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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a. What is the composition and ratio thereof of myelin?
b. What is the function of myelin? |
a. 4 lipid : 1 protein
b. Increase the speed and accuracy of conduction |
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a. What are aggregations of cell bodies called in the CNS?
b. What are they called in the PNS? |
a. Nuclei
b. Ganglia |
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a. Where do the cells of the nervous system originate?
b. What else is made from these cells? |
a. Embryonic Ectoderm
b. Epidermis |
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a. When does the neuroectoderm appear?
b. What is its composition? c. When do the neural folds begin to fuse? d. What are neuropores and when do they close? e. What happens if the neuropores do not close? |
a. Day 16
b. Appears as the neural plate. Within 2 days it forms a neural groove with a neural fold on each side c. At the end of the 3rd week, creating a neural tube d. The openings at each end of the neural tube. They close at Day 24 and 27. e. Anencephaly - there will be no brain, but there will be a brainstem |
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a. What becomes of the cells lining the neural tube?
b. When do they synaptic connections of the neurons/brain begin to "work"? |
a. They constitute the neuroepithelium and they give rise to all of the neurons and most of the other cells of the CNS such as Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes
b. 8th week |
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What do the Neural Crest Cells form?
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Dorsal Root Ganglia
Neurons in sensory ganglia of cranial nerves Autonomic ganglia Non-neural cells (neuroglia including Schwann Cells) of peripheral nerves, secretory cells of the medulla |
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Where do Microglia comes from?
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Monocytes. they enter the CNS from the blood vessels.
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a. When do they 3 major divisions of the brain appear?
b. What are the 3 major divisions of the brain? c. What forms the brain? d. What becomes of the remainder of the neural tube? |
a. Week 4
b1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) b2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) b3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) c. Expansion of the rostral (top) end of the neural folds prior to closure. d. The rest of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord. |
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What embryonic brain components will form the lens and the inner ear?
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Optic and Otic Vesicles, respectively
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a. What is the least differentiated part of the CNS?
b. What is the significance of the gray matter? c. What is the significance of the white matter? |
a. Spinal Cord
b. Includes neuronal connections that provide for spinal reflexes c. Contains axons that convey sensory data to the brain and others that conduct impulses from the brain to the spinal cord |
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a. Where is the only place where we have gray matter posterior to the ventricular space?
b. What is the function of this region? |
a. The Tectum (dorsal region/roof) of the Midbrain
b. Auditory and Visual Systems |
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a. What are the two prominent nuclei of the midbrain and what are they primarily concerned with?
b. What disease are they associated with? c. How is the cerebellum attached to the midbrain? |
a. Red Nucleus and Substantia Negra are concerned with Motor Control
b. Parkinson's Disease c. Superior cerebellar peduncles |
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a. What are the primary functions of the cerebellum?
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a1. Produce changes in muscle tone in relation to Equilibrium, Locomotion, and Posture
a2. Coordinate timing, force, and extent of contraction of muscle being used for skilled movements |
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a. What is the diencephalon/what are the components of it?
b. What are the functions of its components? |
a. Everything Thalamus
b1. Epithalamus - includes small tracts and nuclei, together w/ the pineal gland, an endocrine organ b2. Hypothalamus - Controls ANS, contains neurosecretory cells (some are derived from the olfactory placode instead of the neural tube) that secrete GnRH and migrate along CN0, the terminal nerve into the forebrain b3. Subthalamus - includes sensory tracts that proceed to the thalamus, axons that originate in the cerebellum and corpus striatum, and the subthalamic nucleus (motor functions) b4. The retina comes from the diencephalon, so the optic nerve and visual system ar related to this part of the brain |
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What is the advantage of endocrine transmission over neurons?
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Endocrine is general in its reach, while neurons are targeted, and therefore limited
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What is the importance of the pineal glands?
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Circadian Rhythms
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a. Where is the Tecmental Region?
b. Where is the Tectum? |
a. Behind the Pons
b. In the back of the midbrain |
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a. What constitutes the Telencephalon and what is its funciton?
b. What are the components of the Corpus Striatum? |
a1. Cerebra Cortex - Higher intellectual activity
a2. Corpus Striatum - gray matter w/ motor functions near the base of each hemisphere a3. White matter - Corpus Collosum b. Caudate and Lentiform Nuclei - parts of the basal ganglia |
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What are the normal brain weights for:
a. Newborns b. Men c. Women |
a. Newborn - 400g
b. Men - 1100-1700g c. Women - 1050-1550g |
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What is Chromatolysis or "the Axon Reaction"?
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Structural changes and increased protein synthesis by the cell body following axotomy
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What are the neuroglial cells of the normal CNS?
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Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Ependymal cells from neural tube ectoderm
Microglia (macrophages) from mesoderm |
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a. What are the large neurons of a nucleus called?
b. What is their function? |
a. Principle Cells or Golgi Type I. Golgi Type II, or interneurons, outnumber the Principle Cells.
b. Function - main vehicle for carrying information away |
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Relate the shape of presynaptic vesicles to their functions.
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Spherical (in Gray's Type I Synapses - excitatory
Ellipsoidal (in Gray's Type II Synapses) - Inhibitory (GABA) |
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What are the 3 amino acid neurotransmitters and what do they do?
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1. Glutamate - Excitatory in all parts of the CNS
2. GABA - Inhibitory in all parts of the CNS 3. Glycine - Inhibitory in Brain Stem and Spinal Cord |
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What are the 5 Amine Neurotransmitters and what do they do?
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1. ACh - Excitatory - Motor neurons and preganglionic ANS and some postganglionic ANS. Used in the reticular formation and nuclei in the basal forebrain that project into the cerebral cortex.
2. Dopamine - Hypothalamus, Substantia Nigra, Ventral Tegmental Area - Modulatory actions in the corpus striatum, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex 3. NE - Sympathetic ganglia - Actions vary. NE neurons in the Locus Coeruleus and reticular formation have neuromodulatory effects throughout the CNS 4. Histamine - Excitatory - Tuberomamillary nucleus of Hypothalamus. Involved in maintaining consciousness. 5. Serotonin - Midline of brain stem to all parts of CNS. Involved in sleep and mood. |
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What are the size, conduction velocity, functions of all of the nerve fibers in the table on slide 9 from lecture 2 Part III?
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IA - motor to skeletal muscle from muscle spindle proprioceptive endings - 12-20microMeters - 70-120m/s
IB - Sensory from tendons and Ruffini - 10-15microns - 60-80m/s II - Sensory from Meissner and Pacinian and proprioception for random muscle spraying - 5-15microns - 30-60m/s Agamma - Motor to intrafusal fibers of spindles - 3-8microns - 15-40m/s Adelta/III - Sensory from hair follicles and nerve endings for temp and pain - 3-8microns - 10-30m/s B - Preganglionic autonomic (white rami and 3, 7, 9, 10) - 1-3microns - 5-15m/s C/IV (unmyelinated) - Pain and temp, olfaction, Postgang Autonomic - .2-1.5microns - .5-2.5m/s |
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a. What does a muscle spindle consist of?
b. What 2 muscle fiber type supply it? |
a. A capsule of connective tissue with 2-14 intrafusal muscle fibers.
b1. Ia (Aalpha) - axon loses myelin sheath as it pierces the capsule and winds around the midportions (annulospiral ending) b2. II (Abeta) - Branches terminally and ends as varicosities on the intrafusal muscle fiber away from the midregion. - Flowery spray endings. |
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Caudal Neuropore closes at what leve?
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L1 L2
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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What are the most important nuclei in the medulla oblongata and what do they do?
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Inferior Olivary Nuclei - Send fibers to the Cerebellum via the inferior Cerebellar peduncles
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What is the function of the basal pons?
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Connect the cerebrum to the contralateral cerebellum
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What is the function of the Thalamus?
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Receive sensory data and project it to the sensory cortex
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What is the main part of the Epithalamus?
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Pineal Gland
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What is the corpus striatum?
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Gray matter with motor function under the cerebral hemispheres
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What is the main part of the corpus striatum?
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Basal Ganglia
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When does the most rapid growth of the brain occur?
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In utero and during the first 20 weeks postnatal
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When is the brain nearly at its adult weight?
When does the brain start to decline in size? |
3 years
50 years |
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What kind of impulses do the dendrites and parykaryon transmit?
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Graded impulses
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What are the 3 types of neurofilaments?
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neurofilaments
microtubules - transport in both directions microfilaments - contractile actin protein, neuronal repair |
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What is a presynaptic neurite called?
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Terminal bouton - mitochondria, vesicles
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What modulates the locus corealus and reticular formation?
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NE
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What does the Anterior Choroidal Artery supply?
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Optic Tract and Internal Capsule
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What does Heubner Supply?
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Internal Capsule and Corpus Striatum
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What does anterior cerebral artery supply?
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Medial and Superior part of frontal and parietal lobe
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What does middle cerebral artery supply?
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Lateral suface of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
Sensory and Motor for upper body Language on left side |
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What does PICA supple?
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Medulla and Cerebellum
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What does AICA and Superior Cerebellar supply?
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Pons and Inner Ear (labrynthine)
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What does posterior cerebral Artery supply?
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Occipital lobe, Inferior temporal lobe, Hippocampus
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What supplies the internal structures of the hemispheres or diencephalon?
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Central Arteries
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What happens if an anneurism ruptures?
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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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What artery rupture causes a Subhyaloid Hemorrhage?
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Middle Cerebral Artery
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1. What does the cervical segment of the Internal Carotid look like?
2. What is the petrous part? 3. What is the Supraclenoid part? |
1. Straight
2. The part that pierces the skull 3. The part after piercing the dura until bifurcation into Anterior and Middle Cerebral Arteries |
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What artery from the Internal Carotid supplies the Posterior Pituitary?
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Meningohypophyseal Artery
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Where does the Ophthalmic Artery arise?
What does it supply? What does it anastomose with? |
Intradurally, below the anterior clinoid process?
Orbit, scalp, sinuses. Anastomoses with Maxillary Artery |
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What is the last branch of the internal carotid?
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Anterior Choroidal Artery (internal capsule and optic tract)
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Where do the anterior and posterior choroidal arteries anastomose?
What does anterior choroidal artery supply? |
Choroid Plexus of ventral horn (of lateral ventricles)
Subthalamus, ventral thalamus, Optic Tract, Midbrain, Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, Choroid Plexus of Temporal Horn |
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What is the path of the 5 parts of the Anterior Cerebral Artery
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From Internal Carotid to the parieto-occipital sulcus
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Which branch of the Middle Cerebral supplies Wernicke's area?
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M2
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What is the difference b/w left and right middle stroke?
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Left - Global Aphagia due to Broca's area
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Where do vertebral arteries join to form basilar artery?
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Lower border of Pons
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What supplies the Cerebellum with blood?
What supplies the Pons with blood? |
PICA, AICA, Superior Cerebellar
AICA, Pontines, Superior Cerebellar |
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Blockage of the Posterior Cerebral Artery causes problems with...?
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Smell, Vision, Cranial Nerves
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What is the course of the Posterior Cerebral Artery?
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Curves around Midbrain, Above Tentorium Cerebelli, to Medial Surface of Cerebral Hemisphere
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What are the branches of the Posterior Cerebral Artery and what do they supply?
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Calcarine - Visual Cortex
Parieto-Occipital - Occipital Lobe Temporal - Inferior border of temporal lobe, Parahippocampal Gyrus |
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Rupture of the choroidals could cause what?
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Insufficient CSF production and Memory loss (hippocampus)
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How is Choroid Plexus Formed?
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Fusion of Ependyma with Pia Matter
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What are endolymph and perilymph derived from?
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CSF
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What is Hydrocephalus?
What is Hydrencephalus? |
CSF can't drain and it accumulates
Brain doesn't form, but is replaced by CSF |
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What part of the brain lacks blood brain barrier?
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Asra Postrema, Posterior Pituitary
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What are Renshaw Cells?
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Inhibitory neyrons of the spinal cord gray matter that distort responses
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Where do the lower spinothalamic tracts decussate?
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Low in the spinal cord in the anterior white commissure
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Where do the dorsal column tracts decussate?
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Caudal Medulla via Internal Arcuate Fibers
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Where do the corticospinal tracts (Pyramids) decussate?
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Caudal Medulla
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What percentage of spinal cord injuries result in permanent disability?
Where do most spinal cord injuries occur? |
50%
C5-C6; T12-L1; C1-C2 |
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What is the average length of the spinal cord?
What is the average diameter? How much does it weigh? |
42-45cm
1cm 35grams |
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Where do the posterior and anterior rootlets leave the spinal cord?
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Postero- and Anterolateral Sulci
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What segmental level is the cervical enlargement?
What anatomical level is the cervical enlargement? |
C5-T1
C4-T1 |
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What segmental level is the lumbosacral enlargement?
What anatomical level is the lumbosacral enlargement? |
L2-S3
T9-T12 |
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What happens to the mesoderm adjacent to the neural tube?
What do they give rise to? How many spinal nerves innervate a single somite? |
Becomes Somites
Skin, muscle, bone 1 |
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What induces the formation of the spinal cord?
SHH from the floorplate induces formation of what in the spinal cord? BMP (bone morphogenic protein) from the roof plate induces formation of what? |
Sonic Hedgehog Gene
Basal Plate (motor) Alar Plate (sensory) |
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Until when in fetal development do the spinal cord and vertebral canal grow at the same rate?
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3rd fetal month
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Internal Capsule lesion and Cortical tracts are damaged. What is the result?
Internal Capsule lesion and all Cortical information is cut off. What is the result? |
Decorticate Posture (Flex, Extend)
Decerebrate Posture (Extend, Extend) |
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What does the Babinski sign reveal?
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UMN lesion above L5
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Hoffman's Sign
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Tapping fingers makes the thumb flex
UMN lesion above C7 |
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What synapses in the Substantia gelatinosa?
What is the dorsolateral funiculus called? |
Pain and temp
Lessauer's Tract (myelinated and unmyelinated fibers to substantia gelatinosa) |
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Polio results in destruction of...
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LMN in anterior horn (flaccid paralysis)
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What is lamina 3, 4, 5?
What is lamina 6? What is lamina 8? What is lamina 9? What is lamina 10? |
Nucleus proprius
Nucleus dorsalis Interneuron segments Anterior Horn Area around central canal |
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What lamina are Pain and Temp?
What lamina is touch? |
1 and 2
3 |
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1b fibers do what?
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Autogenic Inhibition of muscle contraction via interneuron
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What is the Clasp Knife reflex?
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UMN lesion with Golgi tendon relaxation of muscle response
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