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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the major anatomical asymmetry between the right and left hemispheres found?
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In the planum temporale, the region of the superior temporal lobe hidden within the Sylvian fissure that extends from the posterior border of Heschl's gyrus to the posterior border of the Sylvian fissure (in 65% of brains, this area is larger in left than in right; in 11% larger in right than in left)
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What do almost all right-handed persons and a majority of left handed and ambidextrous person have?
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Typical left hemisphere dominance for language
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What are the conceptual schemes proposed to describe the nature of hemispheric specialization or lateralization of function?
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1) verbal-nonverbal
2) analytic-holistic 3) temporal processing-spatial processing |
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Describe the verbal-nonverbal scheme
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Suggests that left hemisphere is primarily involved in language and related higher cortical functions.
Right hemisphere is primarily involved in the processsing of complex nonverbal, visuospatial information |
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Describe the analytic-holistic scheme
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-Left hemisphere best at analyzing complex stimuli into discreet parts
-Right hemisphere best at synthesizing many diverse parts into a whole |
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Describe the temporal processing-spatial processing scheme
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-Left hemisphere best at analyzing complex information presented in a temporal sequence
-Right hemisphere best at analyzing complex information presented in a spatial sequence |
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What does localization of function mean?
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certain brain areas are more concerned with one kind of function than with others
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What are the ways that disorders of higher brain function may be caused?
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1) Cortical or subcortical syndrome produced by damage to a brain region important for a specific function
2) Disconnection syndrome produced by damage to a deep white matter structure that connects two brain regions |
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What is Broca's area?
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-Posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus of the language dominant hemisphere (located just anterior to premotor and motor regions that control muscles of speech)
-Concerned with production of oral, written, and signed language |
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What is Wernicke's area?
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-Located in posterior part of superior temporal gyrus (including planum temporale) of the language dominant hemisphere
-Located just posterior to auditory regions and adjacent to the angular gyrus -Concerned with the comprehension of auditory and nonauditory language |
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What is the angular gyrus?
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-Located int he posterior inferior part of hte parietal lobe of the language dominant hemisphere
-Located adjacent ot higher order visula association cortex and to Wernicke's area -Involved in reading comprehension and writing |
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What is the supramarginal gyrus?
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-Located anterior to the angular gyrus, may also be involved in reading and writing
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What is the arcuate fasciculus?
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-Arises in Wrnicke's area, travels deep to the supramarginal gyrus, and projects to Broca's area
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What is aphasia?
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An acquired disorder of language due to brain damage
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What is anomia?
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An inability to name a recognized object
-The name can often be recognized when given -Some degree of anomia is always present in aphasia -Anomia means a lesion of the language dominant hemisphere |
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What are paraphasic errors?
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-Sometimes made by aphasic patients
-consist of the production of a wrong word or wrong word-like sounds instead of the desired word -helps us tell type of aphasia and location of lesion |
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What is alexia?
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An acquired disorder of reading due to brain damage
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What is dyslexia?
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Developmental (present since birth) disorder of reading
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What is agraphia?
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An acquired disorder of writing due to brain damage
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What is Broca's aphasia?
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-Language disorder involving primarily output, produced by a lesion in Broca's area
-Slow, effortful speech with prominant articulatory errors -Decreased words/min and words/phrase -Output is agrammatic or telegraphic (leave in only very important words); use only common nouns, verbs, and occasional adjectives -All languge modalities disrupted -Normal prosody (melodic intonation therapy because prosody is spared) -Comprehension preserved -Insight is high, often aware of the deficit (depression is common) |
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What is Wernicke's aphasia?
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-Cased by a lesion in Wernicke's area
-Language output is normal or increased -Paraphasic errors may be so frequent that language output is filled with jargon and is totally incomprehensible -Comprehension of auditory and visual language is severely disturbed -Severe difficulty with naming is present -Writing and reading similarly disrupted -Poor insight into problem leading to paranoia |
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What is conduction aphasia?
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-Produced by lesion in arcuate fasciculus that disconnects Broca's area from Wernicke's area
-Inability to repeat, with only mild impairment of language output and comprehension |
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What is alexia with agraphia generally due to?
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Left angular gyrus lesion
-Occurs in the absence of aphasia |
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What is alexia without agraphia due to?
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Lesion of left occipital lobe produces a right visual field defect; extends into the splenium of the corpus callosum, disconnecting the remaining visual input from the left hemisphere language centers
-Patient cannot read, but can write and comprehend words that are spelled aloud -Patient can comprehend letters/words written on his or her palm (???) -Occurs without aphasia |
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What is prosody?
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-The emotional component of language communicated by melody, pauses, intonation, stresses, and accepts applied to propositional language
-Right hemisphere and parts of basal ganglia are especially important for prosody |
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What is aprosodia?
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-Impairment of prosody due to brain damage
-output or comprehension may be affected -most commonly seen with right hemisphere lesions and in patients with PD (more in bigger lesions) |
