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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three components of the prefrontal cortex?
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-Medial, orbital, dorsolateral
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What is the function of the prefrontal cortex
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-concerned with “higher motor functions” (e.g., behavior)
-planning, changing, initiating, sequencing, and inhibiting complex motor acts based on internal needs and desires and external availabilities and limitations |
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Describe the “frontal lobe syndrome” or syndrome of executive dysfunction
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-Severely disabled despite preservation of simple motor, somatosensory, auditory, and visual functions, and general intellectual abilities as measured by standardized tests
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What are the general symptoms/signs of patients with medial prefrontal lesions?
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-Difficulty initiating and sustaining motor acts
-May appear apathetic or indifferent because of a generalized decrease in spontaneity of behavior |
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What are the general symptoms/signs of patients with orbital prefrontal lesions?
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-Social disinhibition
-execute motor and verbal behaviors that are incompatible with the achievement of long term needs and desires -Appear to live in the present without regard for their future -Unconcerned about severe pain or impending death |
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What are the general symptoms/signs of patients with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions?
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-Inability to deal in abstraction and some difficulty with changing strategies
-perseveration is frequently seen -general inability to plan for and relate to the future |
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What is the “frontal lobe syndrome” best diagnosed from?
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-Clinical history obtained from a reliable observer
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What are the three stages of memory according to neurologists?
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-Immediate memory: seconds, tested by repetition of digits
-Short-term or recent memory: minutes, tested by recall of objects or information after several minute delay -Long-term or remote memory: days/months/years, tested by description of remote personal/public events |
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What are the different forms of long-term memory?
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-Declarative: facts/data acquired through learning and directly accessible to conscious recollection
-Procedural: memory for learned procedures and skills and not directly accessible to conscious recollection |
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What is anterograde amnesia?
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-Inability to learn new “facts.”
-May be modality specific (e.g., only verbal or nonverbal material) -Most often affects ability to learn both verbal/nonverbal material |
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What is retrograde amnesia?
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-inability to recall facts/events that occurred before onset of amnesia
-often exhibits a temporal gradient with more severe loss of recent memories than of more distant memories |
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What is confabulation?
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-occurs when a person quickly and confidently gives a wrong answer
-may be seen in amnesic or nonamnesic patients who do not inhibit incorrect responses (e.g., also in frontal disorders) |
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What are the two anatomical memory systems?
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1) Medial temporal system: right/left hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and related structures
2) Medial diencephalic system: Mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus, mammillary bodies, mamillothalamic tracts, and related structures |
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What can only happen if both the MT and MD systems are intact?
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-Short-term declarative memory to be stored as a long-term declarative memory
-may be important for early stages of consolidation of long-term memories or for retrieval of recently stored long-term declarative memories |
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Where are long-term declarative memories probably stored in the brain?
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-diffusely throughout the brain in cortical regions responsible for processing and integrating the original stimuli
-the cortex of the lateral and inferior temporal lobes may play a special role in long-term memory |
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Describe the “basic amnesia syndrome”
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-caused by bilateral lesions of the medial temporal or medial diencephalic system
-anterograde amnesia for verbal and nonverbal material with a variable period of temporally graded retrograde amnesia -normal immediate memory and preserved personal identity -preserved procedural memory |
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Where is the lesion if amnesic patients only have anterograde amnesia for verbal material?
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-Left medial temporal or left medial diencephalic system
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Where is the lesion if amnesic patients only have anterograde amnesia for nonverbal material?
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-Legion in right medial temporal or right medial diencephalic system
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