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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pediatric Basal Ganglia Calcification |
Fahr's Syndrome
Hypo/Hyperparathyroidism MELAS (Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke) HIV |
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Congenital CNS Infections
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toxo |
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Non-Communicating/Obstructive Hydrocephalus
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Congenital: |
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Communicating Hydrocephalus
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Post-hemorrhage (esp. SAH) |
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Pneumocephalus
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Trauma
Post-operative Osteoma of paranasal sinus Erosive skull base tumors Empty Sella: communication with sphemoid sinus |
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Hyperdense Cerebral Mass
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Meningioma
Medulloblastoma Metastases Lymphoma Pituitary Adenoma Craniopharyngioma Hematoma Ependymoma Giant aneurysm Colloid Cyst |
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Isodense Cerebral Mass
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Vestibular Schwannoma
Pituitary Adenoma Hematoma (2 to 3 wks old) Colloid CYst Tuberculoma |
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Hypodense Cerebral Tumor
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Glioma
Cystic Craniopharyngioma Mets Fat containing tumor: Lipoma/Epidermoid Hematoma Abscess Arachnoid Cyst Porencephalic Cyst Hydatid Cyst |
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Solitary Intracerebral Mass
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Primary Brain Tumor
Met Arterial Infarct Venous Infarct Abscess Acute Demyelinating Plaque Hematoma Encephalitis Aneurysm |
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Normal Variant Intracranial Calcifications
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Pineal
Choroid Plexus Dura Basal Ganglia Habenular Commisure Dentate Nuclei of Cerebellum Parasellar Ligaments Arachnoid Granulations |
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Vascular Intracranial Calcifications
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Vertebrobasilar/Carotis Vessels
AVM Cavernoma Abeurysm Chronic Subdural Old Infarct Hematoma |
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Tumors Causing Intracranial Calcification
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Meningioma
Ologodendroglioma Low grade Glioma Craniopharyngioma Mets Pineal Tumors Chordoma Chondrosarcoma Fatty Midline Tumors (dermoid/lipoma of corpus callosum) Choroid Plexus Papilloma Dysembryplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET) Central Neurocytoma |
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Infections Causing Intracranial Calcifications
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Torch
Cystercercosis TB |
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Neurocutaneous Disorders Causing Intracranial Calcifications
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Sturge-Weber
Tuberous Sclerosis Neurofibromatosis |
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Basal Ganglia Calcification
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Normal Variant
Endocrine: hypo/hyperthyroid Metabolic:: Mitochondrial Diseases; Leigh's, Fahr's, Cockaynes Syndrome Toxin: CO, Pb. Anoxia Post-therapy: chemo |
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Normal Meningeal Enhancement on CT or MRI
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Dural
Leptomeninges Vessels |
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Dural Enhancenment on CT or MRI
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Infection
Tumor Post-operative S/P LP Intracranial Hypotension Venous Thrombosis Idiopathic Pachymeningitis Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Sarcoid Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Leptomeningeal Enhancement on CT or MRI
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Infection
Tumor Infarct SAH (sub-acute) Sarcoid RA Sturge Weber |
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Enhancement of Ependyma on CT/MRI
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Infective Ventriculitis
Tumor: breast, lung, leukemia, lymphoma Post-intracentricular Hemorrhage Enarged Ependymal Veins Iatrogenic |
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Enhancement Subarachnoid Space on CT/MRI
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Meningitis
Tumor Post-Angiogram |
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Multiple Ring Enhancing Lesions
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Mets
Abscess Demyelination Multifocal Glioma Lymphoma Contusion/Hematoma |
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pulsatile tinnitus
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glomus jugulare
glomus tympanicum high jugular bulb aberrant carotid artery dural avm cavernous carotid fistula menigioma |
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gliomatosis
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gliomatosis cerebri
lymphomatosis crebri multicentric glioma viral encephalitis vasculitis adem |
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supratentorial ependymoma
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pnet
malignant rhabdoid tumor gbm anaplastic astrocytoma mets |
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adult lateral ventricular mass atria
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meningioma
met choroid plexus xanthogranuloma |
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child lateral ventricular mass atria
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choroid plexus papilloma
choroid plexus papilloma ependymoma |
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adult lateral ventricular mass body
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subependymoma
oligodendroglioma central neurocytoma astrocytoma |
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child lateral ventricular mass body
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astrocytoma
pnet teratoma choroid plexus papilloma |
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child lateral ventricular mass foramen of monroe
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giant cell astrocytoma
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adult lateral ventricular mass foramen of monro
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giant cell astrocytoma
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central pontine myelinolysis
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ms
adem ischemia/infarction infiltrating neoplasm |
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noncommunicating hydrocephalus
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foramen of monro obstruction
3rd ventricle tumors colloid cyst oligodendroglioma central neurocytoma giant cell astrocytoma(ts) ependymoma meningioma aqueduct obstruction congenital stenosis ventriculitis intraventricular hemorrhage tumors mesencephalic pineal, posterior 3rd vent region tectal glioma 4th ventr obstruction dandy walker malformation ivh infection (cysticercosis) subependymoma exophytic brainstem glioma posterior fossa tumors ependymoma medulloblastoma hemangioblastoma metastasis astrocytoma |
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communicating hydrocephalus
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meningititis
infectious carcinomatosis sah trauma surgery venous thrombosis |
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extra-axial mass
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meningioma
mets lymphoma arachnoid cyst dermoid/epidermoid hemorrhage infection |
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extra-axial mass in the region of the clivus or pre-pontine cistern
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mets
meningioma chordoma chondroma chondrosarcoma |
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extra-axial cpa mass
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cn 8 mc (5 and 7) neuroma
meningioma epidermoid paraganglioma petrous apex cholesterol cyst aneurysm mets arachnoid cyst dermoid |
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intra-axial hemispheric mass
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astrocytoma
oligodendroglioma glioblastoma lymphoma mets pnet ganglioma/cytoma |
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intraxial sella mass
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adenoma
craniopharyngioma rathke's cyst mets abscess sarcoid eg |
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intraxial pineal mass
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germ cell tumor
pineal parenchymal tumor |
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intraxial cerebellum tumor
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astrocytoma
medulloblastoma hemangioblastoma mets ependymoma choroid plexus papilloma choroid plexus carcinoma |
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multiple lesions
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Tumor
Metastases Multicentric glioma Lymphoma infection Abscess Fungus Cysticercosis Toxoplasmosis Vascular Embolic infarctions Multifocal hemorrhage Diffuse axnal injury Contusions Cavernous hemangiomas Vasculitis |
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Corpus Callosum Lesions
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Tumors
Astrocytoma butterfly glioma Lymphoma Lipoma (midline) Demyelinating disease Multiple sclerosis Marchiafava-Bignami disease (alcoholics) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (rarely enhances) Infarct (always also involves cingulate gyrus |
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Intrasellar Masses
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Pituitary adenoma
pituitary apoplexy craniopharyngioma rathke's cleft cyst pars intermedia cyst aneurysm abscess |
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SUPRASELLAR Masses
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SATCHMOE
Sarcoid Aneurysm/arachnoid cyst Teratoma/germinoma/epidermoid Craniopharyngioma Hamartoma of the tuber cinereum Meningioma/mets Optic glioma EG |
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SELLAR MASSES
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PC OR MAC?
Pituitary adenoma/apoplexy Craniopharyngioma Mets/meningioma Abscess/Aneurysm Cysts—Rathke’s cleft |
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PARASELLAR MASS
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MCAT
Meningioma/metastasis Cavernous carotid fistula Aneurysm Trigeminal Schwannoma/Tolosa-Hunt |
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Adult Supra or parasellar mass
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adenoma
meningioma aneurysm glioma |
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Child Supra or parasellar mass
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Craniopharyngioma
Glioma |
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Adult Suprasellar Masses
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Macroadenoma (most common)
Meningioma Glioma Craniopharyngioma Aneurysm (rare, but important) |
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Child Suprasellar Masses
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Craniopharyngioma (most common)
Glioma (optic nerve, chiasm, hypothalamus) Germinoma Hypothalamic hamartoma E G POSTERIOR FOSSA |
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lateral posterior fossa tumor
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astrocytoma
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anterior posterior fossa tumor
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brainstem glioma
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posterior/midline posterior fossa tumor
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medulloblastoma
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4th ventricle posterior fossa tumor
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ependymoma
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tumor spread through foramina of luschka and magendi
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ependymoma
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cystic posterior fossa tumors
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pilocytic astrocytoma
hamangioblastoma |
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dense cell packing posterior fossa tumors
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medulloblastoma
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Adults Posterior Fossa Tumors
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Metastases
Hemangioblastoma Astrocytoma Extraaxial tumors (meningioma, schwannoma, epidermoid |
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Children Posterior Fossa Tumors
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Cerebellar astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma Brainstem glioma Ependymoma |
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BRAIN TUMORS IN INFANTS (< 2 YEARS)
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Teratoma (most common)
PNET (primary cerebral neuroblastoma) Choroid plexus papilloma/carcinoma Anaplastic astrocytoma |
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Adult Intraventricular tumors
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Gliomas
Astrocytoma (including giant cell type) Subependymoma Meningioma Metastases Cysticercosis |
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Children Intraventricular tumors
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Choroid plexus papilloma
Ependymoma PNET (medulloblastoma) Teratoma Astrocytoma |
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I 5-30 yeors intraventricular tumors
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Glioma
Juwenile pilocytic astrocytoma |
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0-15 yrs lateral ventricular masses
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pnet
choroid plexus papilloma |
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15-30 years laterl ventricular tumor
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glioma
jpa |
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>30 yrs lateral ventricular tumor
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subependymoma
astrocytoma mets oligodendroglioma meningioma central neurocytoma |
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0-15 yrs 3rd ventricle masses
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astrocytoma
EG of stalk germinoma extrinsic craniopharyngioma |
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15-30 yrs 3rd ventricle masses
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colloid cyst
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>30 yrs 3rd ventricle masses
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glioma
mets pituitary mass pineal mass aneurysm sarcoid |
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0-15 yrs 4th ventricle masses
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ependymoma
medulloblastoma |
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15-30 yrs 4th ventricle masses
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choroid plexus papilloma
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>30 yrs 4th ventricle masses
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hemangioblastoma
mets subepenymoma |
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CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE (CPA) MASS
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Acoustic neuroma 90%
Meningioma, Epidermoid Arachnoid cyst Metastases Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia Exophytic glioma Ependymoma through Luschka Brainstem astrocytoma Lipoma |
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CYSTIC MASSES
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Neoplastic
Cystic astrocytoma /GBM Hemangioblastoma Metastases: sq cell carcinoma Benign (usually no peripheral enhancement) Dermoid/epidermoid Arachnoid cyst Colloid cyst Cavum variants Cavum septum pellucidum Cavum vergae Cavum velum interpositum |
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TUMORS WITH CSF SEEDING
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Choroid plexus papilloma/carcinoma
Ependymoma PNET tumors Medulloblastoma Pinealblastoma Cerebral neuroblastoma Germinomas GBM |
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HYPERDENSE LESION (CT)
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Tumors
High-cell density Lymphoma PNETs (medulloblastoma) Ependymoma Germinoma Other PNET Hemorrhagic Tumors GBM Metastases: kidney, lung, melanoma, choriocarcinoma (mnemonic: CT/MR: choriocarcinoma, thyroid, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma) Calcified tumors (rare) Mucinous metastases All osteogenic tumors |
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T2 HYPOINTENSE LESIONS (MRI)
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Paramagnetic effects
Ferritin, hemosiderin Deoxyhemoglobin ntracellular methemoglobin Melanin Low spin density Calcification High nucleus/cytoplasm ratio (lymphoma, myeloma, neuroblastoma) Fibrous tissue (meningioma) Other High protein concentration, > 35% Flow signal void |
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T1 HYPERINTENSE LESIONS (MRI)
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Paramagnetic effects
MRI contrast agent: Gd-DTPA Methemoglobin Melanin Ions: manganese fe copper, certain states of calcium Other Fat dermoid Very high protein concentration (i.e., colloid cyst) Slow flow |
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LESIONS WITH NO ENHANCEMENT
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Cysts
Tumors with intact blood-brain barrier (low-grade gliomas) |
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LESIONS WITH STRONG ENHANCEMENT
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Meningioma
PNET (e.g., medulloblastoma) AVM Paraganglioma (very vascular) Aneurysm (nonthrombosed) HIV-associated lymphoma Glioblastoma multiforme |
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Temporal Lobe T2W Hyperintense Lesions
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HSV Encephalitis
Limbic Encephalitis(paraneoplastic) Venous Infarct Trauma Lymphoma Tumors (low grade glioma, ganglioglioma) |
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Multiple Suseptibility Hypointense lesion on MRI
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Amyloid Angiopathy
Cavernomas DAI |
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RING ENHANCEMENT
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Tumor
Primary brain fumors Metastases Lymphoma (AIDS) Infection, inflammation Abscess Granuloma Multiple sclerosis Toxoplasmosis Cysticercosis Vascular Resolving hematoma Infarct (nonacute) Thrombosed vascular malformationThrombosed aneurysm Vasculitis |
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DIFFUSE MENINGEAL ENHANCEMENT
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Meningitis (viral, bacterial)
Carcinomatosis Lymphoma Metastases Postoperative/postshunt SAH ntracranialhypotension CSF leak |
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BASILAR MENINGEAL ENHANCEMENT
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Infection
TB (most common) Fungal Pyogenic (more common on convexity) Cysticercosis Tumor Lymphoma, leukemia Carcinomatosis lnflammatory Sarcoid Rheumatoid pachymeningitis Whipple's disease |
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EPENDYMAL ENHANCEMENT
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Tumor
Lymphoma Metastases (lung, melanoma, breast) CSF seeding PNET GBM Infection Spread of meningitis CMV (rare) Inflammatory ventriculitis Postshunt/instrumentation Posthemorrhage |
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T2 HYPOINTENSE BASAL GANGLIA LESIONS
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Old age
Any chronic degenerative disease MS Parkinsonian syndromes Childhood hypoxia |
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T2 HYPERINTENSE BASAL GANGLIA LESIONS
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Mnemonic: "TINT"
Tumor Lymphoma Ischemia Hypoxic encephalopathy Venous infarction (intemal cerebral vein thrombosis) Neurodegenerative diseases (uncommon) Huntington's disease Wilson's disease Hallervorden-Spatz disease Mitochondrial encephalopathies (e.g., Aminoacidopathies Toxin CO, CN F{2S poisoning Hypoglycemia Methanol Leigh /Keams-Sayer syndrome) |
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T1 HYPERINTENSE BASAL GANGLIA LESIONS
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Dystrophic calcifications (any cause)
Hepatic failure Neurofibromatosis 1 Manganese (used in formulas for TPN) |
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BASAL GANGLIA CALCIFICATION (INCREASED CT DENSITY)
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Senescent/physiologica/li diopathic calcification (most common)
Metabolic calcification Hypoparathyroidism (most common metabolic cause) Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Infection TORCH, AIDS Postinflammatory: TB, toxoplasmosis Cystercosis (common) Toxic/postanoxic Lead C O Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Other Fahr's disease Mitochondrial (common), encephalopathies (uncommon) Cockayne's svndrome |
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SPECTRUM OF CYSTIC SUPRAIENTORIAL
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES |
Holoprosencephaly
Hydranencephaly Aqueductal stenosis (severe obstruction hydrocephalus) Callosal dysgenesis (interhemispheric ryst) o Other Porencephaly Arachnoid cyst Cystic teratoma Epidermoid/dermoid Vein of Galen AVM |
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POSTERIOR FOSSA CYSTIC ABNORMALITIES
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DW malformation (vermian hypoplasia/aplasia and large posterior fossa)
DW variant (normal size posterior fossa and vermian hypoplasia Mega cisterna magna (normal vermis) Retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst (must show mass effect) Chiari IV (near complete abscence of cerebellum) o Other Epidermoid/dermoid Cystic tumor |
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diffuse replacement of fatty marrow with hypointense tissue
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hem malignancy
lymphoma leukemia myeloma granulomatous disease sarcoid tb anemia thalassemia blood loss aids mets |
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Spoils System
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Franchise extended - more people were given the right to vote, even men who owned no land. Spoils system - "To the victor go the spoils" - the winner of the election may do whatever they want with the governmental workers. Jackson made more staff changes than any previous president, firing many people and replacing them with his own supporters.
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infindibular lesion in adults
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sarcoid
tb mets lymphocytic hypophysitis |
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ddx ganglioglioma
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low grade astrocytoma
jpa dnet (dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor) pxa (pleomporphic xanthoastrocytoma) |
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non-neoplastic cystic mass in the posterior fossa
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dandy walker
cisterna magna arachnoid cyst |
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4th ventr neoplasm
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ependymoma (mc peds)
meningioma choroid plexus tumor papilloma hemangioma |
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intradiploic epidermoid cyst
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hemangioma
eg leptomeningeal cyst |
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diffuse dural enhancement
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intracranial hypotension
mets (breast/prostate) lymphoma/leukemia granulomatous dz(tb, sarcoid, wegners, erheim-chester, lipid granulomatosis) idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis |
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ddx leptomeningeal enhancement
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carcinomatous meningitis
csf subarachnoid seeding from cns malignancy granulomatous dz(sarcoid/tb) infectious meningitis |
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ddx pediatric brainstem mass
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astrocytoma
demyelinating dz(adem) rhomboencephalitis tb lymphoma |
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ddx benign appearing petrous apex mass
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cholesterol granuloma
mucocele epidermoid cyst |
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ddx agressive cystic appearing petrous apex masses
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hemorrhagic mets
plasmacytoma melanoma |
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intracranial hypointense T2 lesions
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meningioma
lymphoma plasmacytoma mets sarcoid |
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ddx press
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iv drugs - cocaine
chemo agents radiation pre-eclampsia |
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ddx peds midline posterior fossa mass
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medulloblastoma
ependymoma cereballar astrocytoma |
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DDX bright csf on FLAIR
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SAH
Meningitis Meningeal Carcinomatosis SSS Thrombosis Status Epilepticus Renal Failure Hyperoxygenation Previous Gadolinium Study |
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DDX cortically based mass with leptomeningeal involvement
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inflammatory
granulomatous disease lymphoma mets primary brain tumors |
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DDX high signal intensity at the apex or emminence of the stalk
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ectopic post pituitary
tuber cinereum lipoma fat in the dorsum sellae |
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ddx ectopic post pituitary
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lch
hemosiderosis failure of development injury |
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DDX opthalmoplegia
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mitochondrial defects: SANDO, Kearns-Sayre
ms oculopharyngeal dystrophy |
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DDX cystic mass with enhancing nodule
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pilocytic astrocytoma
hemangioblastoma mets |
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DDX dense sclerotic vertebrae
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osteoblastic mets
pagets lymphoma myelosclerosis fracture |
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clumping of nerve roots with smooth and nodular enhancement of the cauda equina c/w leptomeningeal disease
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sarcoid
drop mets(gbm,ependymoma,medulloblastoma) lymphoma melanoma carcinomatous meningitis |
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ddx dumbell shaped tumors
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nerve sheath (schwannoma, neurofibroma)
meningioma ganglioneuroma neurobalstoma |
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DDX Psoas Mass
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Retroperitoneal sarcoma
lymphoma metastatic diseas granulomatous disease fungal infection |
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DDX odontoid and periodontoid region
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primary bone tumor
chordoma met plasmacytoma lymphoma meningioma |
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DDX smooth leptomeningeal enhancement
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infection
sarcoid carcinomatous meningitis lymophoma guillain-barre CIDP(chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy) HMSN (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies. |
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DDX diffuse enlargement of peripheral nerves
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NF1
Dejerine-Sottas Disease Charcot Marie Tooth Disease |
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DDX Enhancing lesions in pedicles
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osteiod osteoma
mets ascending lumbar veins |
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DDX enhancing optic nerve
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devic syndrome
sle sarcoid adem |
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ddx spine neuropathic arthropathy
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mets
osteomyelitis dm neurosyphilis congenital pain absence syringomyelia charcot-marie tooth |
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ddx osteosclerotic mets
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prostate
breast ovarian tcc carcinoid lymphoma |
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ddx extramedullary intradural spinal tumors
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schwannoma
meningioma lipoma |
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Vertebra Plana
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LCH
MM Mets Ewings Lymphoma Gaucher's ABC Trauma Infection |
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single vertebral level ossification of the ligamentum flavum
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calcified ligamentum flavum hematoma
calcified meningioma calcified epidural hemangioma |
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ddx epidural fat
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epidural lipomatosis
lipoma angiolipoma |
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DDX ABC
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UBC
Chondroblastoma GCT Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma |
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vertebral biconcavity
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scd
thalassemia gauchers spherocytosis homocystinuria |
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high signal in central cord
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ms
adem vasculitis infarction |
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Bright T1 intramedullary mass
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lipoma
dermois/epidermoid subacute thrombus |
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non-neoplastic conditions that mimmick infection in the spine
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renal spondyloarthropathy a/w hemodialysis
neuropathic spondyloarthropathy a/w tabes dorsales dm trauma severe djd |
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DDX Normal sized globe with an intra-ocular soft tissue mass showing calcification
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retinoblastoma,
Coat’s disease toxocariasis. |
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differential diagnosis of leukocoria in a child includes
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retinoblastoma,
Coat’s disease, toxocariasis, retinopathy of prematurity, optic nerve drusen, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous phthisis bulbi. With a normal sized globe and intra-ocular calcifications the differential narrows down to retinoblastoma, Coat’s disease and toxocariasis with retinoblastoma being the most common. |
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tumors spreading via csf
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medulloblastoma,
germinoma, pilomyxoid astrocytoma ependymoma. |
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differential diagnosis of a suprasellar mass in an infant or young child would include pilocytic astrocytoma, craniopharyngioma, and pilomyxoid astrocytoma
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pilocytic astrocytoma, craniopharyngioma,
pilomyxoid astrocytoma |
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Differential considerations for a lucent lesion in the calvaria after intracranial radiotherapy include
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metastasis,
osteoradionecrosis, radiation-induced osteosarcoma. |
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DDX Dural Sinus Thrombosis
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Anatomic variant
Dural sinus thrombosis Fat within dural sinus Acute hemorrhage |
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DDX Dural Sinus Thrombosis
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Anatomic variant
Dural sinus thrombosis Fat within dural sinus Acute hemorrhage |
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DDX aggressive spinal hemangioma
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Ewing's sarcoma,
osteosarcoma, plasmacytoma, osseous hemangioblastoma osseous lymphangioma. |
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DDX Locked in Syndrome
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most commonly occur following a basilar artery thrombosis with secondary occlusion of the perforating arteries. Other causes of LIS are hemorrhage, head trauma, tumors, central pontine myelinolysis, demyelinating diseases, or infectious conditions. Severe forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis can present a LIS-like clinical picture without necessarily involving a pontine lesion.
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DDX Cavernous Mlaformation
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Neurenteric cyst
Epidermoid/dermoid cyst Arachnoid cyst Cystic schwannoma Neurocysticercosis |
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DDX superficial siderosis
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repetitive minor postoperative hemorrhage from hemostatically unstable pia, hemorrhagic neoplasm such as ependymoma, vascular anomalies, intraspinal fluid-filled collections, and repetitive trauma. A definitive etiology is elucidated in as few as 50% of cases.
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DDX Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
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demyelinating disorders and leukodystrophies affecting toddlers/children, including TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other agents, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex) infections and pseudo-TORCH syndromes, periventricular leukomalacia, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, and Krabbe disease
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DDX Dural Thickening
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The causes of dural thickening include: (1) infiltrative disorders like leukemia, lymphoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis; (2) granulomatous diseases like tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis; (3) metastatic diseases like neuroblastoma; (4) post ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion; (5) postcraniectomy; and (6) patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome.
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ddx vertical trabeculations of the vertebral body
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hemangioma
pagets- thickened cortical bone mets: bony destruction of end plates mm: plasma cells on bx |
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what is your systematic approach to MRI of the spine
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1)check fat marrow signal of the vertebral bodies
2)check alignment 3)start from top and work your way down looking for vertebral abnormalities |
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what is the managemet of disc herniation
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1)nsaids and bedrest
2) if step 1 fails then 3 epidural injections of steroids. 3)if 1 and 2 fail surgery |
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what is a complication of GCT
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sarcomatous transformation.
never radiate benign bone lesions |
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ddx of a mass in the masseter muscle
adult peds |
adult
abscess: h/o tooth extraction schwannoma b/c v3 runs in the masseter muscle peds rhabdomyosarcoma hemangioma |
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ddx posterior fossa mass in an adult
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mets
hemangioblastoma lymphoma |
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ddx mass in the pineal gland
adult child |
adult:
pinealcytoma mets from lung ca lesion adjacent to pineal gland (glioma) peds: germ cell tumor (germinoma, teratoma) pinealblastoma trilateral retinoblastoma |
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ddx msdd in the jugular foramen
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meningioma
paraganglioma (glomus jugulare) schwannoma |
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ddx increase T2 intramedullary signal spine
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MS: short segment, check brain for lesions
transverse myelitis: long segment infarct/ischemia sarcoid: check cxr, elevated ace levels, edema of the cord |
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ddx axial ct scan showing hyperdensity in the region of the basal ganglia with blood in the ventricles
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hypertensive hemorrhage
gbm with hemorrhage avm bleeding ruptured mca aneurysm |
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ddx pediatric brain tumors in children < 2 yoa
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teratoma
pnet choroid plexus papilloma |
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ddx hyoerdense lesion ncct head
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vascular:
hemorrhagic infarct avm/cavernous transformation neoplastic: hyperdenese met ( renal/thyroid) lymphoma |
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ddx primary tumors that seed the brain
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medulloblastoma
ependymoma gbm pnet |
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ddx petrous apex lesion
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cholesterol granuloma
meningioma aneurysm met/lymphoma |
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GRE shows multiple foci of signal loss throughout the brain
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chronic htn
multiple cavernous transformations amylod angiopaty |
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ddx enlargement of a rectus muscle of the orbit
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thyroid dz: usually b/l
orbital pseudotumor: painful mets: breast ca lymphoma sacoid: cxr b/l lymphadenopathy |
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ddx cystic mass in parotid gland
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1)pleomorhic adenoma: mc parotid mass and can be cystic
2)warthins tumor: elderly male. located in the tail of the parotid 3) lymphoepithelial cysts: aids patient 4)sjogrens syndrome: bilateral female dry eyes and dry mouth usually a/w ra |
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optic neuritis ddx
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ms
devics dz lyme sarcoid |
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ddx hyperdense mass in the back of the tongue
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lingual thyroid
lymphoma hemangioma |
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DDX leptomeningeal enhancement
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is nonspecific and may be seen in any condition resulting in meningeal irritation such as
transient postsurgical meningeal enhancement, infectious meningitis, subdural hematoma, sarcoidosis with CNS involvement, as well as patients receiving intrathecal chemotherapy or radiation therapy. |
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DDX diffusion restriction on MRI
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ischemia,
abscess, empyema, epidermoid cyst. Infectious etiology (septic emboli, abscess) should be considered with diffusion-restricting lesions that appear round, cystic, and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. |
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DDX intramedullary lesions
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ependymomas,
astrocytomas, hemangioblastomas, metastases |
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DDX of an enhancing mass within Meckel cave. |
Meningioma |
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DDX Transverse Myelitis |
The differential diagnosis for transverse myelitis is broad and includes: autoimmune, paraneoplastic, toxic, vascular, and infectious causes. Since spinal cord involvement at any level is typically partial, the neurological deficits produced below the level of the lesion may vary. |
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DDX Mass Pituitary fossa |
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