Neuro Exam 3

Front 1

What peptides does proopiomelanocortin produce?

Back 1

ACTH, γ-lipotropin, and β-endorphin

Front 2

What does ACTH do?

Back 2

releases cortisol (secretogog)

Front 3

What does beta endorphin do?

Back 3

blocks pain (runner's high)

Front 4

What is the longest average length for peptides

Back 4

36 residues (amino acids)

Front 5

What do opioids act as?

Back 5

depressants

Front 6

3 types of neuronal chemical signaling

Back 6

synaptic
paracrine

endocrine

Front 7

What is synaptic signaling?

Back 7

What we've covered in neurons so far.

Front 8

What is Paracrine signaling?

Back 8

NT gets into extracellular fluid, carried by diffusion to receptors (receptors don't have to be right next to presynaptic neuron)

Front 9

What is endocrine signaling?

Back 9

NT dumped into capillary, carried by cardiovascular system to peripheries

Front 10

Cell impermaent

Back 10

can't go through plasma membrane, binds to receptors on surface. affected by downregulation

Front 11

cell permeant

Back 11

goes through plasma membrane, binds to receptor in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. No downregulation can occur because receptors are already in cell

Front 12

examples of cell permeant molecules

Back 12

Nitric oxide

Estradiol 117-β

thyroxin

Front 13

What's important about Estradiol 117-β?

Back 13

most potent of all estrogens

Front 14

How does testosterone enter cells if it cannot pass through the plasma membrane easily?

Back 14

Estrogen crosses the membrane and it is converted into testosterone there.

Front 15

Cell-associated

Back 15

signaling molecule tethered with molecule that secretes it. Tells one cell what the other cell is.

Front 16

4 types of cellular receptors?

Back 16

Channel-linked

Enzyme-linked

G-protein-coupled

Intracellular receptors

Front 17

Channel-linked receptors

Back 17

ligand binds, channel opens. found on dendrites

Front 18

Enzyme-linked receptors

Back 18

ligand binds to enzyme which activates the enzyme which does something

Front 19

G-protein-coupled receptor

Back 19

ligand binds, g protein complex activates, turns on an affecter enzyme

Front 20

Intracellular receptor

Back 20

Transmitter goes through membrane deep into cell, activates receptor. Variety of things can happen but usually causes creation of transcription factors (testosterone/estrogen)

Front 21

2 types of GTP-binding proteins

Back 21

Heterotrimeric G-proteins

Monomeric G-proteins

Front 22

What is amplification?

Back 22

1 unit of A can activate hundreds of units of B, one unit of B can activate hundreds of units of C etc.

Example: Gs activates adenylyl cyclases, which activates cAMP, which activates PKA.

Front 23

How is calcium concentration increased?

Back 23

Voltage gated channel (from outside)

Ligand gated channel (from outside)

IP3 receptor (from ER)

Ryanodine receptor (from ER)

Front 24

How is calcium concentration decreased?

Back 24

Na/Ca exchanger (out of cell)

Ca pump (both out of cell and into ER) (ATP needed)

Ca binding buffer proteins (in cytoplasm)

Front 25

What phosphorylates an enzyme?

What dephosphorylates an enzyme?

Back 25

Kinase

Phosphatase

Front 26

What are the 3 covered kinases? What do they phosphorylate?

Back 26

PKA

CaMKII (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 2)

PKC

They all phosphorylate serine & threonine

Front 27

Facilitation

Back 27

Get a greater response with quick APs because calcium doesn't have enough time to flow back out, so it builds up (simplest form of plasticity (what happened then affects what happens now)

Front 28

Depression

Back 28

reduction in response

Front 29

Augmentation

Back 29

similar to facilitation but over a longer period of time (few minutes rather than ms)

Front 30

Calcium levels and what do you get from them

Back 30

Normal: strong depression

Intermediate: slower depression with augmentation

10% normal: augmentation only

Front 31

Potentiation

Back 31

getting response after stimulus was applied (usually after really strong stimulation)

Front 32

Major reason for depression

Back 32

neurotransmitter is depleted

Front 33

What is Aplysia californica most known for

Back 33

synaptic plasticity

Front 34

habituation

Back 34

after repeated stimuli, there is a lower response (becomes accustomed)

Front 35

Sensitization

Back 35

basically linking 2 stimuli

in the snail:

habituate it to siphon stimuli so it doesnt respond much, then shock the tail and touch the siphon simultaneously, the gill will retract. gill will retract now when only touching the siphon

lasts around an hour

repeated pairing: long term memory

same thing but shock 4 times a day for 4 days, you can come back days later and touch the siphon and the gill will retract

Front 36

snail anatomy

Back 36

no brain, has ganglia in head, only clusters

Front 37

why are rat brains good for long term potentiation studies

Back 37

neurons lay in 1 plane, can take a nice cross section

Front 38

collateral ca1 synapses info

Back 38

train on 1st neuron causes epsp, 1 hour later the epsp is larger than it was before the train

Front 39

high freq. stimulation

Back 39

effect stays for a long time, still elevated a year later.

Front 40

paired stimuli: shaffer + pyramidal

Back 40

stimulate CA3 neuron (not train), no strengthening of synapse

but, stimulate both CA3 and CA1 neurons at the same time and there is an increased magnitude of response

Front 41

Associativity

Back 41

if you have train occurring on upper neuron and the lower neuron fires 1 AP, its synapse will also be strengthened

Front 42

What is NO in the rat example

Back 42

retrograde signal generator

Front 43

Norep pathway

Back 43

beta adrenergic receptor -> Gs -> Adenylyl cylclase -> cAMP -> PKA -> increase phosphorylation

Front 44

glutamate pathway

Back 44

mGluR -> Gq -> Phospholipase C

Phospholipace C -> DAG -> PKC -> increase phosphorylation

Phosopholipace C -> IP3 -> Ca2 release -> activate calcium binding proteins

Front 45

Dopamine pathway

Back 45

D2 -> Gi -> adenylyl cyclase -> cAMP -> PKA -> decrease phosphorylation

Front 46

what 2 things does CREB make in LTP

Back 46

transcriptional regulators

synapse growth proteins

Front 47

What disease stems from being unable to recognize faces, places, objects etc.

Back 47

Agnosia

Front 48

What disease's symptoms include reduced strength, clumsiness, and impaired speech?

Back 48

ALS

Front 49

What disease had the girl drawing the clock incorrectly?

Back 49

Anti NMDA Receptor Antibody Encephalitis

Front 50

What disease had the patient with dull pain in his mouth?

Back 50

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Front 51

What disease had impaired movement, sharp pains, difficulty learning and retaining information?

Back 51

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 52

What disease caused a buildup of iron in the brain?

Back 52

Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome