Neuro Exam 1 Lecture 9

Front 1

What are the different meningeal layers surrounding the brain?

Back 1

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

Front 2

What is the function of the meninges?

Back 2

pad the brain

Front 3

Where is the pia mater located?

Back 3

closest to the brain

Front 4

What is a pial sheath?

Back 4

A sheath that surrounds arteries that pass through the pia mater to the brain

Front 5

T or F: The pia mater is in close contact with neural tissue of the brain and spinal cord.

Back 5

True. It'll follow all the grooves, folds, and fissures of the brain's various lobes and prominences. It'll coat the spinal cord, nerves roots and optic nerve and the brain.

Front 6

What is the function of the pia mater?

Back 6

protect the brain and spinal neurons from direct contact with the CSF.

Front 7

How is the arachnoid mater attached to the pia mater?

Back 7

By numerous trabeculae and filaments

Front 8

What is the subarachnoid space?

Back 8

The space between the pia and the arachnoid mater.

Front 9

What is contained in the subarachnoid space?

Back 9

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 10

What is the widest parts of the subarachnoid space called?

Back 10

cisternae

Front 11

Which cistern is the largest?

Back 11

cerebellomedullary

Front 12

Where is the cerebellomedullary cistern found?

Back 12

dorsally between cerebellum and medulla

Front 13

Where is the easiest place to do a cisternal CSF tap?

Back 13

cerebellomedullary cistern or cisterna magna (equine)

Front 14

Where is the dura mater found?

Back 14

fused with the periosteum of the skull within the cranium

Front 15

Is there epidural space in the cranium?

Back 15

no

Front 16

What is an epidural hematoma?

Back 16

A hematoma between the skull and the epidural layer.

Front 17

What is a subdural hematoma?

Back 17

A hematoma below the layers of the dura

Ex: b/t the dura and the arachnoid membrane

Front 18

What is an intracerebral hematoma?

Back 18

A hematoma in the cerebral space.

Front 19

What are the three infoldings of the dura that separate and support parts of the brain?

Back 19

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelii
A membrane coving the hypophyseal fossa

Front 20

What is the falx cerebri?

Back 20

It separates the two cerebral hemispheres and runs in the midsagittal plane

Front 21

What is the tentorium cerebelii?

Back 21

Separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum.

Front 22

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Back 22

meningeal layers.

produced, circulates and reabsorbed

Front 23

Why is it important for the CSF to be maintained at the same volume?

Back 23

b/c there is a limited space within the skull and spinal column and impt for fluid to remain at a constant pressure

Front 24

What is producing the cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 24

choroid plexus

Front 25

Describe how the choroid plexus is formed.

Back 25

Brain has ventricles with embryonic tube origin
ventricles lined with ependymal epithelium
ependymal cells and vascular proliferations of pia mater form choroid plexus

Front 26

How is the cerebrospinal fluid absorbed back into the bloodstream?

Back 26

arachnoid villi (granulations)
venous sinuses of the dura mater
perineural lymphatics

Front 27

How is most of the CSF absorbed back into the bloodstream?

Back 27

arachnoid villi (granulations)

Front 28

What are arachnoid villi (granulations)?

Back 28

vessels lining branched projections from the arachnoid membrane

Front 29

What are the venous sinuses of the dura mater?

Back 29

Large veins that lie within the dural membrane. They drain blood and absorb CSF from the brain.

Front 30

What are perineural lymphatics?

Back 30

Small lymph sacs scattered around the CNS that absorb CSF

Front 31

What is the most common pirmary brain tumor in dogs and cats (and in humans)?

Back 31

meningiomas

Front 32

Where do meningiomas arise?

Back 32

from the arachnoid mater of the meninges

Front 33

What type of dog do meningiomas commonly occur?

Back 33

(doliochocephalic) long nosed dogs

Front 34

What is granulomatous meningoencephalitis?

Back 34

It is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs and, rarely, cats.

Front 35

What is meningitis?

Back 35

A bacterial, fungal, or viral infection of the meninges

Front 36

Name two organisms that can cause meningitis in a dog:

Back 36

prevotella oralis
flavobacterium breve

Front 37

What is aseptic meningitis?

Back 37

An infection on the meninges that cannot be cultured. Could be viral or small mycotic. Commonly affects Bernese Mountain Dogs

Front 38

What are the two classes of venous drainage vessels in the brain?

Back 38

veins
sinuses

Front 39

Where are veins of the brain found?

Back 39

within and outside the brain

Front 40

Where are sinuses of the brain found?

Back 40

within the dura mater or bones of the skull

Front 41

What is different about the veins and sinuses of the brain than veins and sinuses found throughout the body?

Back 41

They don't have valves. They're free flowing.

Front 42

What serves as thermoregulation of the head. "Keeping a cool head"

Back 42

cerebral sinuses

Front 43

What serves as the periosteum for the cranial cavity?

Back 43

dura mater

Front 44

Where are venous sinuses generally present?

Back 44

where dura layers separate

Front 45

How do veins of the brain stay open during periods of increased intracranial pressure?

Back 45

they have rigid walls.

Front 46

Where do the cerebral veins discharge?

Back 46

into the sinuses of the dura mater.

Front 47

Do the cerebral veins have smooth muscle in their walls?

Back 47

False. Like the sinuses of the dura mater, they don't have smooth muscle or valves

Front 48

What are the different classifications of cerebral veins?

Back 48

superficial and deep cerebral veins

Front 49

How does the brain store oxygen or glucose?

Back 49

They don't. They depend on a large and stable blood supply

Front 50

What are the two major sources of blood supply to the brain?

Back 50

basilar artery
cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

Front 51

What part of the brain does the basilar artery mainly supply blood to?

Back 51

medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellar.

Front 52

What part of the brain does the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis) mainly supply blood to?

Back 52

cerebrum

Front 53

What is the origin of the basilar artery?

Back 53

vertebral arteries enter the vertebral canal through the lateral foramina of the atlas, they come togeter to form the ventral spinal artery which will enter at each intervertebral foramen.

Front 54

What are the possible arteries that could supply the cerebral circle?

Back 54

internal carotid artery
basilar artery
anatomosing branch of the middle meningeal branch of the maxillary artery runs to the internal carotid near the arterial circle

Front 55

What is the main arterial supply to the cerebral circle for dogs?

Back 55

internal carotid artery

Similar in humans

Front 56

Occlusion or severance of the common carotids or the internal carotid in dogs results in partial and relatively slow loss of consciousness. Why?

Back 56

Because the vertebral artery still pumps blood to the brain via the basilar artery

Front 57

What is the main arterial supply to the cerebral circle for horses?

Back 57

internal carotid artery

Front 58

In dogs, what does the internal carotid artery supply?

Back 58

the rostral and middle cerebral arteries

Front 59

In horses, what does the internal carotid artery supply?

Back 59

the rostral (which is fused) middle and caudal cerebral arteries

Front 60

In dogs, what does the basilar artery supply?

Back 60

Cerebellar arteries and caudal cerebral arteries

Front 61

In horses, what does the basilar artery supply?

Back 61

cerebellar arteries

Basilar artery anastomoses with caudal communicating arteries by fine plexuses

Front 62

Which breed is most susceptible to caudal occipital malformation syndrome (COMS) and cerebellar infarcts?

Back 62

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel