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752 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why are neural stem cells important?
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bc they have the potential to become either a neuron or a glial cells
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NAME
these have the potential to become either a neuron or glial cells |
neural stem cells
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What are neural stem cells?
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have the potential to become either a neuron or glial cells
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What are some properties of stem cells? (3)
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(1)they have potential to become either a neuron or glial cell (2)self renew (3)populate developing and degenerating reactions of the CNS
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What is the plurie potential?
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is the ability of cells to become anything they want
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NAME
this is the ability of cells to become anything they want |
plurie potential
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What is the deciding factor in what a stem cells becomes?
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the needs and demands of the NS tissue
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you can harvest stems from (1)
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embyros
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What is the big controivesity over stem cell reserach?
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stems cells can be harvests from embyros and you have to kill the fetus to get the stem cells (2)some people believe that this is murder
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It is easier to harvest stem cells in (1)
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china
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stem cells are a possible solution to (1)
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progressive demyelinating diseses
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NAME
these are possible solutions to progressive demyelinating diseases |
stem cells
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What is example of progressive dymeylinating disease? (2)
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MS and GB syndrome
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MS is a example of a (1)disease
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progressive dymeylinating disease
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What are Gila cells?
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are supporting cells that provide nutrients and remove cell debris
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what are glial cells?
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are supporting cells that provide neurons w nutrients and remove cell debris
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NAME
these are supporting cells that provide neurons w nutrients and remove cell debris |
glial cells
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What are (2)types of glial cells?
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(1)macrogila (2)microgila
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NAME
there are two types of these cells: marcogila and microgila |
glial cells
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What are some types of macrogila? (3)
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(1)astrocytes (2)oligodendrocytes (3)schwann cells
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NAME
there are (3)types of these cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and schwann cells |
marcogila
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What are the functions of astrocytes (3)?
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(1)are star shaped cells that make connections btwn capillaries (2)regulates the neurons diet (3)maintain the BBB
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NAME
these are star shaped cells that make connections btwn capillaries and neurons,regulates the neuron's diet, and maintian the BBB |
astrocytes
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What are do astrocytes look like?
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they are star shaped
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Astrocytes make connnections btwn (1)and (2)
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capillaries and neurons
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(1)is found in capillaries
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O2
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What is hemoglobin?
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transports O2
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NAME
these transports O2 |
hemoglobin
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red blood cells transport (1)
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O2
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What is the major nutrient of the cell?
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glucose
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NAME
this is the major nutrient of the cell |
glucose
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When the body it out of glucose, it uses (1)then for (2)energy
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(1)body ketone bodies (2)protien and fat
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What is the difference btwn oligodendroycytes and schwann cells?
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(1)oligodendrocytes found in the CNS (2)schwann cells found in the PNS (3)all produce mylein
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What are oliogdendrocytes?
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are found in the CNS and produce mylein
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NAME
these are found in the CNS and produce mylein |
oligodendrocytes
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What are Schwann cells?
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are found in the PNS and produce mylein
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NAMe
these are found in the pNS and produce mylein |
Schwann cells
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What are marcogilla?
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are phagocytic and eat debris
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NAME
these are phagocytic and eat debris |
marcogilla
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What is myelin like in the CNS?
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each myelin has a axon w multiple oligodendrocytes covering a single axons (2)each one has gap called the node of Ranvier
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NAME SYSTEM
each myelin has a axon w multiple oligodendrocytes covering a single axon and bc of this you have gaps called the node of Ranvier |
CNS
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What is myelin like in the PNS?
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myelin can have a single schwann cells covering multiple axons
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NAME SYSTEM
myelin can have a single Schwann cells covering multiple axons |
PNS
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What is the difference btwn myelin in the CNS and PNS? (2)
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(1)CNS=myelin has an axon w multiple oligodendrocytes covering a single axon and has node of Ranvier (2)PNS=myelin cna have one single Schwann cells covering multiple axons
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What is the difference btwn myelin in the CNS and PNS? (2)
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(1)CNS=myelin has an axon w multiple oligodendrocytes covering a single axon and has node of Ranvier (2)PNS=myelin cna have one single Schwann cells covering multiple axons
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What are nodes of Ranvier?
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are gaps btwn the oligodenrycotes in the CNS
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NAME
these are gaps btwn the oligodendrocytes in the CNS |
nodes of Ranvier
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What is the Guillain-Barre syndrome?
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is a demyelinating process of Schwann cells
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NAME
this is a demyelinating process of Schwann cells |
Guillan-Barre syndrome
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NAME
this is the most form of peripheral neuropthy |
Guillian Barre syndrom
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What is the most common of form of periphral neuropathy?
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Guillan-Barre syndrome
|
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Guillan Barre syndrome is the most common form of (1)
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periphral neuropthy
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What is periphral neuropthy?
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is the lack of nerve supply to the extermeties
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NAME
this is the lack of nerve supply to the extermeties |
periphral neuropthy
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NAME
you can get this from advance diabetes |
peripheral neuropathy
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peripheral neuropathy can result from (1)
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advance diabtes
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Diabetes results in (1)and (2)
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poor circulation and nerve supply in the feet
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Describe some other things about diabetes that people should be aware of ?
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(1)results in poor circulation and nerve supply to the feet
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NAME
this results in poor circulation and nerve supply to the feet |
diabetes
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People w diabtes can easily (1)and not know it.
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injury their feet
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Why do people w diabtes need to inspect their feet regularly? (2)
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bc people have poor circulation and nerve supply in their feet. they can cut/injury their feet and not be aware of it. (2)this increases their risk of infections which can lead to gan greene
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GB syndrome is an (1)
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autoimmune syndrome
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What are the symptoms of GB syndrome?
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see sudden onset of symptoms (2)see a lack of motor control, weakness, paralysis, and sensory loss
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NAME
this has suddent onset of smyptoms such as lack of mtor control, weakness, paralysis, and sensory loss |
GB syndrome
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GB syndrome is usally happens after a (1)
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cold or flu when the body is weakneded
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NAME
this usally happens after a flu or cold when the body is weakened after a infection |
GB syndrome
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peripheral nerves goes to (1)
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extermeties
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(1)go to the extermeties
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Peripheral nerves
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Who does GB syndrome affect?
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young people but has no preferenace for sex and age
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Can you recover from GB syndrome?
|
yes
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T or F
you can recover from GB syndrome |
true
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Why can people recover from GB syndrome?
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bc it affects the periphral nerve which can regenerate
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T or F
some people do die from GB syndrome |
true
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What group of people does MS usually attack?
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women around 35 in the Northern part of the country
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NAME
this usually attacks women around 35 in the Northern part of the country |
MS
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What does MS stand for?
|
multiple sclerosis
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what is MS?
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is a demyelinated process of the CNS
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NAME
this is a demyelinated process of CNS |
MS
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What is the differ btwn the GB syndrome and MS?
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(1)GB syndrome is a demyelinated process of the schwann cells (2)MS=is a deymelinating process of the CNS
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What part of the CNS does MS affect?
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the ventral horns and cartiospinal tract of the spinal cord
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NAME
this affects the ventral horns and cartiospinal tract of hte spinal cord |
MS
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MS affects the (1)and (2)of the CNS
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(1)ventral horns and cartospinal tract
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MS has periods of (1)
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remission
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What are the symtpoms of MS like? (3)
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mostly motor deficits(2)its progressive (3)has periods of relapse and remission
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NAME
this is progressive, has periods of relapse and remission and symptoms are mostly motor deficits |
MS
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What is one of the biggest problems w that people w MS suffer from?(2)
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they muscles get spastic or hypertonic (2)ex;try to extend the elbow and it goes back
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What is petrograde mean?
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is anything that is recycleable
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NAME
this is anything that can be recycled |
petrograde
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the terminal stays the same bc (1)
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excess waste gets recycled
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What is the nucleus of the a neuron like?
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it is the center to the neuron that genetic info (2)however, the genetic info does not replicate
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NAME
this is the center of the neuron that contians gentic info. however, the gentic info is not replicated |
nucleus
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T or F
in the CNS, the neuclues of an neuron contians gentic info that is regenerated |
false
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What is the ER?
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synthesis protien
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NAME
this synthesis protien |
ER
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What are (2)types of ER?
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smooth and rough
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NAME
there are two types of ER:smooth and rough |
ER
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Where are ribosomes found?
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in the rough ER
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NAME
these are found in the rough ER |
ribosomes
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What is the smooth ER?
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synthesis and stores of lipids and detoxifies
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NAME
this synthesis and stores lipids and detoxifies |
smooth Er
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What is the differ btwn smooth and rough ER? (2)
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rough=ribosomes are found here (2)smooth-synthesis and stores lipids and detoxifies
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What is the Golgi Appartus?
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packs and modies vesscles from rough ER to be transported
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NAME
this packs and modifies vesscles from rough ER to be transported |
golgi apparatus
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What is the mitochondria?
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is the powerhouse of the cell
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NAME
this is the powerhouse of the cell |
mitcochondria
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NAME
cellular repsiration occurs here |
mitochondria
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Where does cellular respiration occur?
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mitochondria
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(1)occurs in the mitochondria
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cellular respiration
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ER is also called (1)
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Nissl substance or Nissl bodies
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(1)is also called the Nissl substance or Nissl bodies
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ER
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What is the soma?
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is the body of the neuron
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NAME
this is the body of the neuron |
soma
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What is a dendrities?
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are the input of the cell
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NAME
this is the input of the cell |
dendrites
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What is the axon?
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is output of cell that conducts nerve impulses
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NAME
this is the output of the cell that conducts nerve impulses |
axon
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What is the differ btwn an dendrites and axon?
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(1)dendrites=is the input of the cell (2)axon=output of cell that conducts nerve impulses
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What is the presynaptic terminal?
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is the distal end of the axon
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NAME
this is the distal end of the axon |
presynaptic terminal
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What is retrograde?
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is the transportation from the terminal to the soma
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NAME
this transportion from the terminal to the soma |
retrograde
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WHat is anterograde transport?
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is transportion from the soma to the terminal
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NAME
this transportation from the soma to the terminal |
anterograde
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What is the differ btwn retrograde and anterograde?
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(1)retrograde=is the transportation from the terminal to the soma (2)anterograde= is the transportation from the soma to the terminal
|
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Which transportation is used the most, retrograde or anterograde?
|
anterograde
|
|
Which transportation is used the most, retrograde or anterograde?
|
anterograde
|
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How are neurons classifed according to shape? (2)
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(1)bipolar (2)multipolar (3)pseudonipolar cells
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NAME
there are two types of these: bipolar and multipolar |
neurons
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What are some examples of bipolar neurons?
|
neurons of the retina
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NAME
a example of this are the neurons of the retina |
bipolar neurons
|
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What are bipolar neurons?
|
they have an axon and dendrite emerging from opposite ends
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NAME
they have an axon and dendrite emerging from opposite ends |
bipolar neurons
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What is convergence?
|
is observed when mulitple neurons make connections w one neuron
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|
NAME
this is observed when multiple neurons make connections w one neuron |
convergence
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What is divergence?
|
is when one neuron makes connections w multiple neurons
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NAME
this is when one neuron makes connections w multiple neurons |
divergance
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What is the difference btwn convergence and divergence? (2)
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(1)convergence=is observed when multiple neurons make connections w one neuron (2)divergence=is when one neuron makes connections w multiple neurons
|
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What are some ways info is transmitted in the NS? (4)
|
(1)non-gated (2)modality gated (3)ligand-gated (4)voltage gated
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What are some ways info is transmitted in the NS? (4)
|
(1)non-gated (2)modality gated (3)ligand-gated (4)voltage gated
|
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What are pseudounipolar neurons?
|
have both an axon and dendrite coming from a common stem
|
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NAME
these have both an axon and dendrite coming from a common stem |
pseudunipolar neuron
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What is a multipolar neuron?
|
have a big cell w 1 axon and multiple dendrites
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NAME
this has a big cell 1 axon and multiple dendrites |
multipolar neuron
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What is the differ btwn the different types of neurons classifed by shape? (3)
|
(1)bipolar=has an axon and dendrite emerging from opposite ends (2)pseudounipolar cell=have both an axon and dendrite comming from one common stem (3)multipolar=have a big cell w 1 axon and multiple dendrites
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give an example of a pseudounipolar neuron?
|
found in the dorsal root ganglion
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NAME
these are found in the dorsal roote ganglion |
pseudounipolar neuron
|
|
Describe a non-gated channel
|
(1)have a protein that acts as a channel in cell membrane (2)open at all times (3)ions can freely pass in and out of the cell
|
|
neurons transmit info through (1)
|
channels
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NAME
this channel has protiens that acts as channel in cell membranes, open at all times, and ions can freely pass in and out of the cell |
non-gated channel
|
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What are modality gated channels?(3)
|
(1)are more selective (2)open and close depending on stimulation such as stretch, touch, pressure, temperature (heat and cold), or chemicals (3)ions are going through channels
|
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NAME
these are more selective, open and close depending on stimulation such as stretch, touch, pressure, temperature,(heat and cold) or chemicals and ions are going through channels |
modality gated channels
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What are ligand gated channels?
|
has a molecule that binds to the channel to open or close it to allow ions out or in
|
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NAME
this has molecule that binds to the channel to open or close it to allow ions out or in |
ligand gated channels
|
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What is a voltage gated channel?
|
the difference in electric currents makes the channel open or close
|
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NAME
the difference in electric currents makes this channel open or close |
voltage gated channel
|
|
What is the resting membrane potential?
|
is the cell's electrical potential across the cell membrane
|
|
NAME
this is the cell's electrical potential across the cell membrane |
resting membrane potential
|
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What is the average resting membrane potential?
|
70 m volts
|
|
the average resting membrane potential is (1)
|
70 m volts
|
|
Describe the charge of the cell
|
the cell is more negative on the inside than on the ouside
|
|
T or F
the cell is more postive on the inside than on the outside |
false
|
|
the cell is more (1)than on the inside than on the outside
|
negative
|
|
What is depolarization?
|
is when the cell goes from a negative charge to a postive charge
|
|
NAME
this is when the cell goes from negative charge to a positive charge |
depolarization
|
|
When depolarization occurs then (1)
|
an action potential is generated
|
|
NAME
when this occurs an action potential is generated |
depolarization
|
|
What happens during depolorazation? how does the resting membrane potential change?
|
Na+ channels open and Na moves into the cell...thus making the inside of the cell more negative than the outside
|
|
what is local potential?
|
is when the action potenital is generated in a small part of the cell
|
|
NAME
this is when the action potential is generated in a small part of the cell |
local potential
|
|
What happens during repolarization?
|
K+ already in the cell moves outside of it...thus makng the cell more negative (returning it to normal)
|
|
NAME
when this happens N+ moves inside the cell |
depolarization
|
|
NAME
when this happens K+ moves outside of the cell |
repolarization
|
|
you can need (1)to generate a action potential that passes the thershold
|
multiple action potential
|
|
What is temporal summation?
|
is the summed up/affects of all the series of depolarization
|
|
NAME
this is the summed up/effects of all the series of depolarization |
temporal summation
|
|
the affect of (1)is more drastic than one action potential
|
temproal summation
|
|
What does the NMJ stand for?
|
neuromuscular junction
|
|
What is the NMJ?
|
is a connection btwn the brain and TMJ
|
|
NAME
this is a connection btwn the brain and TMJ |
NMJ
|
|
What are (3)componets of the chemical synapse?
|
(1)presynaptic membrane (2)postsynpatic membrane (3)synaptic cleft
|
|
NAME
this has three components: presynpatic membrane, postsynpatic membrane, and synpatic cleft |
components of the chemical synapse
|
|
What are (2) nerve cells in the chain of transmiting the chemical synapse?
|
presynaptic (2)postsynpatic cell
|
|
What is the presynaptic neuron?
|
is recieving the info in the chemical synapse
|
|
NAME
this is recieving the info in the chemical synapse |
presynaptic neuron
|
|
What is the postsynaptic cell?
|
is sending the info in the chemical synapse
|
|
NAME
this is the sending the info in the chemical synapse |
postsynaptic cell
|
|
What is the differ btwn the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell?
|
(1)presynaptic inf0-receiving info (2)postsynpatic-sends info
|
|
What does EPSP stand for?
|
Exhibitory post synaptic potential
|
|
What is the EPSP?
|
when the released nt will depolarize the post synaptic cell-- making the cell more negative
|
|
NAME
this is when the released nt will depolarize the post synaptic cell--making the cell more negative |
EPSP
|
|
What does IPSP?
|
inhibitory post synaptic potential
|
|
WHat is the IPSPs?
|
when nt being released will hyperpolarize the post synaptic cell
|
|
NAME
this is when the nt being released will hyperpolarize the post synpatic cell |
IPSP
|
|
What is the differ btwn the EPSP and IPSP?
|
(1)EPSP=is when the released nt will depolarize the post synaptic cell (2)IPSP=is when the released nt will hyperpolarize the post synaptic cell
|
|
What is presynaptic facilitation?
|
is the partial release of excitatory nt
|
|
NAME
this is the partial release of exictatory nt |
presynaptic facilitation
|
|
What is presynaptic inhibition?
|
think i for inhibitory effect
is the partial release of a inhibitory nt |
|
NAME
this is the partial release of a inhibitory nt |
presynaptic inhibition
|
|
What is the differ btwn presynaptic inhibition and presynpatic facilitation/
|
(1)presynaptic inhibition=is the partial relase of inhibitory nt (2)presynaptic faciliation= is the partial release of exictatory nt
|
|
Neurotransmitters are also called (1)
|
neuromodulators
|
|
(1)are also called neuromodulators
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
WHat is the synapse?
|
space btwn two neurons
|
|
NAME
this is the space btwn two neurons |
synapse
|
|
What are receptors?
|
is a protein on the surface of or w/in a cell that binds w a specific molecule
|
|
NAME
this is a protein on the surface or w/in the cell that bind a specfic molecule |
receptors
|
|
Where are receptors located?
|
all over the body
|
|
WHat are agonist?
|
is a substance that fits into receptor and exerts an effect
|
|
NAME
this is a substance that fits into a receptor and exerts an effect |
agonist
|
|
What is antagonist?
|
is a substance that fits into the receptor and prevents the agonist from binding
|
|
NAME
this is a substance that fits into the receptor and prevents the agonist from binding |
antagonist
|
|
What is the differ btwn the agonist and the antagonist in receptor actions?
|
(1)agonist=is a substance that fits into a receptor and exerts an effect (2)antagonist=is a substance that fits into the receptor and prevents the agonist from binding
|
|
Describe actions at the chemical synapse? (5)
|
(1)nt synthesized and stored in vescles (2)action potential goes down axon of neuron to axon terminal (depolarzing the nerve's plasma membrane) (3)synaptic vescles containing nt fuse to axon membrane (4)nt is released into synapse (5)nt binds to postsynaptic receptor exerting an effect (either exictory or inhibitory) on the postsynaptic cell
|
|
Describe actions at the chemical synapse? (5)
|
(1)nt synthesized and stored in vescles (2)action potential goes down axon of neuron to axon terminal (depolarzing the nerve's plasma membrane) (3)synaptic vescles containing nt fuse to axon membrane (4)nt is released into synapse (5)nt binds to postsynaptic receptor exerting an effect (either exictory or inhibitory) on the postsynaptic cell
|
|
Describe actions at the chemical synapse? (5)
|
(1)nt synthesized and stored in vescles (2)action potential goes down axon of neuron to axon terminal (depolarzing the nerve's plasma membrane) (3)synaptic vescles containing nt fuse to axon membrane (4)nt is released into synapse (5)nt binds to postsynaptic receptor exerting an effect (either exictory or inhibitory) on the postsynaptic cell
|
|
What is the vesicles?
|
is where nt are synthesized and stored
|
|
NAME
this is where nt are synthesized and stored |
vesicles
|
|
action potential goes down the (1)of the neuron to the (2)
|
(1)axon (2)axon terminal
|
|
nt binds to the postsynaptic receptor exerting either a (1)or (2)
|
excitatory or inhibitory
|
|
How do you stop the chemical synapse? (3)
|
(1)reuptake of nt into the presynaptic cell (2)enzymes break down nts (3)diffusion of nt
|
|
How do you stop the chemical synapse? (3)
|
(1)reuptake of nt into the presynaptic cell (2)enzymes break down nts (3)diffusion of nt
|
|
What causes the vesciles to release nt from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse?
|
electrical signal
|
|
NAME
this causes the vesicles to release nt from the presynaptic neuron into the synpase |
electrical signals
|
|
electrical signals causes the vesicles to release nt from the presynaptic neuron into the (1)
|
synapse
|
|
How can drugs modify nerve impulses? (4)
|
1. Affect synthesis of neurotransmitter
2. Affect release of neurotransmitter 3. Affect binding of nt with receptors on postsynaptic membrane by binding with receptors or blocking receptors 4. Affect termination by either destroying enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters or by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters |
|
How can drugs modify nerve impulses? (4)
|
1. Affect synthesis of neurotransmitter
2. Affect release of neurotransmitter 3. Affect binding of nt with receptors on postsynaptic membrane by binding with receptors or blocking receptors 4. Affect termination by either destroying enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters or by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters |
|
What are nt?
|
is any chemical substance that binds to a receptor located in a neuron or muscle fiber that will elicit a excitatory or inhibitory
|
|
NAME
is any chemical substance that binds to a receptor located in a neuron or muscle fiber that will elicit a excitatory or inhibitory |
nt
|
|
How many nt are there?
|
hundreds
|
|
NAME
this causes the vesicles to release nt from the presynaptic neuron into the synpase |
electrical signals
|
|
What is Ach?
|
elicts a excitatory effect that starts the contraction of muscles fibers
|
|
electrical signals causes the vesicles to release nt from the presynaptic neuron into the (1)
|
synapse
|
|
NAME
this nt elicts a excitatory effect that starts the contraction of muscle fibers |
Ach
|
|
How can drugs modify nerve impulses? (4)
|
1. Affect synthesis of neurotransmitter
2. Affect release of neurotransmitter 3. Affect binding of nt with receptors on postsynaptic membrane by binding with receptors or blocking receptors 4. Affect termination by either destroying enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters or by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters |
|
How can drugs modify nerve impulses? (4)
|
1. Affect synthesis of neurotransmitter
2. Affect release of neurotransmitter 3. Affect binding of nt with receptors on postsynaptic membrane by binding with receptors or blocking receptors 4. Affect termination by either destroying enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters or by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters |
|
Where can you find Ach?
|
in the neuromuscluar junction
|
|
What are nt?
|
is any chemical substance that binds to a receptor located in a neuron or muscle fiber that will elicit a excitatory or inhibitory
|
|
NAME
you find this nt in the NMJ |
Ach
|
|
NAME
is any chemical substance that binds to a receptor located in a neuron or muscle fiber that will elicit a excitatory or inhibitory |
nt
|
|
How many nt are there?
|
hundreds
|
|
What happens if the NMJ is damaged?
|
the patient will expereince partial loss of movement or paralysis bc Ach is found there
|
|
What is Ach?
|
elicts a excitatory effect that starts the contraction of muscles fibers
|
|
NAME
if this is damaged then the patient will experience partial loss of movement or paralysis |
NMJ
|
|
NAME
this nt elicts a excitatory effect that starts the contraction of muscle fibers |
Ach
|
|
What is curae? (5)
|
comes from a plant in the Amazon (2)the indians put it on the arrows (3)it has a strong infinity to receptors for Ach...therefore, Ach cannot bind (4)the person becomes paralized (5)eventually, stops the muscle respiration and the person
|
|
Where can you find Ach?
|
in the neuromuscluar junction
|
|
What is curae? (5)
|
comes from a plant in the Amazon (2)the indians put it on the arrows (3)it has a strong infinity to receptors for Ach...therefore, Ach cannot bind (4)the person becomes paralized (5)eventually, stops the muscle respiration and the person
|
|
NAME
you find this nt in the NMJ |
Ach
|
|
What happens if the NMJ is damaged?
|
the patient will expereince partial loss of movement or paralysis bc Ach is found there
|
|
NAME
if this is damaged then the patient will experience partial loss of movement or paralysis |
NMJ
|
|
What is curae? (5)
|
comes from a plant in the Amazon (2)the indians put it on the arrows (3)it has a strong infinity to receptors for Ach...therefore, Ach cannot bind (4)the person becomes paralized (5)eventually, stops the muscle respiration and the person
|
|
What is curae? (5)
|
comes from a plant in the Amazon (2)the indians put it on the arrows (3)it has a strong infinity to receptors for Ach...therefore, Ach cannot bind (4)the person becomes paralized (5)eventually, stops the muscle respiration and the person
|
|
What are some of the different types of nt? (6)
|
(1)amino acids (2)amines (3)peptides (4)nitric oxide (5)receptors (6)neuromuscular junction
|
|
What does nt stand for?
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
NAME
there are 6 types of these: amino acids, amines, peptides, nitric oxide, receptors, and neuromuscular junction |
nt
|
|
What are the some examples of nts that are amino acids? (4)
|
(1)Glutamate (2)Aspartate (3)glycine (4)GABA
|
|
NAME
some examples of these type of nt include Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and GABA |
amino acids
|
|
What are some examples of nts that are amines? (3)
|
(1)dopamine (2)noreinephrine (3)serotonin
|
|
NAME
some examples of this type of nt include dopamine, noreinephrine, and serotonin |
amines
|
|
What are some examples of nts that are peptides? (2)
|
(1)substance P (2)endogenous opiods
|
|
NAME
some examples of these types of nts include substance P and endogenous opiods |
peptides
|
|
What are some examples of nts that are nitric oxides?
|
viagra
|
|
NAME
an example of this type of nt is viagra |
nitric oxide
|
|
What are some examples of nt that are receptors? (4)
|
(1)ligand-gated channels (2)G-protein mediated receptors (3)agonist (4)antagonists
|
|
NAME
some examples of this type of nt include ligand-gated channels, G-protien mediated receptors, agonist, and antagonists |
receptors
|
|
How do muscle fibers contract? describe this process
|
Ach starts the reaction by contracting muscle fibers
|
|
NAME
this nt starts the contraction of muscle fibers |
Ach
|
|
What does ACh stand for?
|
acetylcholine
|
|
if you have no contact w (1)then there is no contraction of the muscle
|
ACh
|
|
What are amino acids?
|
are the building blocks of protients
|
|
NAME
these are the building blocks of protiens |
amino acids
|
|
How many amino acids are there?
|
20
|
|
How many amino acids are essential?
|
8
|
|
there nts that are (1)that are amino acids
|
4
|
|
(1)amino acids are nts
|
4
|
|
(1)amino acids are essential
|
8
|
|
There are (1)amino acids
|
20
|
|
What is Glu stand for?
|
glutatmate
|
|
What does Gly stand for?
|
glycine
|
|
What does GABA stand for?
|
gamma-ammino-butryric acid
|
|
What is Glu?
|
is a major excitary nt found all over the CNS
|
|
NAME
this is a exictary nt found in all over the CNS |
Glu
|
|
What is Gly?
|
is one of the most basic inhibitory nt found in the spinal cord
|
|
NAME
this is one the most basic inhibitory nt found in the spinal cord |
Gly
|
|
What is GABA?
|
is a inhibitory nt found mostly in the brain stem and brain
|
|
NAME
this is a inhibitory nt found mostly in the brain and brain stem |
GABA
|
|
Compare and contrast the differ types of nts that are amino acids (3)
|
(1)Glu=is a major excitary nt found all over the CNS (2)Gly=is one of the most basic inhibitory nt found in the spinal cord (3)GABA=is a inhibitorty nt found mostly in the brain and brain stem
|
|
What does DA stand for?
|
dopamine
|
|
Compare and contrast the differ types of nts that are amino acids (3)
|
(1)Glu=is a major excitary nt found all over the CNS (2)Gly=is one of the most basic inhibitory nt found in the spinal cord (3)GABA=is a inhibitorty nt found mostly in the brain and brain stem
|
|
Compare and contrast the differ types of nts that are amino acids (3)
|
(1)Glu=is a major excitary nt found all over the CNS (2)Gly=is one of the most basic inhibitory nt found in the spinal cord (3)GABA=is a inhibitorty nt found mostly in the brain and brain stem
|
|
What is tyrosine?
|
nt that becomes DA, noreinephrine and serotonin
|
|
NAME
this nt that becomes norenephrine, and serotonin and DA |
tyrosine
|
|
What does tyrosine become? (3)
|
(1)DA (2)noreinephrine (3)serotonin
|
|
How does cocaine affect the brain?
|
removes the DA from the binding sites
|
|
NAME
if you do this it will remove the DA from the binding sites |
cocaine
|
|
NAME
DA, noreinephrine, and serotonin are all syntheized from this |
tyrosine
|
|
Where is DA found?
|
in the midbrain and basal ganglia
|
|
Where is GLu found?
|
all over the CNS
|
|
Where is Gly found?
|
spinal cord
|
|
Where is GABA found?
|
the brain and brain stem
|
|
NAME
this disease has been linked to a deficiency in DA |
Parkinsons disease
|
|
Parkinsons disease has been linked to (1)
|
a deficiency in DA
|
|
What is DA?
|
related to faciliation of movement and plays important role in coginition
|
|
NAME
this is related to faciliation of movement and plays an important role in coginition |
DA
|
|
What are (3)characteristics of Parkinsons disease?
|
(1)resting tremor (2)inability to initiate movement (3)cogwheel rigidity
|
|
NAME
this has three characeristics: resting tremor, inability to intitate movement, and cogwheel regidity |
Parkinson disease
|
|
What is cogwheel rigidity?
|
is deconstruction of movement (all choppy)
|
|
NAMe
this refers to the deconstruction movement (all choppy) |
cogwheel rigidity
|
|
Why cannot people be given DA who have Parkinson's disease?
|
DA cannot cross the BBB
|
|
People who have parksinon disease may be given (1)
|
L-DOPA
|
|
L-DOPA may be given to people who have (1)
|
Parkinsons disease
|
|
What is one catch 22 of L-DOPA? (2)
|
only small amount gets to brain (2)affects are min
|
|
How do amphetamines affect the brain?
|
increase DA uptake and block release
|
|
NAME
this affects the brain by increases DA uptake and blocking relase |
apmphetamines
|
|
Where is noreinephrine found?
|
mostly found in the ANS
|
|
What is noreinephrine?
|
nt mostly found in the ANS that activates sympathic NS
|
|
NAME
this nt acitivates the sympathic NS |
noerinephrine
|
|
NAME
this drug blocks the reuptake of Serationin |
prozac
|
|
How does Prozac work?
|
drug blocks the reuptake of Serotnin
|
|
What are some of the effects of noneinephrine? (4)
|
(1)increases the bronchi diamter so you can breath better (2)increase the blood flow to the extermeties (3)dilation of pupils (4)increase heart rate and blood pressure
|
|
What are some of the effects of serotonin? (4)
|
(1)increases the bronchi diamter so you can breath better (2)increase the blood flow to the extermeties (3)dilation of pupils (4)increase heart rate and blood pressure
|
|
What are some of the effects of nonephrine? (4)
|
(1)increases the bronchi diamter so you can breath better (2)increase the blood flow to the extermeties (3)dilation of pupils (4)increase heart rate and blood pressure
|
|
NAME
some of the effects of this nt include increase in bronchi diamter so you breath better, increase in blood flow to the extermeties, dilation of pupils, and increase in heart rate and blood pressure |
noreinephrine
|
|
What is Serotonin?
|
is the feel good nt that affects mood and in the CNS, prepares you for sleep,
|
|
NAME
this is the feel good nt that affects your mood and in the CNS, prepares you for sleep |
serotonin
|
|
What are some things people who have decreased amounts of Serotonin might experience? (3)
|
(1)lack of sleep (2)depression (3)sucidal
|
|
What are peptides?
|
are long chains of amino acids that serve moslty as modulators
|
|
NAME
these are long chains of amino acids that serve mostly as modulators |
peptides
|
|
What is substance P?
|
nt that when released causes pain
|
|
NAME
this is a nt that when released that causes pain |
substance P
|
|
After cell injury, the nt (1)is released
|
substance P
|
|
Substance P initiates the (1)
|
pain pathway
|
|
Describe the path fibers and how substance P works (3)
|
(1)substance P initiate the pain pathway (2)afferent fibers reach spinal cord asced to sensory cortex (3)when fibers reach the sensory cortex you know that you are in pain
|
|
Describe the path fibers and how substance P works (3)
|
(1)substance P initiate the pain pathway (2)afferent fibers reach spinal cord asced to sensory cortex (3)when fibers reach the sensory cortex you know that you are in pain
|
|
What is endogenous opids?
|
nt created by the body that acts like morphine to relieve pain
|
|
NAME
this is a nt created by the body that acts like morphine to relieve pain |
endogenous opids
|
|
NAME
this nt can give you a runners high |
endogenous opids
|
|
endogenous can give a (1)
|
runner high
|
|
T or F
you body cannot create endogenous opids |
false
|
|
What does endogenous mean?
|
latin for body produce
|
|
NAME
this means the body produces |
endogenous
|
|
What is nitric oxide?
|
is a minor nt that affects the cardiovascular system by promoting dilation of vessels
|
|
NAME
this is a minor nt that affects the cardiovascular system by promoting dilation of vessels |
nitric oxide
|
|
NAME
this nt promotes dilation of vessels |
nitric oxide
|
|
if you are blood medication should not be taken w (1)
|
viagra
|
|
What is ligand ?
|
is anything that is binds to receptors
|
|
NAME
this is anything that is binds to receptors |
ligand
|
|
What are ligand gated channels?
|
are ion channels that bind to that can cause ion channels to open
|
|
NAME
are ion channels that bind to that can cause ion channels to open |
ligand gated channels
|
|
What is the G protien?
|
iniates the 2nd messegner
|
|
NAME
this initiates the 2nd messenger |
G protien
|
|
What is a 2nd messegner?
|
is a subunit receptor that deattaches travels to the ion channel causing it to open
|
|
NAME
this is a subunit receptor that deattaches travels to the ion channel causing it to open |
2nd messenger
|
|
Draw a picture of the neuromuscular junction
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a picture of the neuromuscular junction
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a picture of the neuromuscular junction
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a picture of the neuromuscular junction
|
see notes
|
|
Describe the G-protein mediated receptors
|
the nt binds to the G protien then 2nd messenger causes the channel to open/or close
|
|
NAME
for this type of gate, the nt binds to the G protien 2nd messenger causes the channel to open/close |
G-protein mediated
|
|
What is MG disease?
|
is an autoimmune disease in which the person's anitbodies prevent binding of Ach to Ach receptors and thus preventing depolarization and the contraction of hte muscles
|
|
NAME
this is an autoimmune disease in which the person's anitbodies prevent binding of Ach to Ach receptors and thus preventing depolarization and the contraction of hte muscles |
MG
|
|
What does MG stand for?
|
myasthenia Gravis
|
|
nt are any chemical substances that binds a receptor located in a (1)or (2)
|
neuron or muscle fiber
|
|
nt are any chemical substances that binds a receptor located in a (1)or (2)
|
neuron or muscle fiber
|
|
Nodes of Ranvier are found in the (1)
|
CNS
|
|
What are some ways that sensory tracts protect against injury?
|
fast pain
|
|
What protects you against injury?
|
fast pain
|
|
What are some examples of somatosensation? (4)
|
(1)touch (2)procrioception (3)pain (4)temperature
|
|
NAME
examples of this include touch, propricoception, pain, and temperature |
somatosensation
|
|
touch, propricoception are all examples of (1)and (2)
|
somatosensation and modulaties
|
|
touch, propricoception are all examples of (1)and (2)
|
somatosensation and modulaties
|
|
What does ALS stand for?
|
anterlateral system (LOOK UP SPELLING)
|
|
What does the DCS transmit? (2)
|
touch (2)proprioception
|
|
NAME
this tract transmits touch and proprioception |
DCS
|
|
What does ALS transmit?
|
(1)touch (2)pain (3)temperature
|
|
NAME
this tract transmits touch, pain, and temperature |
ALS
|
|
What does the spinocerebellar tract transmit?
|
proprioception
|
|
NAME (2)
these tracts transmits proprioception |
(1)DCS (2)spinocerebellar
|
|
What tracts transmit pain?
|
AL system
|
|
What tract transmits touch? (2)
|
(1)AL system (2)dorsal column system
|
|
What tracts transmit proprioception? (2)
|
(1)dorsal column system (2)spinocerebeullar
|
|
What tracts transmit proprioception? (2)
|
(1)dorsal column system (2)spinocerebeullar
|
|
What is the difference in how proprioception is transmited in the DCS and the spinocerebeullar tract? (2)
|
(1)the spinocerebellar tract ends in cerebellum (2)LOOK UP IN BOOK ends in the post central gyrus in the cerebral cortex
|
|
the post central gyrus is also called the (1)
|
somatosensry cortex
|
|
(1)is also called the somatosensry cortex
|
post central gyrus
|
|
How would you do a quick screening of someone who has a problem w his or her right hand?
and what are you testing when you do this? (3) |
(1)have them close their eyes and differ parts of their body (2)for instance, you might have them ask to tell u what side (right or left) arm you touch (3)cogintion, light tough, prioception, dermatomes, and ascending tracts
|
|
When would you test for deramtomes?
|
if you suspect spinal cord injuries such as from a herniated dics
|
|
What are some ways to do complete sensory assessment? (8)
|
(1)tactile threshold (2)2-point discrimination (3)graphetestia (4)joint movement (5)vibration (6)sterognosis (7)sharp pain (8)temperature
|
|
What are some ways to do complete sensory assessment? (8)
|
(1)tactile threshold (2)2-point discrimination (3)graphetestia (4)joint movement (5)vibration (6)sterognosis (7)sharp pain (8)temperature
|
|
What is the tactile thershold assesment?
|
if when you do light touch test w the tipi of your fingers
|
|
NAME
this assesment is when you do a light touch test w the tip of your fingers |
tactile thershold
|
|
What is the 2 point discrimination test? (2)
|
for this test you ned at least 2 pointy structures to test for sharp pain (2)place the two objects on the person's skin and bring 2 objects closer until the person feels them as one object
|
|
NAME
this test tells you how close the 2 objects are before the patient feels them as one object |
2 point discrimination test
|
|
What is one safety hazard you should consider w the 2 point discrimination test?
|
that the sharp objects can pierce the skin....therefore, follow standard procedures
|
|
What does DCS stand for?
|
dorsal column system
|
|
What is graphestesia?
|
is the ability to know numbers and letters by mimicking the writing on the skin
|
|
NAME
this is the ability to know numbers and letters by mimicking the writing on the skin |
graphestesia
|
|
NAME
an example of this test is writing something on the person's hand and back and asking them what you wrote |
graphestestis
|
|
Give an example of how you would test graphestestia?
|
is writing something on the person's hand and back and asking what you wrote
|
|
What does graphestesia test for? (3)
|
(1)graphestesia (2)ligth touch and (3)priopection
|
|
What does the joint movement test for?
|
(1)cogintiion (2)prioception (3)what joint you are moving
|
|
What is the vibration test?
|
use a tuning fork and placing it on the patient skin
|
|
NAME
for this test you can use a tuning fork...placing it on the skin and testing to see if they feel the fork |
vibration test
|
|
What is the joint movement test?
|
this test involves having the patient close their eyes and ask theming what joint you are moving
|
|
NAME
this test involves having the patient close their eyes and asks them what joint you are moving |
joint movement test
|
|
How can you test for temperature?
|
use hot or cold
|
|
What is the best object to use for the 2 point discrimination test?
|
paper clips
|
|
What is the best way to test for temperature?
|
use cold instead of hot bc each person's pain tolerance is different
|
|
if you need a more advance test than the complete sensory assessments use the (1)or (2)tests
|
nerve conduction studies (2)somatosensory evoked potentials
|
|
What is stereognosis?
|
is the ability to know what holding in hand/w out seing it
|
|
NAME
this is the abiltiy to know what holding in hand w out seeing it |
stereognosis
|
|
what systems are you using when w stereognosis?
|
(1)ALS (2)DCS
|
|
What is the nerve conduction studies?
|
involves placing electrodes on skin following the path of the nerve. the electrodes send electric stimulation to the nerve and calculates the speed of the nerve conduction
|
|
NAME
this involves placing electrodes on skin following the path of the nerve. the electrodes send electric stimulation to the nerve and calculates the speed of the nerve conduction |
nerve conduction studies
|
|
When is nerve conduction studies usally used?
|
it is usally performed when their is a possibility of progressive neurological disorders
|
|
NAME
this test is usally performed when their is a possibility of progressive neurological disorders |
nerve conduction studies
|
|
WHat is the somatosensory evoked potential test?
|
does the same thing as the nerve conduction studies but has differ frequencies
|
|
NAME
this does the same thing as the nerve conduction studies but has differ frequencies |
somatosensory evoked potential test
|
|
What is paraestheisa?
|
is when a person has decreased or no sensory integration
|
|
NAME
this is when a person has decreased or no sesnory integration |
parasthesia
|
|
Give an example of paraesthesia? (3)
|
(1)fantom limb (2)diabtes (3)people who have surgury
|
|
People w fantom limb, diabtes, or people who have surgury may expereince this (1)
|
paresthesia
|
|
inflammation changes (1)
|
sensation
|
|
What is dysethia?
|
is an abnormal sensation after a normal stimulus
|
|
NAME
this an abnormal sensation after a noramal stimulation |
dysethia
|
|
What is the differ btwn paresthesia and dysethia? (2)
|
(1)paraesthesia= is the whe nthe person has decreased or no sensory integration (2)dysethia is an abnormal sesnation after a normal sesnation
|
|
What is the differ btwn paresthesia and dysethia? (2)
|
(1)paraesthesia= is the whe nthe person has decreased or no sensory integration (2)dysethia is an abnormal sesnation after a normal sesnation
|
|
What is the differ btwn paresthesia and dysethia? (2)
|
(1)paraesthesia= is the whe nthe person has decreased or no sensory integration (2)dysethia is an abnormal sesnation after a normal sesnation
|
|
What is allodynia?
|
is an increased pain followed to secondary to normal stimulation
|
|
NAME
this an increased pain followed to secondary to normal stimulation |
allodynia
|
|
Give an example of allodynia?
|
you have sunburn on your shoulder and when you put your shirt on it hurts. normalyl puting on your shirt would not hurt your shoulder
|
|
tissue damage and nerve damage can cause (1)
|
pain
|
|
What is hyperalgesia?
|
is when there is a decrease of the pain thereshold
|
|
NAME
this is when there is a decrease of the pain thereshold |
hyperalgesia
|
|
NAME
this is a subjective personal expereince |
pain
|
|
NAME
no one knows how much this hurts |
pain
|
|
Describe pain
|
is a subjective personal expereince that is differ for each person and no one knows how much it hurts
|
|
What is it important to document pain?
|
(1)bc some people have differ reasons for faking pain such as for insurance money, attention, or to be a drama queen
|
|
NAME
it is importatnt to document this |
pain
|
|
It is important to document (1)
|
pain
|
|
What is ataxia?
|
is incoordination or disorganized movments
|
|
NAME
this is incoordination or disorganized movemnts |
ataxia
|
|
What can ataxia result from?
|
anything but muscle weakness
|
|
NAME
this can result from anything but muscle weakness |
ataxia
|
|
Ataxia can results from anything but (1)
|
muscle weakness
|
|
What can ataxia result from?
|
anything but muscle weakness
|
|
T or F
ataxia can result from muscle weakness |
false
|
|
Most ataxic patients have a (1)problem affecting the (2)tract and (3)
|
cerebellum (2)spinocerebeullar (3)proprioception
|
|
NAME
most of these patients have a cerebeullum problem affecting the spinocerebeullar tract and proprioception |
ataxic patients
|
|
What do most patients w ataxia have a cerebellum problem?
|
bc the cerebellum coordinates movement
|
|
How do you test for ataxia?
|
the Romberg test
|
|
What is the Romberg test?
|
tests for ataxia
|
|
NAME
this tests for ataxia |
Romberg test
|
|
How would you perform the Romberg test?
|
you would have the person close his or her eyes, place the hands at their side, and put feet together and stay there......you can make it more challenging for them by having them raise a foot.
|
|
the most commom ataxia (1)
|
cerebeullar
|
|
NAME
this is the most common ataxia |
cerebullar ataxia
|
|
What senses do you for balance during the Romburg test? (3)
|
(1)vision (2)Propricetion (3)vestibular system
|
|
NAMe
this can results from a direct nerve injury or diabtes |
periphral neuorpathy
|
|
peripheral neuropathy can results from (1)or (2)
|
diabtes or nerve injury
|
|
What is Brown sequard syndrome?
|
is the hemisection of the spinal cord
|
|
NAME
this when there is a hemisection of the spinal cord |
Brown sequard syndrome
|
|
Whta does it mean to have a hemisection of the spinal cord?
|
it means that the patient has lost either the right or left side of their spinal cord
|
|
NAME
this means that the patient has lost either the right or left side of their spinal cord |
hemisection of the cord
|
|
Draw a pic and describe what it would be like if the patient
has a Brown Sequard syndrome at on the right side at C5 |
see notes
|
|
Draw a pic and describe what it would be like if the patient
has a Brown Sequard syndrome at on the right side at C5 |
see notes
|
|
Draw a pic and describe what it would be like if the patient
has a Brown Sequard syndrome at on the right side at C5 |
see notes
|
|
Draw a pic and describe what it would be like if the patient
has a Brown Sequard syndrome at on the right side at C5 include sensory deficits |
see notes
|
|
What are some sensory deficits you would see if the person had Brown Sequard syndrome at C5 (4)
|
AL System would be affected contralaterally below the site of the lesion
(2)affecting light touch, pain, and temperature (3)the DCS would be affected ipsilaterally below the site of the lesion (4)affecting proprioeception, light touch, and vibration |
|
What are some sensory deficits you would see if the person had Brown Sequard syndrome at C5 (4)
|
AL System would be affected contralaterally below the site of the lesion
(2)affecting light touch, pain, and temperature (3)the DCS would be affected ipsilaterally below the site of the lesion (4)affecting proprioeception, light touch, and vibration |
|
What are some sensory deficits you would see if the person had Brown Sequard syndrome at C5 (4)
|
AL System would be affected contralaterally below the site of the lesion
(2)affecting light touch, pain, and temperature (3)the DCS would be affected ipsilaterally below the site of the lesion (4)affecting proprioeception, light touch, and vibration |
|
Where is the brachial plexus start and end?
|
from C5-T1
|
|
NAME
this goes from C5-T1 |
brachial plexus
|
|
the brachial plexues goes from (1)to (2)
|
C5- to T1
|
|
the brachial plexues goes from (1)to (2)
|
C5- to T1
|
|
Draw a picture of a posterior lesion at C7 would look like be sure to include sensory defects
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a picture of a posterior lesion at C7 would look like be sure to include sensory defects
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a picture of a posterior lesion at C7 would look like be sure to include sensory defects
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a picture of a posterior lesion at C7 would look like be sure to include sensory defects
|
see notes
|
|
NAME
you can get this from the 3rd stage of syphillis or varicella zoster |
posterior column lesion
|
|
What can you get a posterior column lesion from ? (2)
|
(1)the 3rd stage of syphillis (2)varicella zoster
|
|
Varicella zoster is also called (1)
|
chicken pox
|
|
(1)is also called chicken pox
|
varicella zoster
|
|
What are some sensory defects you would expect if a person has a posterior colulmn lesion? (3)
|
affects the DCS (1)propricoception (2)light touch (3)vibration
|
|
What are some sensory defects you would expect if a person has a posterior colulmn lesion? (3)
|
affects the DCS(1)propricoception (2)light touch (3)vibration
|
|
What are some sensory defects you would expect if a person has a posterior colulmn lesion? (3)
|
affects the DCS(1)propricoception (2)light touch (3)vibration
|
|
What is a thalamic lesion?
|
is when the person's receptors and tracts are workint but the info is not being transmited to the cortex and there is a lack of proception of the sense receptors and tracts
|
|
NAME
this is when there is when the person's receptors and tracts are workint but the info is not being transmited to the cortex and there is a lack of proception of the sense receptors and tracts |
thalamic lesion
|
|
What is the differ btwn the an Brown- squard lesion, posterior column lesion, and the thalamic lesion? (3)
|
(1)Brown squard lesion- is when there is hemisection of the cord(2)posterior column lesion- the posterior side is damaged(3)thalamoic lesion-is when the person's receptors and tracts are workint but the info is not being transmited to the cortex and there is a lack of proception of the sense receptors and tracts
|
|
What is the differ btwn the an Brown- squard lesion, posterior column lesion, and the thalamic lesion? (3)
|
(1)Brown squard lesion- is when there is hemisection of the cord(2)posterior column lesion- the posterior side is damaged(3)thalamoic lesion-is when the person's receptors and tracts are workint but the info is not being transmited to the cortex and there is a lack of proception of the sense receptors and tracts
|
|
What is the differ btwn the an Brown- squard lesion, posterior column lesion, and the thalamic lesion? (3)
|
(1)Brown squard lesion- is when there is hemisection of the cord(2)posterior column lesion- the posterior side is damaged(3)thalamoic lesion-is when the person's receptors and tracts are workint but the info is not being transmited to the cortex and there is a lack of proception of the sense receptors and tracts
|
|
What defects would you expcet to see if a person has a thalamic lesion?
|
the same ones for the hemisection (1)light touch (2)pain (3)termpatures (4)propripcoception (5)light touch (6)vibration
|
|
if the person has a hemisection the (1)system is affected contralaterally below the site of the region
|
ALS
|
|
if the person has a hemisection, the ALS is affected (1)
|
contralaterally below the site of the region
|
|
If the person has a hemisection, the DCS is affected (1)
|
ipsilatarally below the site of the region
|
|
if the person has a hemisection, the (1)is affected ipsilaterally below the site of the region
|
DCS
|
|
What is the difference in how the ALS and the DCS is affected in a hemisection of the cord?(2)
|
(1)ALS-is affected contralaterally below the site of the regio n(2)DCS-is ffected ipsilaterally below the site of the region
|
|
What is the difference in how the ALS and the DCS is affected in a hemisection of the cord?(2)
|
(1)ALS-is affected contralaterally below the site of the regio n(2)DCS-is ffected ipsilaterally below the site of the region
|
|
What is the difference in how the ALS and the DCS is affected in a hemisection of the cord?(2)
|
(1)ALS-is affected contralaterally below the site of the regio n(2)DCS-is ffected ipsilaterally below the site of the region
|
|
Draw a pic and explain the gate theory of pain
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a pic and explain the gate theory of pain
|
see notes
|
|
What are some types of sensory syndromes? (2)
|
(1)paraesthesia (2)dysehteisa
|
|
NAME
this has two types: paraesthesia and dysetheisa |
sensory syndromes
|
|
What is paraethesia?
|
is the abscence or decrease in sensory intervation
|
|
NAME
this is the the sensory intervention is decreased or abscence |
paraethesia
|
|
Give an example of paraethesia? (3)
|
(1)fantom limb (2)diabtes (3)surgury
|
|
NAME
some examples of this include fantom limb, diabetes, and surgury |
paraethesia
|
|
inflammation can change (1)
|
sensation
|
|
What is dysethia?
|
is an abnormal sensation after a normal stimulus
|
|
NAME
this is an abnormal sensation after a normal stimulus |
dysethia
|
|
What is allodynia?
|
is an increased pain followed secondary to normal stimulation
|
|
NAME
this is an increased pain followed secondary to normal stimulation |
allodynia
|
|
Give an example of allodynia
|
when you have sunburn on your shoulder and hurts to put on your shirt
|
|
NAME
an example of this is when you have a sunburn on your shoulder and it hurts to put on ure shirt |
allodynia
|
|
(1)and (2)can cause pain
|
tissue and nerve damage
|
|
What is hyperalgesia?
|
is when there is a decrease in the pain thereshold
|
|
NAME
this is when there is a decrease in the pain thereshold |
hyperalglesia
|
|
What are (2)types of dysethesia?
|
(1)allodynia (2)hyperaglesia
|
|
NAME
there are two types of this allodynia and hyperaglesia |
dysethesia
|
|
What are symptoms of neuropathy? give symptoms in order that they appear (5)
|
(1)fallen asleep limb (2)cold (3)fast pain (4)heat (5)slow pain
|
|
What are symptoms of neuropathy? give symptoms in order that they appear (5)
|
(1)fallen asleep limb (2)cold (3)fast pain (4)heat (5)slow pain
|
|
What are symptoms of neuropathy? give symptoms in order that they appear (5)
|
(1)fallen asleep limb (2)cold (3)fast pain (4)heat (5)slow pain
|
|
NAME
the symptoms of this occur in the following order: (1)fallen asleep limb (2)cold (3)fast pain (4)heat (5)slow pain |
neuropathy
|
|
Pain is a (1)expereince
|
subjective
|
|
Describe pain for people (2)
|
(1)subjective (2)personal and know what knows what it feels like
|
|
What is ataxia?
|
is in coordination or disoraginzed movement
|
|
nAME
this is in coordination or disorganized movement |
ataxia
|
|
What is the gate theory of pain?
|
says that only one fiber can go through that gate at once--either the pain or touch fiber
|
|
NAME
this says taht only one fiber can go through the gate at once--either the pain or touch fiber |
gate theory of pain
|
|
the gate theory of pain says that only one fiber can through the gate at once--either the (1)or (2)fiber
|
(1)pain (2)touch
|
|
pain has (1)parts
|
cogintive
|
|
What are analgesic centers?
|
has the capacity to synthesize some endorphins for pain relieve
|
|
NAME
this has the capacity to synthesize some endoprhins for pain relieve |
analgesic centers
|
|
(1)and (2)are agonist to endorphins
|
morphin and horin
|
|
morphin and horin are agonist to (1)
|
endorphins
|
|
Morphin and horin are (1)to endorphins
|
agonist
|
|
Give example of referred pain?
|
a heart attack (2)appendixices
|
|
NAME
some examples of this include a heart attack and appendixces |
referred pain
|
|
What are (3)types of chronic pain?
|
(1)neososeptic (2)neuropathc (3)chronic pain syndrome
|
|
NAME
there are three types of this: neososeptic, neuropathic, and chronic pain syndrome |
chronic pain
|
|
chronic pain can result from (1)and (2)
|
direct issue damage or compression of anerve
|
|
What can cause chronic pain?
|
(1)direct tissue damage (2)nerve compression
|
|
NAME
this can be caused by direct tissue damage or nerve compression |
chronic pain
|
|
What is the average nerve recovery time?
|
1 yr
|
|
The average nerve recovery time is (1)
|
1 yr
|
|
higher frequency = (1)
|
higher pitch
|
|
(1)= higher pitch
|
higher frequency
|
|
What is the cochlea?
|
is snail shaped organ formed by a spiraling fluid-filled tube
|
|
NAME
this is a snail shaped organ formed by a spiraling fluid filled tube |
cochlea
|
|
Where is the organ of Corti located?
|
in the cochlea
|
|
the (1)is located in the cochlea
|
organ of Corti
|
|
Describe the process of how sound is converted in the ear?
follow picture(4) |
(1)sound waves strike ear drum (2)ossicles move causing vibration of membrane at opening of upper chmaber (3)vibration cause movement of fluid into upper chamber and hairs in the basilar membrane to bend (4)hair cells depolarize--activating the cochlear nerve endings
|
|
Describe the process of how sound is converted in the ear?
follow picture(4) |
(1)sound waves strike ear drum (2)ossicles move causing vibration of membrane at opening of upper chmaber (3)vibration cause movement of fluid into upper chamber and hairs in the basilar membrane to bend (4)hair cells depolarize--activating the cochlear nerve endings
|
|
Describe the process of how sound is converted in the ear?
follow picture(4) |
(1)sound waves strike ear drum (2)ossicles move causing vibration of membrane at opening of upper chmaber (3)vibration cause movement of fluid into upper chamber and hairs in the basilar membrane to bend (4)hair cells depolarize--activating the cochlear nerve endings
|
|
NAME
this is housed in the inner ear |
organ of Corti
|
|
Cochlea is also called the (1)
|
inner ear
|
|
(1)is also called the inner ear
|
Cochlea
|
|
Pinna is also the (1)
|
external ear
|
|
(1)is also called the external ear
|
Pinna
|
|
What are the differ parts of the ear? (3)
|
(1)Cochlea (2)middle ear (3)Pinna
|
|
Sound waves travel down the (1)til they hit the (2)
|
(1)auditory canal (2)ear drum
|
|
The ear drum is also called the (1)
|
tympanic membrane
|
|
(1)is also called the tympanic membrane
|
ear drum
|
|
What makes the membrane of the ear vibrate?
|
compressed air
|
|
Compressed air makes the membrane of the ear (1)
|
vibrate
|
|
sound waves are converted into (1)
|
mechanical energy
|
|
Sound waves are converted into (1)
|
mechanical energy
|
|
What are the osscicles?
|
are 3 ear bones located in the middle ear
|
|
NAME
these are 3 ear bones located in the middle ear |
osscicles
|
|
the Eustachian tube is also called the (1)
|
ostonic tube
|
|
(1)is also called the ostonic tube
|
Eustachian tube
|
|
What are the actually 3 bones of the ossicles? (3)
|
(1)malleus (2)incus (3)stapes
|
|
What are the actually 3 bones of the ossicles? (3)
|
(1)malleus (2)Incus (3)stapes
|
|
what are the (3)ear bones?
|
(1)malleus (2)incus (3)stapes
|
|
NAME
these include the malleus, incus, and stapes |
ossicles
|
|
the malleus is also called the (1)
|
hammer
|
|
(1)is also called the hammer
|
malleus
|
|
the incus is also called the (1)
|
anvil
|
|
(1)is also called the anvil
|
incus
|
|
stimp is also called the (10
|
stapes
|
|
stapes is also called the (1)
|
stimp
|
|
How do you equalize the pressure in your ear on a airplane/
|
by chewing gum and intimating chewing
|
|
What is the Eustachian tube?
|
is a decompressing mechanism for the ear
|
|
NAME
this is a decompressing mechanism for the ear |
Eustachian tube
|
|
NAME
this is a potenital site for infection |
Eustachian tube
|
|
What is Otisis medis?
|
a ear infection
|
|
NAME
this is an ear infection |
Otisis medis
|
|
How can people get ear infections?
|
the bacteria migrates from the pharynx to the Eustachian tube to the middle ear
|
|
What is the pain from ear infection caused by?
|
inflammation that does not allow ossicles to vibrate
|
|
What is Endolymph?
|
is fluid found inside the cohclea
|
|
What CN is involved in hearing?
|
CN VIII
|
|
NAME
this is fluid found inside the cochlea |
endolymph
|
|
the auditory cortex is located in the (1)
|
temporal lobe
|
|
(1)is located in the temproal lobe
|
auditory cortex
|
|
Draw a chart of the auditory pathways
|
see chart
|
|
Draw a chart of the auditory pathways
|
see chart
|
|
Draw a chart of the auditory pathways
|
see chart
|
|
Draw a chart of the vision pathway
|
see chart
|
|
Draw a chart of the vision pathway
|
see chart
|
|
Draw a chart of the vision pathway
|
see chart
|
|
Where are auditory receptors founds?
|
in the cochlea
|
|
WHat are (2)muscles in the middle ear?
|
(1)tensor tympani (2)stapedius
|
|
WHat are (2)muscles in the middle ear?
|
(1)tensor tympani (2)stapedius
|
|
NAME
this has two muscles: tensor tympani and stapedius |
muscles of the middle ear
|
|
WHat is the tensor tympani?
|
provides tension for the middle ear
|
|
NAME
this muscle provides tension for the middle ear |
tensor tympani
|
|
What is the stapedius?
|
is located on the stapes bone
|
|
NAME
this is located on the stapes bone |
stapedius
|
|
What are the scalas?
|
are the 3 chambers of the cochlea
|
|
NAME
these are 3 chambers of the cochlea |
scalas
|
|
What are the (3)scalas of the cochlea?
|
(1)scala vestibuli (2)scala media (3)scala tympani
|
|
NAME
these include the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani |
scalas of cochlea
|
|
What are the (3)scalas of the cochlea?
|
(1)scala vestibuli (2)scala media (3)scala tympani
|
|
What are the (3)scalas of the cochlea?
|
(1)scala vestibuli (2)scala media (3)scala tympani
|
|
Describe the order of the scala
|
(1)scala vestibuli (outer) (2)scala media (middle (3)scala tympani (inner)
|
|
What is the scala vestibuli?
|
is outer scala that filled w paralypmh
|
|
NAME
this is the outer scala and is filled w paralymph |
scala vestibuli
|
|
What is scala media?
|
is the middle part of the scala filled w endolymph
|
|
NAME
this is the middle part of the scala filled w endolypmh |
scala media
|
|
what is the scala tymponi?
|
is the inner scala and is filled w paralypmh
|
|
NAME
this is the inner scala and is filled w paralymph |
scala tymponi
|
|
the lower the frequency the distal fro m the (1)ear
|
base
|
|
the (1)frequency the distal from the base of the ear
|
lower frequency
|
|
the lower the frequency the more (1)it is from the base of the ear
|
distal
|
|
the (1)frequency the closer it is to the base of the ear
|
higher
|
|
the higher frequency the (1)it is to the base of the ear
|
closer
|
|
Where would you perceive high pitch?
|
close the the base
|
|
hair cells send axons to the (1)
|
CN VIII
|
|
the organ of COrti has (1)emmbeded in is basilar membrane
|
4 rows (1 inner and 3 outer) of hair
|
|
Where are the hair cells in the ear located?
|
they are embeded in the basilar membrane near the oragan of Corti
|
|
How does the cell depolarize in the ear?
|
when all the smaller hair cells bend toward the tallest hair cell
|
|
NAME
this happens when all the smaller hair cells bend toward the tallest hair cell |
depolarization
|
|
How does the cell hyperpolarize in the ear?
|
when all the smaller hairs bend away from the tallest hair cell
|
|
NAME
this happens when all the smaller hairs bend away from the tallest hair cell |
hyperpolarization
|
|
if the small hair cells bend (1)the tallest hair cell the cell will depolarize
|
towards
|
|
if the small hair cells bend (1)the tallest hair cell the cell will hyperpolarize
|
away
|
|
depolarization of the cells in the ear activates the (1)
|
K+ mechnical gated channels
|
|
deppolarization of cells in the ear activates the (1)
|
K+ mechnical gated channels
|
|
depolarization of cells in the (1)activates the K+ mechnical gated channels
|
ear
|
|
What is sound?
|
is a combo of waves, compressed air, and referred air
|
|
NAME
this is a combo of waves, compressed air, and referred air |
sound
|
|
Draw a pic of where all of the tastes are on your tongue
|
see chart
|
|
Draw a pic of where all of the tastes are on your tongue
|
see chart
|
|
What are papillae?
|
taste buds
|
|
NAME
these are taste buds |
papillae
|
|
What are (4)kinds of taste buds?
|
(1)bitter (2)sour (3)sweet (4)saltness
|
|
NAME
these include bitter, sour, sweet, and saltness |
taste buds
|
|
taste has to be (1)stimualted
|
chemical
|
|
Taste is (1)stimualted
|
chemimical
|
|
How is taste stimulated?
|
by chemicals
|
|
Describe how chemicals stimulate taste (3)
|
(1)chemicals are dissolved into the saliva (2)they enter the taste pores to be absorbed by microvilla into the taste cells (3)tatse cells fire up sending action potentials to CN VII, CN IX CN X
|
|
Describe how chemicals stimulate taste (3)
|
(1)chemicals are dissolved into the saliva (2)they enter the taste pores to be absorbed by microvilla into the taste cells (3)tatse cells fire up sending action potentials to CN VII, CN IX CN X
|
|
What CNS are involved in taste? (3)
|
CN VIII (2)CN IX (3)CN X
|
|
NAME
CN VIII,CN IX, and CN X are involved in this |
taste
|
|
What are (3)types of papillae?
|
(1)vallate (2)follate (3)fungiform
|
|
NAME
there are three types of these: vallate, follate, and fungiform |
papillae
|
|
What part of the tongue does CN VII supply?
|
the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
|
|
nAME
this CN supplies the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
CN VII
|
|
What part of the tongue does CN IX supply?
|
posterior 3rd of tongue
|
|
NAME
this supplies the posterior 3rd of the tongue |
CN IX
|
|
What part of the tongue does the CN X supply?
|
the epiglottis and the back of the tongue
|
|
NAME
this supplies the epiglottis and the back of the tongue |
CN X
|
|
What is the differ btwn CN VII, CN IX, and CN X? (3)
|
(1)CN XII= anterior 2/3 of the tongue (2)CN IX=posterior 3rd of of the tongue (3)CN X= supplies the epiglottis and back of the tongue
|
|
Salt is (1)
|
NaCL
|
|
(1)is NaCL
|
salt
|
|
Quinne is (1)
|
bitter
|
|
(1)is bitter
|
Quinne
|
|
HCL is (1)
|
sour
|
|
(1)is sour
|
HCL
|
|
sucurose is (1)
|
sweet
|
|
Sweet is (1)
|
sucrose
|
|
(1)always fires up first bc its close to the tip of tongue
|
sweet
|
|
Salt activates the (1)
|
ion gated channels (Na+)
|
|
(1)taste activates the ion gated channel (Na+)
|
salt
|
|
sour activates the (1)
|
proton pump
|
|
(1)activates the proton pump
|
sour
|
|
What are (2)ways bitter mechanisms can be activated?
|
(1)ion gated channels K+ (2)ligand gated channels w IP3 as 2nd messenger
|
|
NAME
this can be activated through ion gated channels K+ and ligand gated channels w IP3 as 2nd messenger |
bitter
|
|
all taste buds stimulate the (1)
|
gustary afferent axon
|
|
All (1)stimulate the gustatory afferent axons
|
taste buds
|
|
draw the gastatory taste pathway
|
see notes
|
|
draw the gastatory taste pathway
|
see notes
|
|
What stimulates smell?
|
odorants
|
|
odorants stimulate (1)
|
olfacotry
|
|
vestibular system is also called (1)
|
hearing
|
|
(1)jst refers to hearing
|
vestibular systems
|
|
How do odorants trigger smell? (2)
|
(1)first they are dissolved in mucus then absorbed by the olfactory receptor cells located on the roof of the nasal cavity (2)stimulus travels from the roof to ethamoid bone through the cribnform plate to collect in the olfactory bulb traveling posterior to the olfactory nerve
|
|
How do odorants trigger smell? (2)
|
(1)first they are dissolved in mucus then absorbed by the olfactory receptor cells located on the roof of the nasal cavity (2)stimulus travels from the roof to ethamoid bone through the cribnform plate to collect in the olfactory bulb traveling posterior to the olfactory nerve
|
|
How do odorants trigger smell? (2)
|
(1)first they are dissolved in mucus then absorbed by the olfactory receptor cells located on the roof of the nasal cavity (2)stimulus travels from the roof to ethamoid bone through the cribnform plate to collect in the olfactory bulb traveling posterior to the olfactory nerve
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What is speacil about olfactory?
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is the only sense that does not need to stop at the thalamus
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NAME
this is a speacil sense bc it is the only sense that does not need to stop at the thalamus |
olfactory
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Why is it believed that the olfactory pathway does not need to stop at the thalamus?
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bc it a primitive sense...that was developed before the thalamus
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What stimulates the central vision pathway?
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electromagnitic waves
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NAME
this sense is stimulated by electromagnitic waves |
central vision pathway
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electromaginitc waves are also called (1)
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light
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(1)is also called light
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electromagnitic waves
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What is Amplitude?
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is the height of the wave
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NAME
this is the height of the wave |
Amplitude
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You can only see (1)waves
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ultra violet rays
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What are the only kind of waves you cane see ?
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ultra violet rays
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What is the range of ultra violet rays a person can see?
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400 to 700 nm
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A person can only see from (1)to (2)
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400 to 700 nm
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What is light?
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is a combo of particles and waves
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NAME
this is a combo of particles and waves |
light
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Light can be (1),(2), and (3).
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reflected, refracted, or absorbed
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NAME
this can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed |
light
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What is sclera?
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is the white part of your eyes
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NAME
this is the white part of the eyes |
sclera
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What is the iris?
|
is the ring of color around the eyes
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NAME
this is a ring of color around the eyes |
iris
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What is pupil?
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is the center of the iris
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NAME
this is the center of the iris |
pupil
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T or F
the pupil is not just a structure but a a hole |
true
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What is conjunctiva?
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is the inside of the eyelid
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NAME
this is the inside of the eyelid |
conjunctiva
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What is the cornea?
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is avascular transparent layer that sits atop the conjunctive
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NAME
this is avascular transparent layer that sits atop the conjunctive |
cornea
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|
the optic disk is the (1)
|
blind spot
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(1)is the blind spot
|
optic disk
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What is optic disk?
|
have no blind spots here
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NAME
this is your blind spot |
optic disk
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WHat is the fovea?
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this is the area where your vision is the most acurate
|
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NAME
this is the area where your vision is the most acurate |
fovea
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What is macula degeneration?
|
is the degeneration of the photoreceptors in the macula....resulting in the lose of the fovea and the person's best vision
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NAME
this is the degeneration of the photoreceptors in the macula....resulting in the lose of the fovea and the person's best vision |
macula degeneration
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light can only enter through the (1)
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pupil
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what happens as light enters the pupil?
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it refracted through the cornea
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light is refracted through the (1)
|
cornea
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|
light is (1)through the cornea
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refracted
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What are zonule fibers?
|
are ligaments that suspend the lens and the zonules muscles
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NAME
these are the ligaments that suspend the lens and zonules muscles |
zonule fibers
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|
if the zonule muscle relaxes then the lens gets (1)
|
fat
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if the zonule muscles (1)than the lens gets fat
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relaxes
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if the zonule muscles (1)than the lens gets lighter--allowing you to better focus on objects
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pull tighter
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if the zonules muscles pull tighter than the lens gets (1)
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lighter allowing you to better focus on objects
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Your eyes (1)
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invert everything double
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What is myopia?
|
is when you cannot see things far away
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NAME
this is when you cannot see things far away |
myopia
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What is hyperopia?
|
is when you cannot see things close to you
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NAME
this is when you cannot see things close of you |
hyperopia
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What is the differ tbwn hyperopia and myopia? (2)
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(1)myopia-is when you cannot see things far from you (2)hyeropia-when you cannot see thing close to you
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What are (2)types of photoreceptors?
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cones and rods
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|
NAME
there are two types of these: rods and cones |
photoreceptors
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|
Ganglian cells form (1)
|
optic nerves
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|
(1)form the optic nerve
|
Ganglian cells
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Vision is perceived by the (1)
|
2nd messenger system
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|
photoreceptors only get depolarized at (1)
|
night
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When do photorecptors only get depolarized?
|
at night
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What are (3)types of cones?
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(1)red (2)green (3)blue
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|
NAME
there are three of these:red, green, and blue |
cones
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What is area 17?
|
is where we interpet what we are look at
|
|
NAME
this is where we interpret what we are looking at |
area 17
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What is the orientation columns?
|
is the area where group of cells only get triggered if light travels in a certain way
|
|
NAME
this is the area where the group of cells only get triggered if light travels in a certain way |
orientation columns
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