Neuro Exam 2

Front 1

Posterior column-medial lemniscus system

Back 1

discriminative touch, vibratory sense, conscious proprioception from body

Front 2

Anterolateral system (ALS)

Back 2

pain, temp, crude touch from body

Front 3

Trigeminal pathway

Back 3

all types of somatosensation from face

Front 4

Spinocerebellar pathways

Back 4

non-conscious proprioceptive info to cerebellum

Front 5

Receptive fields

Back 5

the area of skin innervated by all of the branches of a single primary afferent nerve fiber

Front 6

Size of receptive fields

Back 6

inversely related to innervation density

Front 7

2-point discrimination

Back 7

areas with large receptive fields have less discriminative ability (greater discrimination thresholds)

Front 8

proprioceptors

Back 8

located in muscles, tendons, joint capsules:
muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors

Front 9

Nociceptors

Back 9

are all free nerve endings

Front 10

Thermonociceptors

Back 10

extreme levels of hot or cold

Front 11

Capsaicin

Back 11

active ingredient in hot peppers
receptor (TRPV-1) activated by high temp.
topical analgesic: decrease responsiveness to receptors (also anti-inflammatory)

Front 12

Hyperalgesia

Back 12

exaggerated response to stimulus

Front 13

Sensory transduction

Back 13

conversion of mechanical stimulus into electrical signal

exception: Merkel cells

Front 14

Slowly adapting receptors

Back 14

active throughout stimulus
signal unchanging stimuli (size and shape)

Front 15

Rapidly adapting receptors

Back 15

active at onset and removal of stimulus
signal changing stimuli (movement detection and direction)

Front 16

axon reflex

Back 16

release of NTs and nueropeptides (substance P) from sensory ending--> inflammatory response
primary hyperalgesia

Front 17

allodynia

Back 17

induction of pain by normally innocuous stimuli

central (secondary hyperalgesia)

Front 18

neuropathic pain

Back 18

chronic intense pain refractory to conventional analgesics

central (secondary hyperalgesia)

Front 19

Primary Neuron

Back 19

peripheral process with receptive ending
cell body: PRG
central processes: form fascicles gracilis & fasciculus cuneatus
synapse: caudal medulla

Front 20

Secondary Neuron

Back 20

cell body: nucleus gracilis/ nucleus cuneatus
axon decussates-- forms contralateral medial lemniscus
synapse: thalamus

Front 21

Third Neuron

Back 21

cell body: VPL of thalamus
axon: enter posterior limb of internal capsule
synapse: primary somatosensory cortex

Front 22

Pseudounipolar morphology

Back 22

large diameter, heavily myelinated, rapidly conducting fibers

Front 23

Fasciculus gracilis
Primary neuron

Back 23

below T6 dermatome
lower extremity, pelvis, abdomen, lower thorax

Front 24

Fasciculus cuneatus
primary neuron

Back 24

T6 and above
upper thorax, upper extremity, neck

Front 25

Posterior spinal artery

Back 25

cuneate fasciculus and gracile fasciculus

Front 26

Anterior spinal artery

Back 26

medial lemnicus of medulla

Front 27

Primary somatosensory cortex:
3a

Back 27

proprioceptive inputs

Front 28

Primary somatosensory cortex: 3b, 1

Back 28

cutaneous mechanoreceptors

Front 29

Primary somatosensory cortex: 2

Back 29

tactile and proprioceptive stimuli

Front 30

Lesion of secondary cortical processing sites

Back 30

astereognosis:
inability to identify objects by touch

Front 31

area 3b lesions

Back 31

deficits in all forms of tactile sensations mediated by cutaneous mechanoreceptors

Front 32

area 1 lesions

Back 32

inability to discriminate texture

Front 33

area 2 lesions

Back 33

inability to distinguish size and shape of objects

Front 34

lesions of SI

Back 34

eliminate SII responses

Front 35

midline myelotomy

Back 35

eliminates intractable pain
visceral pain pathway

Front 36

Esthesia

Back 36

refers to all types of sensation

Front 37

paresthesia

Back 37

an abnormal postiive sensation, such as burning, pricking, numbness, tingling

Front 38

dysesthesia

Back 38

unpleasant, abnormal sensations experienced in the absence of stimulation

Front 39

hypesthesia

Back 39

diminished sensitivity to stimulation

Front 40

algesia

Back 40

refers to a sense of pain

Front 41

hyperalgesia

Back 41

exaggerated response to a painful stimulus

Front 42

hypalgesia

Back 42

decreased sensitivity to pain

Front 43

allodynia

Back 43

pain resulting from stimuli that are normally innocuous

Front 44

Neospinothalamic pathway

Back 44

direct pathway fromm spinal cord to thalamus
well localized pain sensation

Front 45

paleospinothalamic pathway

Back 45

indirect pathway from spinal cord to a different thalamic nucleus
poorly localized pain sensation

Front 46

A delta fibers

Back 46

lightly myelinated
pseudounipolar
slowly conducting fibers
fast (hot, sharp) pain

Front 47

C fibers

Back 47

unmyelinated
slowest conducting
slow (dull, burning, aching) pain

Front 48

A delta fibers

Back 48

2-30 spots
smaller, more numerous than C fiber spots
non discriminative touch, innocuous thermal, nociceptive signals

Front 49

C fibers

Back 49

1-2 spots
larger, fewer than Adelta
noxious and innocuous mechanical, chemical, thermal signals

Front 50

Lamina V neurons

Back 50

likely substrate for referred pain (receive convergent nociceptive and non-nociceptive inputs

Front 51

Dejerine-Roussy (Thalamic pain) syndrome

Back 51

thalamic lesions resulting in severe, contralateral debilitating pain
cause not well understood

Front 52

Periaqueductal gray

Back 52

opiate receptors stimulated by ascending pain fibers

Front 53

Nucleus raphe magnus

Back 53

serotonergic neurons project to interneurons in posterior horn

Front 54

Raphespinal fibers

Back 54

enkephalin-containing interneurons exert pre- and postsynaptic inhibition of posterior horn neurons

Front 55

gate control theory

Back 55

non-nociceptive inputs to the posterior horn modulate rostral transmission of nociceptive signals via stimulation of inhibitory interneurons

Front 56

rostrocaudal "onion skin" pattern of facial pain

Back 56

perioral regions represented rostrally, posterior and lateral face represented caudally

Front 57

peripheral nerve lesion

Back 57

all sensory modalities lost distal to lesion usually includes motor deficits

Front 58

spinal nerve lesion

Back 58

all sensory modalitites lost throughout dermatome
motor deficits will be present as well

Front 59

posterior root lesion (radiculopathy)

Back 59

all sensory modalities lost in dermatome
no motor deficits

Front 60

Syringomyelia

Back 60

bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in the affected dermatomes

Front 61

Posterior cord syndrome

Back 61

I/L loss of discriminative touch sensation and proprioception at and below level of lesion

Front 62

Anterior cord syndrome

Back 62

C/L loss of pain and temp sensation beginning 1-2 segments below level of lesion, loss of sensation may not be complete (dual blood supply to ALS)

Front 63

Ectoderm

Back 63

CNS, PNS, epidermis, CT of head

Front 64

Mesoderm

Back 64

muscle tissues, CT, blood vessels, viscera

Front 65

Endoderm

Back 65

epithelium of GI tract, respiratory system, urinary bladder

Front 66

Mesenchyme

Back 66

CT and muscle tissues

Front 67

surface ectoderm

Back 67

Lens, epithelium of cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland

Front 68

neural ectoderm

Back 68

vitreous body, epithelium of retina, iris, ciliary body
sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles, optic nerve

Front 69

neural crest

Back 69

sclera, stroma of cornea, ciliary body, iris, choroid

Front 70

mesoderm

Back 70

extraocular muscles, eyelids, hyaloid system, coverings of optic nerve, CT and blood vessels of eye, bony orbit, vitreous body