrontal lobe |
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limbic area - multimodal association cortex
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integration of information important for memory and conscious emotion
mostly on MEDIAL ASPECT of brain |
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ventral and dorsal processing streams
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dorsal: motion processing stream - "where am I?"
ventral: object recognition processing stream - "what am I?" |
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Function.... dysfunction:
Language... Memory... Visuospatial skills... Attention... Executive processing... |
Function... dysfunction
Language... aphasia Memory... agnosia Visuospatial skills... apraxia Attention... neglect Executive processing...dysexecutive syndromes |
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Dysexecuvtive syndromes
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various disturbances of frontal lobe that affect executive processing
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Arcuate fasciculus
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subcortical, white matter pathway
connects Broca's area & Wernicke's area allows normal repetition of words |
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Lesion of arcuate fasciculus leads to what kind of aphasia
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conduction aphasia
Fluent - yes comprehend - yes repeat - no |
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Broca's aphasia
fluent? comprehend? repeat? |
Broca's aphasia
fluent - no comprehend - yes repeat - no |
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Wernicke's aphasia
fluent? comprehend? repeat? |
Wernicke's aphasia
fluent - yes comprehend - no repeat - no |
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Global aphasia
fluent? comprehend? repeat? |
Global aphasia
fluent - no comprehend - no repeat - no |
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Transcortical motor aphasia
fluent? comprehend? repeat? |
Transcortical motor aphasia
fluent - no comprehend - yes repeat - yes |
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Transcortical sensory aphasia
fluent? comprehend? repeat? |
Transcortical sensory aphasia
fluent - yes comprehend - no repeat - yes |
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Watershed infarct leads to one of which two aphasias?
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transcortical sensory
transcortical motor |
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what is true of both transcortical aphasias?
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cause = hypoperfusion to part of brain
repeat normal |
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Directed attention model
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RIGHT hemisphere pays attention to Right & Left
LEFT hemisphere only pays attention to Right Therefore, left hemisphere lesions are less noticeable in terms of attention |
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Neglect
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failure to attend towards contralesional stimuli
attirubted to hypoarousal of damaged (right) hemisphere most profound with right inferior parietal lesions |
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etiology of impoaried visuoconstructive ability (e.g.: drawing a clock)
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more specific multimodal parietal lobe dysfunction
esp. damage to posterolateral parietal region |
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D-shaped clock drawn by pt with what type of stroke?
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right parietal lobe infarct
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5 frontal lobe functions
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motor planning
language production planning, sequencing judgement rule setting and following |
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frontal lobe dysfunciton, aka:
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dysexecutive syndromes
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orbital frontal lesion
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irritability, inappropriate affect, dysinhibition
(Phineas Gage) |
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Lateral frontal lesion
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apathy
abulia (lack of initiative) psychomotor slowing |
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what problems do both orbital frontal and lateral frontal lesions cause?
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trouble with planning, sequencing & following/making rules
aka: executive processes |
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3 ways to test executive cognitive function
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Trails A & B tests (connect-the-dots test)
Stroop test (words of colors written in wrong color - tests interference) Wisconsin Card Sort (decision about categorization) |
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3 types of memory
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immediate (working) memory
episodic memory long term (semantic and biographic) memory |
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immediate memory
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aka: workign memory
time scale of seconds w/ nothing interrupting |
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episodic memory
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requires hippocampal function
if working memory consolidates - you remember AFTER intervening time/activity |
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long term memoery
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aka: semantic and biographic memory
aka: knowledge eventually forget where/how learned info - just remember the info itself |
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2 types of working memeory
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verbal (left hemisphere)
visuospatial (right hemisphere) |
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top-down regulation of what you ought to be focusing on (with respect to working memory)
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L & R dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
articulatory loop (left hemisphere) visuospatial sketch pad (right hemisphere) |
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2 types of declarative (explicit) memory
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semantic memeory
episodic memory |
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nondeclarative memory, aka:
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implicit memory
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nondeclarative memory involves what brain structure?
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basal ganglia (ventral striatum)
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3 examples of nondeclarative memory
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skills/habits
classical conditioning priming |
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brain areas activated for working memory
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articulory loop (language areas)
visuospatial sketch pad (parietal association cortex) central executive (frontal lobe) |
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theory of explicit memory formation
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(1) encoding - (sensory input & cortex
(2) cohesion (hippocampus & cortex) (3) consolidation (hippocampus) (4) semantic memory (storage in cortex) (5) episodic memory (cortex & hippocampus) |
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Cellular events of memory
PRE-consolidation |
short-term cellular changes
affect SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION caused by effects of SECOND MESSENGERS |
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Cellular events of memory
POST-consolidation |
involves long-term changes in synsatpic transmission
mediated by gene expression, protein synthesis & CHANGES in SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS |
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Habituation - cellular effects
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short term effects:
- decrease synaptic transmission long term effects - decrease synaptic connections |
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Long Term Potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus
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rapid, intense stimulation of PRE-synaptic neurons evokes APs in postsynatpic neurons
over time, synapses become increasingly sensitive so that a constant level of presynaptic stimulation becomes converted into a larger postsynatpic output |
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Agent that prevents LPT
mechanism |
Aminophosphonovaleric acid (APV)
blocks action of NMDA receptors |
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characteristics of NMDA receptors
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normally respond to Glu & Gly
transmembrane Ca2+ channel Ca2+ flows if Glu/Gly bond to channel & membrane is simulataneously depolarized NMDARs blocked by Mg2+ |
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memantine
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memory dysfunction treatment
inhibits prolonged influx of Ca2+ that creates neuronal excitotoxicity |
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Supermouse
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transgenic mice that make large amounts of NMDA receptors
show enhanced LTP enhaced performance on tests of learning and memory |
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brain regions involved in OBTAINING information for explicit long term memory
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unimodal and multimodal association cortices -->
parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices --> unimodal and multimodal association cortices |
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brain regions involved in ENCODING information for explicit long term memory
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parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices -->
enorhinal cortex --> parahippocampal and periphinal cortices |
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brain regions involved in RETRIEVAL information for explicit long term memory
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entorhinal cortex -->
hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, CA1, CA3, subiculum) --> entorhinal cortex |
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overview of explicit long term memory pathway
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unimodal and multimodal association cortices -->
parahippocampal and periphinal cortices --> entorhinal cortex --> hippocampal formation |
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major inputs to hippocampus from cortex
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posterior parietal association area via perihippocampal gyrus
inferior temporal association area via perirhinal cortex |
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major output from hippocampus to cortex
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polysynaptic pathway
- fornix --> mammillary bodies --> anterior thalamic nuclei direct pathway - inferior temporal association cortex --> temproal pole and prefrontal cortex |
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2 intrahippocampal communication pathways
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polysynaptic pathway
direct pathway |
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polysynaptic pathway of intrahippocampal communication
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input: entrorhinal cortex --> perforant pathway --> dentate gyrus --> CA3/CA4 --> CA1
output: CA1 --> subiculum --> fornix |
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direct pathway of intrahippocampal communication
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input: entorhinal cortex --> CA 1
output: CA1 --> subiculum |
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intrahippocampal pathway is involved in which types of memory
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episodic & spatial memory; limbic system
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intrahippocampal direct pathway is involved in which type of memory?
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semantic memory
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common features of intrahippocampal communication pathways
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start in entorhinal cortex
all information leaves through subiculum |
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what does memory encoding NOT hinge on?
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intention to memorize
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Factors that influence coding strength
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active observation focusing attention
rehearsal, emotional impact, interest, motivation prior experience and knowledge |
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what is deterimental to memory function?
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divided attention
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what 2 brain structures are essential for declarative memory?
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hippocampus
entorhinal cortex |
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hippocampus converts ____ to ______
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hippocampus converts immediate memories into episodic and long term memories
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what is required for amnesia to occur?
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bilateral dysfunction of hippocampus or entorhinal cortex
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hippocampus helps retrieve ______ memoires
but is not required for ____ memories or ______ |
hippocampus helps retrieve RECENTLY STORED memories
but is not required for OLDER memories or SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE |
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story of HM
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27 y.o. w/ PMHx seizures
bilateral medial temporal lobectomy complete anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia for 2-3 yrs full scale IQ remained normal at 112 |
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test for anterograde amnesia - explicit memory
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word list learning test
(in amnesiac pts, memory declines beginning about 1 minute) |
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are anterograde amnesiacs able to gain new implicit memories?
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yes
(e.g.: HM and mirror drawing task) |
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story of R.B.
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minimum amount of damage to produce amnesia
5.2. y.o. man underwent 2nd CABG cardiopulmonary arrest w/ hypoxemia --> selective death of medial temporal neurons severe anterograde amnesia IQ stable at autopsy, only abnormalities were bilateral ischemic changes in CA1 subfields of hippocampus |
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2 components of emotional states
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emotion (physical sensation)
feeeling (conscious sensation) |
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how are emotional states mediated by the hypothalamus?
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autonomic, endocrine and skeletomotor responses produce PHYSICAL SENSATION of emotions
e.g.: sweaty palms, butterflies in tummy, etc. |
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conscous feeling is mediated by the ___
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cerebral cortex
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two regions of cerebral cortex important to conscious feelings
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cingulate gyrus and inferior frontal lobes
tell you what you're feeling, e.g.: "I am anxious" |
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2 types of emotions
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negative
- fear, anger, grief, hate - motivation for moving away from stimulus positive - love, empathy, caring, joy - motivation for moving away from stimulus |
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2 things must happen to experience emotion
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be physically aroused
cognitively label the arousal: - e.g.: "I am afraid." |
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3 components to emotion perception
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identification of the emotional significance of a stimulus
production of an affective state in response to it (can happen before or after you've identified the emotion) regulation of the affective state - ability to NOT present an emotion/feeling or to modulate that presentation |
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2 neural systems that handle top-down regulation of emotional state
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ventral system handles identification of emotion and production of an affective state
dorsal system handles regulation of affective state |
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components of ventral system in emotion regulation
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amygdala
anterior insula ventral striatum ventral anterior cingulate ventral prefrontal cortex |
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components of dorsal system in emotion regulation
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hippocampus
dorsal anterior cingulate dorsal prefrontal cortex |
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basic emotions - definition
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presumed to be hard wired and physiologically distinctive, with culturally universal facial expressions
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6 basic emotions
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joy
surprise sadness anger disgust fear |
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3 roles for ANTERIOR INSULA in emotion
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mediates perception of UNPLEASANTNESS
unpleasant taste and nausea responds to stimuli that elicit DISGUST |
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lesions of ventral anterior cingulate impair...
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ability of autonomic system to respond to conditioned stimuli
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amygdala's direct connection with thalamus allows what, related to emotion?
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short-latency, primitive emotional responses without conscious awareness
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where are learned emotional responses, such as classical conditioning of fear, made?
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amygdala
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what is required to severely impaire amygdala's function?
what is this called? |
bilateral lesions of amygdala
Kluver-Bucy Sundrome |
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4 symptoms of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (bilateral lesions of amygdala)
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emotional blunting
hyperphagia inappropriate sexual behavior visual agnosia |
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In general, lesions of the amygdala produce...
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blunted affect and emotional response
inability to distinguish "fear" faces in others disruption in generation of emotional responses to conditioned stimuli |
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Core deficit of amygdala lesions
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inability to learn the emotional significance of external events
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Role of DORSAL prefrontal cortex in emotion
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= superego
attention to and effortful regultion of the arousal associated with affective states involved in tasts where attn is directed away from emotion toward regulation of behavior |
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Role of VENTRAL prefrontal cortex in emotion
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mediates emotional expression identification
participates in automatic regulation of emotional behavior |
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Lesions of ORBITAL or MEDIAL prefrontal cortex produce:
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language, motor skills, IQ all UNaffected
normal emotional responses to intense stimuli (eg: pain) inpovershed affect; pts show bursts of emotional lability inappropriate in social situations |
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Core deficity associated with ORBITAL or MEDIAL prefrontal cortex lesion
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insensitivity to emotional consequences of one's own actions
lack of empathy |
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consequences of a closed head injury involving frontal and temporal lobes
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irritability, emotional lability
poor judgement, impulsiveness, abulia impaired executive function decreased episodic memory |
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Consciousness
definition |
a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sapienece, and ability to perceive relationship btw oneself and one's environment
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Consciousness = product of...
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distributed network btw thalamus and cortical regions, esp. prefrontal cortex and anterior temporal lobes
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For consciousness, the activity of the cerebral cortex is dependent upon what?
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reticular activating system
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the bilateral removal of the _______ is sufficient (but not necessary) to abolish consciousness
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centromedian nucleus of the thalamus
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reticular activating system
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loosely arranged network of neurons distributed throughout the brainstem wherever there are no specific neural tracts or nuclei, along with raphe nucleus, locus ceruleus and substantia nigra
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ascending pathway of RAS
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central tegmental tract
goes to intralaminar nuclei of thalamus |
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to be conscious, you must be aware of what 2 things simultaneously?
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a sensory input
& your reaction to it |
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oscillation of neurons in consciousness binding
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40 Hz
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whre does 40 Hz oscillation originate?
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in the thalamus
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what does 40 Hz oscillation trigger?
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all the synchronized cells in the cerebral cortex that are recording sensory information
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cortex cells that are active at the moment the 40 Hz oscillation hits do what?
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fire a coherent wave of signals back to the thalamus
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