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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is dementia?
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gradual progression of multiple cognitive deficits
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What are symptoms of dementia?
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memory decline- impaired ability to learn new information or recall previously learned information
aphasia- paraphasic errors apraxia- failure in learned motor tasks agnosia- failure to recognize objects disturbance in executive functioning- pllning, organizing, sequencing and abstraction |
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What is the most common typ of dementia?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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What are unique features of multi-infarct dementia?
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multiple stokes, stepwise progression- see in CT/ MRI
focal findings |
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What is unique to mixed AD and MID?
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stepwise decline with each stroke and steady progression
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What is unique to Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonianism?
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Tremor
Rigidity Akinesia Postural instability/ gait problems |
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What is unique to Huntington's Disease?
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Family hisotry
movement disorder |
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What is unique to frontotemporal dementia?
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early behavioral problems
focal problems out of proportion to dementia |
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How do you differentiate Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
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rapid progression
myoclonus ataxia |
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How do you differentiate Alzheimer's and AIDS?
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a late HIV complication
tends to be withdrawn/depressed from of dementia |
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What are characteristics that differentiate Normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's?
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gait apraxia first
urinary incontinence MRI: hydrocephalus, not explained by atrophy |
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How do you differentiate Alzheimer's and intracranial mass lesion?
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headache
drowsiness focal complaints and findings- progressive hemiplegia |
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What is the epidemiology for Alzheimer's Disease?
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1% at 60
2% at 65 4% at 70 8% at 75 doubles every 5 years |
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What are the hypothesized causes of Alzheimer's Disease?
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Linked to chromosome 1, 14, and 21 and presence of apoliprotein E4 on xsm 19
100% of Down's Syndrome patients by age 40 |
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What characterizes Alzheimer's Disease microscopically?
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widespread loss of cortical neurons, especially in temporal cortex and hippocampus--> decline in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons--> Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepi also affected
Senile plaques- extracellular neuronal and glial-->amyloid Neurofibrillary tangles- intracellular collection-->tau, ubiquitin Granulovacuolar degneration- hippocampal pyramidal cells |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?
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1st- slight dulling of inellectual faculties, unaware of memory loss, less interest in activities
language difficulties-anomia apraxia spatial disorientation judgement is impaired socials skills are ok perseveration- focus on one thing late: gait instability, Parkinsonian, vegetative |
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What is normally the cause of death in Alzheimer's patients?
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sepsis- lung, bladder, decubitus ulcers
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How long do patients normally live?
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4-10 years though some can live beyond 15years
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How is the diagnosis of Alzheimer's made?
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clinical one with no specific lab tests
metabolic to rule out other causes MRI- atrophy PET- hypometabolism of temporal parietal region |
