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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of the population will have at least one seizure in their lifetime?
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9%
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When is the incidence of seizure highest?
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highest during childhood and in elderly
10% of nursing home residents are on at least one anti epileptic |
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What are seizures due to? What does epilepsy describe?
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abnormal electrical discharge of neurons
epilepsy = recurrent seizures |
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What is a simple partial seizure?
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no loss of conciousness
aura that proceeds seizure = seizure |
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What is a partial motor seizure?
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seizure activity which involves the motor cortex
rhythmic shaking of the contralateral body without loss of consciousness if spread --> generalized tonic clonic seizure |
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What are the types of partial sensory seizures?
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somatosensory
visual auditory gustatory-olfactory |
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What occurs in a somatosensory partial seizure?
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post central gyrus
patient describes a breeze or poorly described sensation over the contralateral extremity |
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What occurs in a visual partial seizure?
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occipital lobe
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What occurs in a auditory sensory partial seizure?
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temporal lobe (Heschl's gyrus)
crude buzzing, hissing sound can also be musical patterns |
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What occurs in a gustatory-olfactory partial seizure?
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temporal lobe
commonly involve uncus --> foul odor, burnt rubber smell |
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What are psychic symptoms of partial seizures?
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deja vu
jamais vu- unfamiliarity in familiar place fear anger sexual arousal |
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What are autonomic symptoms of partial seizures
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limbic system
epigastric sensations, sweating, pupillary dilation, pallor or flushing |
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What are the main differences between complex and simple partial seizures?
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altered level of consciousness
automatisms- stereotypic and repetitive actions i.e. lip smacking, chewing, nose picking |
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What occurs during a secondary generalization seizure?
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partial simple/ complex seizure --> tonic/clonic seizure
crying out- contraction of truncal musculature tonic- patients body is profoundly stiff, arms elevated and pronated clonic- shaking phase, brief, bite tongue, urinate postictal- drowsy, tired 20-30 min after seizure grand mal seizure |
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What is an absence seizure?
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generalized seizure
childhood seizure multiple brief, staring spells can come on through hyperventilation |
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What occurs in Primary Generalized seizures?
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generalized and throughout the cortex that begins in the thalamus or brain stem
genetic etiology diagnosis by EEG 20% grand mal seizure |
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What is an atonic generalized seizure?
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brief sudden loss of all muscle tone
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What is a tonic generalized seizure?
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brief episodes of stiffening
most often seen in developmentally delayed children that have multiple seizure types |
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What is the description of myoclonic seizures?
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sudden jerk-like motions without loss of consciousness
epileptic or non epileptic |
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What qualifies as a pseudo seizure?
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non-epileptic, non-electrical events
most often associated with psychological factors like primary psychiatric disorder, conversion disorder, or malingering features: atypical movements (thrashing, side to side movements, arrhythmic, asynchronous) hours at a time, triggered by emotions, non responsive to meds, no postictal phase, obvious gain |
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What is status epilepticus?
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seizures that are frequently repeated or prolonged
adults: repeated seizures without consciousness in between children: continuous most often associated with tonic/ clonic normally because not enough meds due to patient non compliance |
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What is a non-convulsive status epilepticus?
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no obvious outward seizure manifestation
see on EEG patient who is confused/ comatose without any etiology |
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What are the most common causes of epilepsy?
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any disease that affects the CNS can cause
most common cause: idiopathic children: genetic, high fever, birth trauma adults: drug use, alcohol/withdrawal, cerebrovascular |
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How is an EEG generated and what do the waves mean?
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EEG is generated by inhibitory and excitatory post synaptic potentials of cortical neurons
fluctuations normally produced by temporal and spatial summation of slow postsynaptic potentials |
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Does the patient need to have a seizure during the time of the EEG study?
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No
see seizure activity 50-60% of time in single, thus need to be repeated 2nd 80% 3rd 90% Gold standard: Video EEG admit in hospital |
