Neuro Exam 3

Front 1

What are the descending motor pathways?

Back 1

goes from higher centers to lower centers

Front 2

NAME
this goes from higher centers to lower centers

Back 2

descending tracts

Front 3

1st O.N. is that (1)in the descending tract

Back 3

upper neuron

Front 4

(1)is the upper neuron in the descending pathway

Back 4

1st

Front 5

(1)is the lower neuron in the descending pathway

Back 5

1st O.N.

Front 6

1st O.N.is the (1)in the dsecending pathway

Back 6

lower neuron

Front 7

What is one differ btwn all of the descending pathways?

Back 7

each pathway's 1 order neuron oringates in a different spot

Front 8

What is one differ btwn all of the descending pathways?

Back 8

each pathway's 1 order neuron oringates in a different spot

Front 9

What is one thing that all of the descending pathways have in common?

Back 9

the 2nd order neuron is found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 10

What is one thing that all of the descending pathways have in common?

Back 10

the 2nd order neuron is found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 11

NAME
all of these tracts have on thing in common--their 2nd order neuron is found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Back 11

descending pathways

Front 12

What are the (3)descending pathways?

Back 12

(1)Corticospinal (2)Rubrospinal (3)vesitibulospinal

Front 13

What are the (3)descending pathways?

Back 13

(1)Corticospinal (2)Rubrospinal (3)vesitibulospinal

Front 14

What are the (3)descending pathways?

Back 14

(1)Corticospinal (2)Rubrospinal (3)vesitibulospinal

Front 15

NAME
these include the Cortiocospinal, rubrospinal, and viestibulospinal pathways

Back 15

descending pathways

Front 16

What is the corticospinal tract?

Back 16

provides fast complex movement

Front 17

NAME
this provides fast complex movements

Back 17

corticospinal tract

Front 18

NAME
the motor cortex is found here

Back 18

pre0central gyrus

Front 19

Where can you find the precentral gyrus?

Back 19

in the motor cortex

Front 20

All of the descending tracts end in the (1)

Back 20

ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 21

Where does the corticospinal tract orginate?

Back 21

in the precentral gyrus of the motor cortex

Front 22

Where does the corticospinal tract start and end? (3)

Back 22

(1)motor cortex (2)crosses at the pyramids (3)endings in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 23

NAME
this tract starts in the motor cortex, crosses at the pyramids, and ends in the ventral horn of hte spinal cord

Back 23

corticospinal tract

Front 24

Where does the corticospinal tract start and end? (3)

Back 24

(1)motor cortex (2)crosses at the pyramids (3)endings in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 25

what are alpha motor neurons?

Back 25

are cells that supply muscle tissue

Front 26

NAME
these are cells that supply motor tisssue

Back 26

alpha motor neurons

Front 27

in the descending pathway, the U.N. regulates th e (1)

Back 27

L.N.

Front 28

What does U.N. stand for?

Back 28

upper motor neuron

Front 29

What does L.N. stand for?

Back 29

lower motor neuron

Front 30

What happens if U.N. does not inhibit the L.N.?

Back 30

muscle fires

Front 31

What happens if U.N. does not inhibit the L.N. because it is not present?

Back 31

muscle bceomes spastic

Front 32

What happens if U.N. does not inhibit the L.N. because it is not present?

Back 32

muscle bceomes spastic

Front 33

the absence of U.N. can be be cause of a (1)or (2)

Back 33

lesion or CVA

Front 34

What happens when the L.N.is not present?

Back 34

muscle gets flacid and atrophies

Front 35

What happens when the L.N.is not present?

Back 35

muscle gets flacid and atrophies

Front 36

Compare and contrast a U.N. and L.N. lesion?

Back 36

(1)U.N.-muscle gest spastic bc muscle conts to fire nothing inhibits it (2)L.N.=muscles gets flacid and atrophies

Front 37

Compare and contrast a U.N. and L.N. lesion?

Back 37

(1)U.N.-muscle gest spastic bc muscle conts to fire nothing inhibits it (2)L.N.=muscles gets flacid and atrophies

Front 38

Compare and contrast a U.N. and L.N. lesion?

Back 38

(1)U.N.-muscle gest spastic bc muscle conts to fire nothing inhibits it (2)L.N.=muscles gets flacid and atrophies

Front 39

What is Rubrospinal tract?

Back 39

facilatates the activity of flexors and inhibits the extensors

Front 40

NAME
this tract facilitates the activity of the flexors and inhibits the extensors

Back 40

rubrospinal

Front 41

What is the differ btwn all the differ descending tracts? (3)

Back 41

see notes

Front 42

Does the rubrospinal act on the extensor digituriuom?

Back 42

yes

Front 43

What is the Vestibulospinal tract?

Back 43

facilatates the activity of the extensor muscles inhibiting the flexors

Front 44

NAME
this facilates the activity of the extensor muscles inhibiting the flexors

Back 44

vestibulospinal tract

Front 45

Where does rubrospinal tract start?

Back 45

in the red nucleus of the midbrain

Front 46

NAME
this tract starts in the red nucleus of the midbrain

Back 46

rubropsinal tract

Front 47

What is the differ btwn all the differ descending tracts? (3)

Back 47

see notes

Front 48

What is the differ btwn all the differ descending tracts? (3)

Back 48

see notes

Front 49

Where does the vestibulospinal tract orginate in?

Back 49

vestibular nuclei

Front 50

NAME
this originates in the vestibular nuclei

Back 50

vestibulospinal tract

Front 51

(1)and(2)descending tracts work together

Back 51

rubrospinal and vestibulospinal tract

Front 52

the rubrospinal and the vestibulospinal tract (1)

Back 52

work together

Front 53

What does Cerebellum mean?

Back 53

little brain

Front 54

NAME
this means little brain

Back 54

cerebellum

Front 55

IN the cerebellum everything is in (1)

Back 55

3

Front 56

in the (1)everything is in 3

Back 56

cerebellum

Front 57

NAME
this is the visible portion of the cerebellum is a thin layer of highly corrugated (wrinkled) gray matter

Back 57

cerebellar cortex

Front 58

What is the cerebellar cortex?

Back 58

is the visible portion of the cerebellum is a thin layer of highly corrugated gray matter

Front 59

Where is the white matter located in the cerebellum?

Back 59

on the inside

Front 60

What is the vermis?

Back 60

called worm..divides the cerebellum in half

Front 61

NAME
this is called the worm and divides the cerebellum in half

Back 61

vermis

Front 62

Each hemisphere of the cerebellum has (1)

Back 62

lobes

Front 63

What is the only exception to the everything being in 3 in the cerebellum?

Back 63

there are (2)hemispheres

Front 64

There are (1)hemispheres in the cerebellum

Back 64

2

Front 65

What are the (3)lobes of the hemisphere's of the cerebellum?

Back 65

(1)flocculandalar lobe (2)anterior lobe (3)middle posterior lobe

Front 66

NAME
these include the flocculandalar lobe, anterior lobe, and posterior lobe

Back 66

lobes of the hemispheres of the cerebellum

Front 67

What are propriocepters?

Back 67

monitor things on the inside

Front 68

NAME
these monitor things on the inside

Back 68

propriocepters

Front 69

What does the word penducles literally mean?

Back 69

bridges

Front 70

NAME
these word literally mean

Back 70

penducles

Front 71

What are the cerebellum peduncles?

Back 71

connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

Front 72

NAME
these connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

Back 72

cerebellum peduncles

Front 73

What are (3)cerebelluar peduncles?

Back 73

(1)inferior cerebellar peduncles (2)middle cerebellar peduncles (3)superior cerebellar peduncles

Front 74

NAME
there are (3)of these: inferior, middle, and superior

Back 74

cerebelluar peduncles

Front 75

What tract is located in the cerebellum?

Back 75

spinocerebellar tract

Front 76

NAME
this tract is located in the cerebellum

Back 76

spinocerebellar tract

Front 77

What are the (2)tracts of spinocerebellar tract?

Back 77

dorsal and ventral

Front 78

What is the spinocerebellar tract?

Back 78

relays unconscious preceptive info

Front 79

NAME
this relays unconscious preceptive info

Back 79

spinocerebellar tract

Front 80

What is lesion like on the in the cerebellum?

Back 80

lesion is on the same side of the body

Front 81

How does the cerebellum coordinate movements?

Back 81

by it makes motions smooth by controlling speed and coordination of all movement

Front 82

What are (3)layers of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 82

(1)molecular (2)purkinie (3)granule cells

Front 83

NAME
this has three layers: molecular, purkinie, and granule cells

Back 83

cerebellum

Front 84

NAME
these (3)fibers provide input to the cerebelluar cortex

Back 84

(1)mossy fibers from spinal cord (2)mossy fibers from pons
(3)climbing fibers from the olives

Front 85

What are (3)fibers that provide input to the cerebelluar cortex?

Back 85

(1)mossy fibers from spinal cord (2)mossy fibers from pons
(3)climbing fibers from the olives

Front 86

the mossy fibers from the spinal cord and from the pons and the climbing fibers from the olives provide (1)

Back 86

input to the cerebellum cortex

Front 87

the output of the cerebellar cortex is the (1)

Back 87

purkine cells

Front 88

NAME
these are the output of the cerebral cortex

Back 88

purkine cells

Front 89

the purkine cells are the (1)of the cerebellar cortex

Back 89

output

Front 90

Describe how motor input occurs in the cerebellum (5) look at chart

Back 90

(1)olives receives input from the vestibular system (2) mossy fibers synapse w granule cells then granule cells send axons to the molecular layer (3)They split forming parellel fibers (3)parallel fibers reach dendrites of purkinje cells synapse (4)the purkinje cells then send axons down to the deep nuclei or (5)direct path-climbing fibers go directly to the purkinae cells

Front 91

Describe how motor input occurs in the cerebellum (5) look at chart

Back 91

(1)olives receives input from the vestibular system (2) mossy fibers synapse w granule cells then granule cells send axons to the molecular layer (3)They split forming parellel fibers (3)parallel fibers reach dendrites of purkinje cells synapse (4)the purkinje cells then send axons down to the deep nuclei or (5)direct path-climbing fibers go directly to the purkinae cells

Front 92

What are the deep nuceli?

Back 92

are the actual motor output of the cerebellum

Front 93

NAME
these are the actual motor output of the cerebellum

Back 93

deep nuceli

Front 94

What are the purkinjae cells?

Back 94

regulate the deep nuceli by inhibiting the output of the deep nuclei

Front 95

NAME
these regulate the deep nuceli by inhibiting the output of the deep nuclei

Back 95

purkinje cells

Front 96

What are the (3)inhibitory interneurons in the cerebellum?

Back 96

(1)Golgi (2)stellate (3)basket

Front 97

NAME
this has three inhibitory interneurons: Golgi, stellate, and basket

Back 97

inhibitory interneurons in the cerebellum

Front 98

The cerebellum has (1)highways

Back 98

3

Front 99

the cerebellum has (1)inputs and outputs

Back 99

3

Front 100

the deep nuclei is the (1)of the cerebellum

Back 100

deep nuclei

Front 101

Deep nuclei are also called the (1)of the cerebellum

Back 101

main output of the cerebellum

Front 102

the (1)is also called the main output of the cerebellum

Back 102

deep nuceli

Front 103

What are the (3)main outputs of the cerebellum?

Back 103

(1)fastigial (2)dentate (3)interposed

Front 104

NAME
these include the fastigial, dentate, and interposed

Back 104

main outputs of the cerebellum

Front 105

what do the corticospinal tracts do?

Back 105

pathway to volntary mm of E

Front 106

NAME
these (2)pathways provide voluntary mm of the E

Back 106

lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts

Front 107

what is the corticobulbar tracts do?

Back 107

pathway to voluntary mm of the head

Front 108

NAME
this tract is the pathway to the voluntaty movements of the head

Back 108

corticobulbar tract

Front 109

where are the cell bodies for the corticobulbar tract located?

Back 109

in the primary motor area (2)premotor cortical areas

Front 110

the primary motor area is also called area (1)

Back 110

4

Front 111

the (1)is also called area 4

Back 111

primary motor area

Front 112

where do cell bodies of the corticospinal tract arise from?

Back 112

frontal lobe and some from the parietal lobe

Front 113

NAME
this is the name of the cell bodies for the corticospinal tract

Back 113

pyramidal cells

Front 114

what are pyramidal cells?

Back 114

cell bodies for the corticospinal tract

Front 115

the corticospinal tract is also calld the (1)

Back 115

pyramidal tract

Front 116

the (1)tract is also called the pyramidal tract

Back 116

corticospinal tract

Front 117

describe the pathway forthe corticospinal tract

Back 117

LATERAL FIBERS OF THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
(1)primmary efferent fibers (UMN) descend and 80% to 90 % of the fibers decussate in the medulla and project caudally to synapse at the various levels of the spinal cord levels on the LMN in the ventral horn (2)

VENTRAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
the remaning 10% of the fibers DO NOT decusssate in teh medulla but project caudally and decussate near the site of termination at which point they synapse w the LMN in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 118

for the corticospinal tract,

where are the synapses

(a)80% to 90% of fibers
(b)10% of fibers

Back 118

LATERAL FIBERS OF THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
80 to 90 FIBERS

(1)primary efferent fibers (UMN) decussate in the medulla and synapse various levels of the spinal cord w LMN in the ventral horn
(2)10-20%I

primary efferent fibers project caudally and decussate near the site of termination at which point they synapse w the LMN in the ventral horn

Front 119

for the corticospinal tract where do the fibers decussate? (2)

Back 119

LATERAL FIBERS
80 to 90%-in the medulla


VENTRAL FIBERs
(2)10% to 20% -near the site of termination in the spinal cord (ventral horn)

Front 120

what is the differ btwn the lateral and ventral fibers of the corticospinal tract?

Back 120

(1)lateral-are involved in iniating skilled movement of the E (2)ventral corticospinal tract-are inolved in control of the axial mm (trunk and proximal mm)

Front 121

what is the lateral corotcispinal tract?

Back 121

involved in iniaiting skilled movement of the E

Front 122

NAME
this tract is inolved in iniating skilled movement of the E including distal mm

Back 122

lateral cortociospinal tract

Front 123

what isthe lateral corticospinal tract

Back 123

involved in iniating skilled movements of the E including distal mm

Front 124

what is the ventral corticospinal tract?

Back 124

are inolved in the control of axial mm (trunk and proximal mm)

Front 125

NAME
are inolved in the control of the axial mm (trunk and proximal mm)

Back 125

ventral corticospinal tract

Front 126

where are the cell bodies for the corticobulbar tract located?

Back 126

in primary and pre-motor areas of the frontal lobe

Front 127

decribe the corticobulbar tract

Back 127

(1)the primary efferent fibers synapse on LMN in the brainstem in CN's motor nuclei of CNs (III, IV, V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII)

ALL the ONE involved in MOTOR control
NOTE-the fibers branch off to each CN and bifucate to provide bilateral integration to both pairs of CN.


EXCEPT for lower parts of CN 7 and 12 do not recieve bilateral innervation

(2) the LMN send fibers via the cns to voluntary mm of the head.

Front 128

T or F
all the CNs in the corticobulbar tract recieve bilateral innervation

Back 128

false lower parts of CN 7 and CN 12 do not

Front 129

which fibers in the corticobulbar tract do not receive billateral innervation?

Back 129

CN 7 and 12

Front 130

which fiber do receive bilateral innervation in the corticospinal tract?

Back 130

all cns (II, IV, VI, V, IX, X and XI) except Cn VII, and CN XII

Front 131

NAME
this is the pathway to the voluntary mm of the head

Back 131

corticicobulbar pathway

Front 132

what are the synapses for the corticobulbar tracts?

Back 132

(1)area 4-cerebral motor cortex area (2)both pairs of CN nuclei w LMN except CN 7 and 12 (3)mm

Front 133

in the coroticobulbar tract?

describe how the fibers innervate the CNs

Back 133

(1)CN-(right and left)-get bilateral inervation (3,4,5,6, 9,10,,11)
(2)CN VII-facial
bilateral innervation of the upper part

lower parts-gets contralateral innervation
ex)left tract supplies R lower CN VII or lower mm of the R face

Front 134

if the cerebral motor cortex area was damage in a stroke.

what would you expect to see?

Back 134

(1)spastic paralysis (bc UMN damage) of the mm on the contralateral side --for the lower half of the face mm and the tongue (2)all facial mm would not be affected bc the pathway is bilateral

Front 135

the person had a stroke on the R side in the cerebral motor cortex. how would this affected facial movement?

Back 135

would have L spastic paralysis ofthe lower face mm and tongue

(2)all other facial mm would not be affected bc iti s a bilateral pathay

Front 136

T or F
Bob had a R CVA in the area 4.you would see L spastic paralysis of the upper facial mm and tongue

Back 136

false lower face and tognue

Front 137

what kind of connections does the basal ganalia have? (3)

Back 137

exicitary and inhibitory connections w the (1)frontal lobe (2)reticular formation (3)midbrain

Front 138

what is the basal ganglia?

Back 138

involved in modulating movement by indirectly modifying the activity of the LMN throgh the complex connections.

Front 139

NAME
this part of the brain is involved in modulating movement by indirectly modifying the activity of the LMN throgh the complex connections.

Back 139

basal ganglia

Front 140

NAME
dysfunction in this structure can affect the execution of smoothly controled movement

Back 140

basal ganglia (THINK EXECUTION)

Front 141

a dysfunction in the basal ganglia can affected the (1)

Back 141

execution of the smooth controlled movement i

Front 142

where are cell bodies located for the corticobulbar tract?

Back 142

primary area (area 4 and premotor area (area 8)

Front 143

cerebral motor cortex is also called the (1)

Back 143

area 4

Front 144

(1)is also called area 4

Back 144

cerebral motor cortex

Front 145

what is area 4?

Back 145

cerebral motor cortex

Front 146

what is area 8?

Back 146

premotor cortical areas

Front 147

what is Bell Palsy?

Back 147

inflammation of Cn VII

Front 148

NAME
this is inflammation of CN 7

Back 148

Bell Palsy

Front 149

what part of the brain degenerates w Parkinsons sx?

Back 149

basal ganglia fx-substania nigra degeneration .....less DOPA being produced

Front 150

NAME
w this disease, basal gangla degenerates at teh substania negira

Back 150

Parkinsons disease

Front 151

people w damage to the cerebellum will have (1)tremors will people w damage to the basal ganglia will have (2)tremors

Back 151

(1)iniation tremors (2)resting tremors

Front 152

NAME BRAIN REGION AFFECTED
resting tremors

Back 152

basal ganglia damage

Front 153

NAME BRAIN REGION AFFECTED
intention tremors

Back 153

cerebellum damage

Front 154

what is Hungtingtons chorea?what is charaxterixed by?

Back 154

rapid, jerky nonrhytmtic, involunatary jerky movements of E, trunk, and/or face and by dementia

Front 155

NAME
this disease is characterized by rapid, jerky nonrhytmtic, involunatary jerky movements of E, trunk, and/or face and by dementia

Back 155

Hungintons chorea