Neuro Exam 3

Front 1

If you wanted to completely destroy the myotatic reflex you could:
a. sever the dorsal root
b. destroy all spinal interneurons
c. bisect the spinal cord along its midline
d. more than one of the above is correct
e. all of the above are correct

Back 1

a. sever the dorsal root

Front 2

Gamma motor neurons
a. innervate extrafusal muscle fibers
b. shorten the length of muscle fibers when they fire
c. increase their firing rate when a muscle is flexed to keep the spindles "on line"
d. More than one above is correct.
e. All of the above are correct.

Back 2

c. increase their firing rate when a muscle is flexed to keep spindles "on line"

Front 3

What is the effect of crossing the innervation of a fast muscle and a slow muscle?
a. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
b. The fast motor neurons will generate steady, low-frequency activity and the slow motor neurons will generate occasional high-frequency bursts of action potentials
c. The fast muscle fibers will become slow-like muscle fibers and the slow muscle fibers will become fast-like muscle fibers
d. Hypertrophy

Back 3

c. The fast muscle fibers will become slow-like muscle fibers and the slow muscle fibers will become fast-like muscle fibers

Front 4

What is a motor neuron pool?
a. All the motor neurons whose axons are in one spinal nerve.
b. All of the alpha motor neurons innervating a single muscle (e.g. the biceps brachii)
c. All of the alpha motor neurons and corresponding gamma motor neurons innervating a given muscle.
d. All of the motor neurons of the same size in one spinal segment.

Back 4

b. all of the alpha motor neurons innervating a single muscle (e.g. the biceps brachii)

Front 5

What is the size principle?
a. that size matters
b. there is orderly recruitment of motor units from smallest to largest
c. the larger the alpha motor neuron, the faster the muscle fiber will contract
d. none of the above.

Back 5

b. there is orderly recruitment of motor units from smallest to largest

Front 6

Cells in the substantia nigra that communicate with the striatum primarily use which neurotransmitter?
a. GABA
b. dopamine
c. acetylcholine
d. serotonin

Back 6

b. dopamine

Front 7

"He takes a whiskey drink. He takes a vodka drink. He takes a lager drink. He takes a cider drink. ... I get knocked down, but I get up again..." The effect of alcohol on this fellow's _______ is most likely the reason why he keeps falling down.
a. basal ganglia
b. motor cortex
c. cerebellum
d. bladder

Back 7

c. cerebellum

Front 8

You are a neurologist treating a patient with motor difficulties. He displays muscle weakness but can stand and sit as well as perform simple movements. However, he has a loss of dexterity making it difficult for him to do such things as play the piano. You conclude that the person has suffered a lesion of:
a. the corticospinal pathway
b. the rubrospinal pathway
c. M1
d. the ventromedial pathway

Back 8

a. the corticospinal pathway

Front 9

Which of the following tracts is primarily concerned with the control of axial musculature?
a. corticospinal tract
b. rubrospinal tract
c. vestibulospinal tract
d. pyramidal tract

Back 9

c. vestibulospinal tract

Front 10

With a lesion of the lateral pathways, a twenty-year old woman would expect to see all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Babinski Reflex (hyperreflexia)
b. Slower voluntary movements
c. Abnormal posture
d. Inability to fractionate arm movements

Back 10

c. abnormal posture

Front 11

The structure that serves as the highest brain region controlling autonomic function is the:
a. thalamus
b. hypothalamus
c. septum
d. visual cortex
e. pituitary gland

Back 11

b. hypothalamus

Front 12

When animals work to deliver electrical shocks to certain areas of their own brains, they are usually stimulating neurons that release which kind of transmitter?
a. GABA
b. acetylcholine
c. glutamate
d. norepinephrine
e. dopamine

Back 12

e. dopamine

Front 13

From a physiological standpoint, what does the polygraph test measure?
a. difference between the left and right hemispheres of the cortex
b. rate of utilization of glucose by the central nervous system
c. activity of the sympathetic nervous system
d. activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 13

c. activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Front 14

All of the efferent axons leaving the spinal cord toward the periphery release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (at the first synapse only) and are part of either the somatic motor, sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system.
a. True
b. False

Back 14

a. true

Front 15

Which of the following is a parasympathetic response?
a. increased strength of heart contraction
b. increased digestion
c. increased blood pressure
d. release of epinephrine

Back 15

b. increased digestion

Front 16

The "master gland" regulates the body's temperature, blood pressure, fluid balance, etc. It maintains homeostasis through the ANS and the endocrine system. This gland is the
a. hypothalamus
b. cerebellum
c. lymph glands
d. adrenal gland

Back 16

a. hypothalamus

Front 17

Certain cases of sudden death, as in voodoo death (death from fright), are due to
a. over activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
b. over activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
c. underactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
d. underactivity of the sympathetic nervous system.
e. none of the above.

Back 17

b. over activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Front 18

I am a fetus with XY chromosomes. What direct effect will TDF have on my development?
a. Ovaries develop.
b. Wolfian ducts become Vas Deferens.
c. Mullarian ducts become uterus and fallopian tubes.
d. Primordial gonads become fetal testes.
e. None of the above.

Back 18

d. primordial gonads become fetal testes

Front 19

I am a fetus with XX chromosomes. What direct effect will a lack of MIF have on my development?
a. Ovaries develop.
b. Wolffian ducts become Vas Deferens.
c. Mullarian ducts become uterus and fallopian tubes.
d. Primordial gonads become fetal testes.
e. None of the above.

Back 19

c. Mullarian ducts become uterus and fallopian tubes

Front 20

I am a fetus with XX chromosomes. What effect may too much androgen secreted by my own adrenal glands have on my development?
a. Androgen-insensitive syndrome.
b. Turner syndrome.
c. Pseudohermaphroditism.
d. None of the above.
e. More than one of the above.

Back 20

c. pseudohermaphroditism

Front 21

Is the prenatal basis of adult male homosexuality due to the organizational (permanent structural changes) or the activational effects (transient effects while the chemical is present) of hormones?
a. Organizational
b. Activational
c. Neither is correct

Back 21

a. organizational

Front 22

Someone with an XXY chromosome will develop as a:
a. Male
b. Female

Back 22

a. male

Front 23

Given your understanding of brain organization and differential abilities of men and women, which
person, on average, would you expect to score higher on the verbal portion of the GRE?
a. Gay Male
b. Straight Male
c. Neither, I would expect them to score the same.

Back 23

a. gay male

Front 24

The "releasing hormones" from the hypothalamus
a. directly control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
b. travel directly to muscle cells, where they increase or decease responsiveness.
c. only have an effect on the adrenal cortex.
d. decrease the affects produced by hormones from other endocrine glands.

Back 24

a. directly control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Front 25

In primates, whether the anatomy develops in the male or female pattern depends
a. mostly on estrogens and progesterone.
b. mostly on testosterone.
c. on estrogen and testosterone equality.
d. on neither estrogen nor testosterone.
e. none of the above.

Back 25

b. mostly on testosterone

Front 26

Which of the following causes a genetic male to develop female genetalia?
a. exposure to equal levels of testosterone and estrogen during an early stage of development
b. exposure to a high level of estrogen during puberty
c. exposure to a high level of estrogen during an early stage of development.
d. deficit of testosterone during puberty
e. deficit of testosterone during an early stage of development

Back 26

e. deficit of testosterone during an early stage of development

Front 27

Which of the following is an example of the activational effect of testosterone?
a. The Wolffian system develops into the male internal genitalia in the presence of testosterone
b. Testosterone influences the development of brain circuits responsible for male sexual behavior
c. Testosterone is responsible for production of sperm
d. Testosterone exposure in utero is responsible for development of male genitalia
e. none of the above

Back 27

c. testosterone is responsible for production of sperm

Front 28

The internal sex organs
a. are initially both male and female
b. develop from the Mullarian system, in males
c. require hormonal stimulation in both males and females for proper development
d. develop before the gonads
e. all of the above are correct

Back 28

a. are initially both male and female

Front 29

Of the various hypotheses based on hormone levels, the most plausible explanation for male homosexuality is that
a. prenatal testosterone levels were low during some critical period.
b. prenatal estrogen levels were high during some critical period.
c. adult estrogen levels are high.
d. adult testosterone levels are low.
e. none of the above.

Back 29

a. prenatal testosterone levels were low during some critical period

Front 30

Mothers of homosexual men, when asked to remember events surrounding their pregnancy,
a. typically report that they, themselves, were homosexual at the time of the pregnancy.
b. report fewer stressful events than mothers of heterosexual men.
c. report more stressful events than mothers of heterosexual men.
d. have a harder time remembering those events than mothers of heterosexual men.
e. a and c.

Back 30

c. report more stressful events than mothers of heterosexual men

Front 31

Which statement is NOT accurate about the behavioral differences from studies on male and female infants?
a. Behavioral differences are found as early as, but not until, around 6 months after birth.
b. On average, female infants attend to faces more than male infants who attend more to moving objects.
c. On average, male infants are less sensitive to touch than female infants.
d. On average, female infants will more often cry when they don't get what they want, whereas male infants will more often make active attempts to get what they want.
e. All of the above statements are true.

Back 31

a. behavioral differences are found as early as, but not until, around 6 months after birth

Front 32

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome can be produced in monkeys by lesioning
a. orbital frontal lobe
b. inferior temporal cortex
c. hippocampus
d. ventro-amygdalo-fugal pathway
e. hypothalamus

Back 32

b. inferior temporal cortex

Front 33

Phenylalanine (such as Nutrasweet) magnifies the effects of several drugs and hormones that increase the probability of aggressive behavior. One likely reason is that phenylalanine
a. blocks the production and turnover of GABA.
b. blocks the production and turnover of serotonin.
c. is converted in the body to testosterone.
d. is converted in the body to L-DOPA.
e. is converted in the body to acetylcholine.

Back 33

d. is converted in the body to L-DOPA

Front 34

The Papez circuit is_________________.
a. cingulate cortex--> hippocampus-->ant, nuclei of thalamus-->mammilary bodies of
b. hypothalamus-->neocortex
c. neocortex-->hippocampus-->amygdala-->mammilary bodies of hypothalamus--> neocortex
d. cingulate cortex--> hippocampus-->mammilary bodies of hypothalamus--> ant. nuclei of thalamus-->cingulate cortex
e. septum-->neocortex-->cingulate cortex-->hippocampus-->ant. nuclei of thalamus--> septum

Back 34

d. cingulate cortex --> hippocampus --> mammilary bodies of hypothalamus --> ant. nuclei of thalamus --> cingulate cortex

Front 35

The amygdala is located in the ____________ lobes of the cerebral cortex.
a. frontal
b. temporal
c. parietal
d. occipital

Back 35

b. temporal

Front 36

Lesions of the amygdala in primates produce:
a. pleasure
b. sexual arousal
c. apathy
d. rage
e. change in social dominance

Back 36

e. change in social dominance

Front 37

Benzodiazepines decrease anxiety by _________ transmission at ___________ synapses.
a. facilitating ... dopamine
b. inhibiting ... serotonin
c. facilitating ... GABA
d. inhibiting ... norepinephrine

Back 37

c. facilitation...GABA

Front 38

Alcohol decreases anxiety by
a. promoting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex.
b. inhibiting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex.
c. promoting sodium flow at serotonin synapses.
d. inhibiting sodium flow at serotonin synapses.

Back 38

a. promoting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex

Front 39

What happens when acetylcholine (ACh) arrives at the surface of a muscle cell at a
neuromuscular junction?
a. Muscarinic ACh receptors are activated
b. A large EPSP is generated
c. A large ISPS is generated
d. An action potential based on voltage-gated calcium channels in generated

Back 39

b. A large EPSP is generated

Front 40

What neurotransmitter is used by alpha motor neurons?
a. Glutamate
b. Glycine
c. Serotonin
d. Acetylcholine

Back 40

d. acetylcholine

Front 41

What is a motor unit?
a. An alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers its axon innervates
b. A gamma motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers its axon innervates
c. One alpha and one gamma motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers their axons innervate
d. None of the above

Back 41

a. an alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers its axon innervates

Front 42

Contraction of a muscle involves
a. Sliding of myosin along tubulin, much like axonal transport
b. Sliding of actin along tubulin
c. Sliding of actin along myosin
d. None of the above

Back 42

c. sliding of actin along myosin

Front 43

The monosynaptic myotatic reflex involves
a. An Ia afferent and a gamma motor neuron
b. An Ib afferent and a gamma motor neuron
c. An Ia afferent and an alpha motor neuron
d. An Ib afferent and an alpha motor neuron

Back 43

c. an Ia afferent and an alpha motor neuron

Front 44

What are fast motor units?
a. Those with slowly fatiguing red muscle fibers
b. The very smallest motor units
c. Those with rapidly fatiguing white muscle fibers
d. The motor units with large-diameter axons that fire very regularly

Back 44

c. those with rapidly fatiguing white muscle fibers

Front 45

In general, the control of movement can be divided into two parts. They are
a. Connections to the muscles from the spinal cord and motor programs in the brain stem
b. The spinal cord's command and control of coordinated muscle contraction and the brain's command and control of the motor programs in the spinal cord
c. The spinal cord's connections to the muscles and the cerebellum's control of the spinal cord
d. None of the above

Back 45

b. the spinal cord's command and control of coordinated muscle contraction and the brain's command and control of the motor programs in the spinal cord

Front 46

What is a motor neuron pool?
a. All of the motor neurons whose axons are in one spinal nerve
b. All of the alpha motor neurons innervating a single muscle, e.g., the biceps brachii or the triceps brachii
c. All of the alpha motor neurons of the same size in one spinal segment
d. All of the alpha motor neurons and corresponding gamma motor neurons
e. innervating a given muscle

Back 46

b. all of the alpha motor neurons innervating a single muscle, e.g., the biceps brachii or the triceps brachii

Front 47

Cardiac muscle is
a. A kind of striated muscle
b. A kind of smooth muscle
c. A separate and distinct third type of muscle
d. Only found in mammals

Back 47

a. a kind of striated muscle

Front 48

Why is each spinal nerve referred to as a "mixed" spinal nerve?
a. Because it includes both motor and autonomic fibers
b. Because it includes both the sensory fibers of the dorsal root and the motor fibers of the ventral root
c. Because it includes motor fibers to muscle cells on both sides of the body
d. None of the above

Back 48

b. because it includes both the sensory fibers of the dorsal root and the motor fibers of the ventral root

Front 49

If a slow motor unit is induced to fire like a fast motor unit, what happens?
a. The muscle fibers remain red muscle fibers
b. The muscle fibers change from being red muscle fibers to being white muscle fibers
c. The synaptic connections between the fast motor unit-like axon and the muscle fibers are broken
d. The alpha motor neuron dies

Back 49

b. the muscle fibers change from being red muscle fibers to being white muscle fibers

Front 50

Rigor mortis is the stiffening caused by
a. Unwrapping of the actin alpha helix
b. The lack of ATP to break the actin-myosin bond
c. The permanent binding of troponin to myosin
d. The spiraling of myosin into an alpha helix in the absence of ATP

Back 50

b. the lack of ATP to break the actin-myosin bond

Front 51

Muscles responsible for movement of the trunk are called
a. Proximal muscles
b. Girdle muscles
c. Axial muscles
d. Distal muscles

Back 51

c. axial muscles

Front 52

What are proprioceptors?
a. Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, Meissner's corpuscles
b. Receptors specialized for sensation of "body sense", like muscle spindles
c. Any sensory receptor with a cilium, such as hair cells and rods and cones
d. None of the above

Back 52

b. receptors specialized for sensation of "body sense," like muscle spindles

Front 53

The most direct pathway from a cortical neuron to an alpha motor neuron is through
A. Cerebellar loop
B. Ventromedial pathway
C. Rubrospinal pathway
D. Corticospinal pathway

Back 53

d. corticospinal pathway

Front 54

Damage to the lateral pathways of descending motor control, whether from stroke or
surgery,
A. is often fatal because the alpha motor neurons that drive the heart lose their cortical input.
B. always causes rigidity in the muscles on the ipsilateral side and loss of muscle tone on the contralateral side.
C. usually has a transient effect on voluntary movement as long as the ventromedial pathways are intact.
D. usually causes paralysis on the contralateral side, but recovery of some voluntary movement is common.

Back 54

d. usually causes paralysis on the contralateral side, but recovery of some voluntary movement is common

Front 55

The map for generating movement in motor cortex
A. is finalized earlier in men than in women.
B. is a fixed somatotopic map that is fully developed by age 6 and has 1:1 connectivity between Betz cells and alpha motor neurons.
C. appears to be changed by experience as new motor skills are learned.
D. is completely rewritten each time there is a voluntary movement.

Back 55

c. appears to be changed by experience as new motor skills are learned

Front 56

If the motor nerve a rat uses to move its vibrissae is cut, the part of motor cortex once driving the vibrissae
A. will increase in size and ultimately push adjacent areas aside.
B. may eventually coordinate movement in another part of the rat's head.
C. will make inappropriate connections to the rest of neocortex, leading to increasingly weird behavior.
D. will degenerate.

Back 56

b. may eventually coordinate movement in another part of the rat's head

Front 57

Which of the following cortical areas is most closely associated with abstract thought, as well as other higher-order cognitive functions?
A. Area 4
B. Area 3
C. Area MT
D. Prefrontal cortex

Back 57

d. prefrontal cortex

Front 58

Programmed cell death means that
A. Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease is inevitable in old age.
B. the ventricles slowly fill up with debris from dead neurons.
C. glial cells die by plan to make room for more neurons during the development of the brain.
D. neurons have death genes that trigger enzymes to destroy the cell from within as part of the plan.

Back 58

d. neurons have death genes that trigger enzymes to destroy the cell from within as part of the plan

Front 59

Apraxia is:
A. Loss of the sense of the space around one's body, caused by damage to areas 5 and 7.
B. Inability to touch one's nose, caused by damage or disease in the basal ganglia.
C. Selective inability to perform complex movements, while performing simple movements is normal.
D. Inability to initiate voluntary movements without verbal prompting.

Back 59

c. selective inability to perform complex movements, while performing simple movements is normal

Front 60

If you were to try to drop a clothespin into a bottle repeatedly,
A. your reticular formation would be continually calculating new motor patterns to improve your success.
B. your secondary visual cortices would be continually calculating the new patterns of motor excitation.
C. auditory input would become increasingly more important than visual input for improved aim.
D. your cerebellum would be continually fine-tuning the temporal pattern of excitation of M1.

Back 60

d. your cerebellum would be continually fine-tuning the temporal patter of excitation of M1

Front 61

Suppose you suffer a stroke that impairs your ability to make fine finger movements while leaving gross arm movements relatively intact after a recovery period. Where might the damage be that is causing this problem?
A. Spinothalamic tract
B. Medial lemniscus
C. Corticospinal tract
D. Rubrospinal tract

Back 61

c. corticospinal tract

Front 62

Parkinson's disease is characterized by
A. Trouble initiating movements
B. Trouble preventing spontaneous dance-like movements
C. Death of dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies in the striatum
D. Symptoms that mimic cerebellar lesions

Back 62

a. trouble initiating movements

Front 63

The posterior parietal cortex (specifically Brodmann's areas 5 and 7) is the
A. Site of Betz cells whose axons transmit the final activating signal to alpha motor neurons
B. Place where memories of odors the movement might generate are stored
C. Ballistic computer for making voluntary movements achieve their desired objective
D. Place where visual and tactile images of the environment around you are brought into the planning

Back 63

d. place where visual and tactile images of the environment around you are brought into the planning

Front 64

A larger ratio of motor neurons to muscle cells will yield finer control of a muscle
A. TRUE
B. FALSE

Back 64

a. true

Front 65

Damage to the cerebellum will cause
A. Loss of touch sensation
B. Paralysis (complete inability to move)
C. Resting tremor
D. Ataxia

Back 65

d. ataxia

Front 66

If a subject is asked to think about a movement but not actually perform it,
A. only Brodmann's area 8, prefrontal cortex, is activated.
B. only the cerebellum is activated.
C. Brodmann's area 6 is activated, but primary motor cortex is not.
D. all parts of the cortex involved in voluntary movement are activated, but the cerebellum is not.

Back 66

c. Brodmann's area 6 is activated, but primary motor cortex is not

Front 67

The chemical structure of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other hallucinogens is close to the structure of
A. Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Acetylcholine
D. GABA

Back 67

b. serotonin

Front 68

The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions often have opposite effects. For example,
A. The parasympathetic division increases heart rate, while the sympathetic division decreases heart rate
B. The sympathetic division promotes stomach movements, while the parasympathetic division prevents their occurance
C. The sympathetic division dilates the pupil, while the parasympathetic division constricts it
D. The sympathetic division stimulates release of glucose from the liver, while the parasympathetic division inhibits the release of glucose, insulin, and digestive enzymes

Back 68

c. the sympathetic division dilates the pupil, while the parasympathetic division constricts it

Front 69

Stress leads to the release of the steroid hormone
A. Dopamine
B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
C. Cortisol
D. Epinephrine

Back 69

c. cortisol

Front 70

Central control of the autonomic nervous system
A. Involves the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla
B. Is mediated primarily by descending fibers from the parietal cortex
C. Involves the fornix, putamen, and parts of the caudate nucleus in the telencephalon
D. Is exerted through the pons from deep nuclei in the cerebellum

Back 70

a. involves the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla

Front 71

Studies of the role of cortisol in chronic stress
A. Have led some researchers to suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder involves degeneration in the hippocampus
B. May suggest reasons extreme violence causes symptoms such as high anxiety and memory disturbances
C. Suggest that it may be the agent that causes degeneration of neurons in the hippocampus
D. All of the above

Back 71

d. all of the above

Front 72

The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system does NOT include
A. Auerbach's plexus, also called the myenteric plexus
B. Meissner's plexus, also called the mucous (or sub-mucous) plexus
C. Ruffini's plexus, also called the pancreatic plexus
D. Sensory neurons, interneurons, and autonomic motor neurons

Back 72

c. Ruffini's plexus, also called the pancreatic plexus

Front 73

A patient has had major disruptions in her sleep-wake cycles. Which diffuse modulatory systems are probably involved?
A. Serotonergic, or cholinergic, or noradrenergic
B. Dopaminergic
C. GABAergic
D. None of the diffuse modulatory systems

Back 73

a. serotonergic, or cholinergic, or noradrenergic

Front 74

A good definition of homeostasis is
A. A functional response of body systems to meet special needs such as blood clotting or sexual orgasm
B. The maintenance of the body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range
C. The coordinated control of the body's systems, such as modulating blood flow to skeletal muscles
D. None of the above

Back 74

b. the maintenance of the body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range

Front 75

Cocaine acts by
A. Increasing the release of serotonin from neurons in the raphe nuclei
B. Blocking the reuptake of catecholamines, prolonging their synaptic action
C. Increasing the activity of acetylcholinesterase
D. Increasing the release of acetylcholine from neurons in the basal nucleus of Meynert

Back 75

b. blocking the reuptake of catecholamines, prolonging their synaptic action

Front 76

Diffuse modulatory systems in the brain
A. Consist of many widely scattered neurons activated by hormones
B. Always have direct, point-to-point synapses with other neurons
C. Typically have the core neurons in the center of the brain or brain stem
D. None of the above

Back 76

c. typically have the core neurons in the center of the brain or brain stem

Front 77

Hallucinogens include
A. The Psilocybe mushroom
B. Peyote
C. LSD
D. All of the above

Back 77

d. all of the above

Front 78

Trauma that damages the posterior pituitary could
A. Interfere with the control of blood volume and osmolarity
B. Interfere with the motor control for the ability to swallow
C. Interfere with the body's temperature control
D. All of the above

Back 78

a. interfere with the control of blood volume and osmolarity

Front 79

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system differ in that
A. One is primarily active while you are awake and the other primarily works while you sleep
B. One releases acetylcholine onto striated muscle and the other releases norepinephrine onto smooth muscle
C. One primarily innervates cardiac muscle and the other primarily innervates the gastrointestinal tract
D. Although both release ACh in the autonomic ganglia, they release two different neurotransmitters from their postganglionic fiber

Back 79

d. although both release ACh in the autonomic ganglia, they release two different neurotransmitters from their postganglionic fiber

Front 80

What hormone is involved in effecting the parenting habits of prairie voles?
A. Testosterone
B. Vasopressin
C. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
D. Estradiol

Back 80

b. vasopressin

Front 81

Androgens
A. include testosterone.
B. include estradiol in men but not in women.
C. are all the sex hormones a man has.
D. do not include in testosterone in women

Back 81

a. include testosterone

Front 82

Human chromosomes consist of
A. 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
B. 23 pairs of autosomes
C. 24 pairs
D. 22 pairs

Back 82

a. 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

Front 83

The transmitter released to cause penile erection is
A. All of the above.
B. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
C. ACh
D. nitric oxide

Back 83

a. all of the above

Front 84

In cognitive tasks, women may be better than men at
A. verbal memory.
B. abstract geometry.
C. procedural memory.
D. 3D puzzles.

Back 84

a. verbal memory

Front 85

Melatonin
A. prevents day length from affecting reproduction.
B. production is increased by light.
C. is produced in the anterior pituitary.
D. inhibits gonadotropin release.

Back 85

d. inhibits gonadotropin release

Front 86

ACh differs from testosterone because
A. Only testosterone is converted to progesterone by aromatase.
B. ACh precedes testosterone in the synthesis pathway that starts cholesterol.
C. ACh requires a receptor on the cell membrane but testosterone's receptor can be inside the cell.
D. Both men and women have ACh but only men have testosterone.

Back 86

c. ACh requires a receptor on the cell membrane but testosterone's receptor can be inside the cell

Front 87

In adult women, menstruation begins with
A. increased secretion of LH and FSH
B. a surge in GnRH release
C. ovulation
D. follicular secretion of estrogens.

Back 87

a. increased secretion of LH and FSH

Front 88

The effects of LH include
A. suppression of sperm motility.
B. direct involvement in sperm maturation
C. production of testosterone.
D. none of the above.

Back 88

c. production of testosterone

Front 89

Masculinazation of the nervous system
A. results (indirectly) from the increased expression of testosterone.
B. causes male brains to have more neurons and more synapses and to work more efficiently.
C. begins as soon as a genetically male embryo is formed.
D. occurs late in females.

Back 89

a. results (indirectly) from the increased expression of testosterone

Front 90

Which division of the ANS produce erection?
A. parasympathetic
B. enteric
C. sympathetic
D. no division of the ANS is involved.

Back 90

a. parasympathetic

Front 91

Men are more at risk for genetic disease if
A. The gene is an autosome.
B. The gene involves gender identity.
C. The gene is on the X chromosome
D. None of the above.

Back 91

c. the gene is on the X chromosome

Front 92

The genotype XX is
A. The female genotype
B. Rarely found in humans
C. The same as XY
D. The male genotype

Back 92

a. the female genotype

Front 93

The levels of sex hormones
A. show a 28 day cycle in women only after they mate
B. show a 28 day cycle in men only after they marry.
C. have different temporal patterns in men and women
D. normally fluctuate randomly in men and women.

Back 93

c. have different temporal patterns in men and women

Front 94

Which individual will be a male?
A. XXYY
B. XX
C. XXX
D. X

Back 94

a. XXYY

Front 95

If we could completely remove cholesterol from the diet and body,
A. we would have increased sex drive.
B. none of the above.
C. we might be unable to produce steroid sex hormones
D. probably nothing would happen to sexual function

Back 95

c. we might be unable to produce steroid sex hormones

Front 96

The fact that fear, anger, and a fever can each produce increased heart rate,
inhibited digestion, and increased sweating...
A. Is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion.
B. Is consistent with the Darwin-Freud theory of emotion.
C. None of the above.
D. Is consistent with the Cannon-Baird theory of emotion.

Back 96

d. is consistent with the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Front 97

In the proposed neural circuit for learned fear, the state of the ANS is altered by what neural connection?
A. Cells in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala project to the cerebral cortex
B. Cells in the basolateral region of the amygdala project to the central nucleus of the amygdala
C. Efferents from the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the hypothalamus
D. Sensory information is sent to the basolateral region of the amygdala

Back 97

c. efferents from the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the hypothalamus

Front 98

What led to the belief that anterior thalamus plays an important role in emotion?
A. The observation that tumors in the anterior thalamus led to fear, irritability, and depression
B. The observation that lesions in the anterior thalamus led to spontaneous laughing and crying
C. The observation that the anterior thalamus is affected by the virus responsible for rabies
D. The observation that the anterior thalamus governs the behavioral expression of emotion

Back 98

b. the observation that lesions in the anterior thalamus led to spontaneous laughing and crying

Front 99

The authors point out a strong correlation between
A. Emotion and memory.
B. Emotion and cognition.
C. Emotion and perception.
D. Emotion and seasickness.

Back 99

a. emotion and memory

Front 100

Vervet monkeys were injected with drugs that either increased or decreased
serotonergic activity. These experiments showed which of the following about the relationship between serotonin and aggression?
A. Aggression is influenced by high but not low levels of serotonergic activity
B. Aggression is not affected by serotonergic activity
C. More aggression is associated with less serotonergic activity
D. More aggression is associated with more serotonergic activity

Back 100

c. more aggression is associated with less serotonergic activity

Front 101

Aggression in rodents has been correlated with:
A. Lowered levels of serotonin in the hypothalamus and amygdala.
B. Lowered levels of brain serotonin.
C. Lowered numbers of serotonin receptors in frontal cortex.
D. Lowered rates of turnover of serotonin.

Back 101

d. lowered rates of turnover of serotonin

Front 102

Information from the sensory systems feeds into which part of the amygdala?
A. Stria terminalis
B. Central nucleus
C. Basolateral nuclei
D. Corticomedial nuclei

Back 102

c. basolateral nuclei

Front 103

Patients with Kluver-Bucy syndrome:
A. Have flattened emotions.
B. Have little change in their emotional behavior but are much smarter than normal.
C. Are generally hyperemotional, especially laughing at tragedy.
D. Are generally sexually inhibited.

Back 103

a. have flattened emotions

Front 104

What is the most common symptom of amygdala lesions in humans?
A. Placid demeanor
B. Emotional disturbances such as spontaneous crying
C. Inability to recognize the facial expression of fear
D. Klüver-Bucy syndrome

Back 104

c. inability to recognize the facial expression of fear

Front 105

When a monkey in a well-established social group receives a bilateral amygdalectomy,
A. It falls to the bottom of the social structure.
B. It begins to slobber and drool all the time.
C. Its social status in the hierarchy is unchanged.
D. It rises to the top of the social structure.

Back 105

a. it falls to the bottom of the social structure

Front 106

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala in humans causes:
A. Profound sadness and crying.
B. Greatly increased libido and fantasizing.
C. Anxiety and fear.
D. Uncontrollable laughter.

Back 106

c. anxiety and fear

Front 107

The Papez circuit includes:
A. The cingulate gyrus, to the amygdala, to the hypothalamus, to the anterior nuclei of Meynert, to the cingulate gyrus.
B. The cingulate gyrus, to the hippocampus, to the hypothalamus, to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus, to the cingulate gyrus.
C. The cingulate gyrus to Brodmann's area 4, to the pons, to the cerebellum, to the thalamus, to the cingulate gyrus.
D. The cingulate gyrus to the hypothalamus, to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus, to the hippocampus, to the cingulate gyrus.

Back 107

b. the cingulate gyrus, to the hippocampus, to the hypothalamus, to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus, to the cingulate gyrus

Front 108

The pathway from the lateral hypothalamus through the medial forebrain bundle to the ventral tegmental area appears to be involved in
A. Affective aggression.
B. Uncontrollable laughter.
C. Predatory aggression.
D. Sleep regulation.

Back 108

c. predatory aggression

Front 109

Human fMRI activity in response to viewing fearful faces showed:
A. Elevated responses in the amygdala.
B. No consistent localization of elevated response.
C. Elevated responses only in motor cortex.
D. Consistent bilateral asymmetries in the response patterns.

Back 109

a. elevated responses in the amygdala

Front 110

Aggression:
A. Of some form is always expressed when the parietal lobe is activated.
B. Is a unitary emotional behavior associated with the hippocampus.
C. Is always one of two behaviors associated with either the amygdala or the nucleus of Bellonci.
D. Is a multifaceted behavior that is not a product of a single isolated brain system for aggression.

Back 110

d. is a multifaceted behavior that is not a product of a single isolated brain system for aggression

Front 111

Violent rage at the least provocation after removal of cerebral hemispheres is called:
A. Sham rage.
B. Affective aggression.
C. Predatory aggression.
D. Hyperaggressivity syndrome.

Back 111

a. sham rage

Front 112

The James-Lange theory of emotion holds that:
A. We laugh because we feel happy.
B. Brain activity produces both emotional experience and physiological changes in our body.
C. We cry because we feel sad.
D. We experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body.

Back 112

d. we experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body

Front 113

What are emotions?
A. Feelings such as love, hate, disgust, joy, shame, envy, guilt, fear, and anxiety.
B. Conscious experience resulting from activity in the pons.
C. Conscious experience resulting from activity in the frontal lobe of neocortex.
D. Experiences we consciously attach to logical thoughts.

Back 113

a. feelings such as love, hate, disgust, joy, shame, envy, guilt, fear, and anxiety

Front 114

After much of the frontal cortex of his brain was destroyed, Phineas Gage:
A. Changed his gender identity and had a sex change operation
B. Had massive decision-making impairments, which led to his enrollment in graduate school.
C. Had few changes to his personality, but became a very astute, almost greedy businessman.
D. Had much less change to his intellectual abilities than to his personality.

Back 114

d. had much less change to his intellectual abilities than to his personality

Front 115

Which of the following is strong evidence linking the amygdala with fear?
A. Monkeys with bilateral amygdalectomy show sham rage.
B. Bilateral amygdalectomy in profoundly reduces fear and aggression.
C. Monkeys with bilateral amygdalectomy have diminished visual perception but poor visual recognition.
D. Animals with the Klüver-Bucy syndrome exhibit flattened emotions

Back 115

b. bilateral amygdalectomy in profoundly reduces fear and aggression