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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Equal amounts of energy are consumed during wakeful states and during sleep.
True or False |
TRUE
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What are the 2 phases of sleep?
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-REM
-Non-REM |
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Explain the 1st stage of Non-REM...
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-Stage 1= light sleep, slow eye movements, EEG alpha waves interspread with low frequency theta waves
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Explain the 2nd stage of Non-REM...
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-Stage 2= further slowing of the EEG with the presence of sleep spindles and slow eye movements.
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Explain the 3rd stage of Non-REM
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-Stage 3= low-frequency delta waves with occasional sleep spindles, no rapid eye movements
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Describe the 4th stage of Non-REM...
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Stage 4= Delta waves
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Where is the major sleep center?
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Hypothalamus
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How are PGD2 and adenosine significant with regards to sleep?
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PGD2 and adenosine are important endogenous sleep-promoting factors of the basal forebrain.
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How is Non-REM sleep initiated?
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By withdrawal of neurotransmitters from the reticular formation and by the inhibition of arousal mechanisms in the cerebral cortex.
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How does Non-REM sleep affect basal metabolism and vital signs, muscle tone and pupils?
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-basal metabolism is decreased by 10-15%
-Temperature is decreased by 0.5-1.0 C -HR decreases by 10-30 beats -RR, BP and muscle tone decrease -pupils constrict |
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What happens to cerebral blood flow during Non-REM stages 1-2?
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Blood flow to the brain stem and cerebellum is decreased
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What happens to cerebral blood flow during Non-REM stages 3-4?
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Blood flow to the cortex is decreased.
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At what stage of sleep is growth hormone released and levels of corticosteriods and catecholamines depressed?
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Stage 4
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What controls respiration during non-REM sleep?
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metabolic processes
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This state is characterized by desynchronized, low-voltage, fast activity that occurs every 90 minutes during Non-REM sleep.
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REM Sleep
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Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxic sleep?
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Because EEG pattern is similar to an awake state.
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What are some characteristics of REM sleep?
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-bursts of conjugate rapid eye movement
-atonia of antigravity muscles (ex; tongue) -loss of temperature regulation -alteration in HR,BR,RR -penile erection -clitoral engorgement -high rate of memorable dreams |
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What happens to cerebral blood flow during REM?
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Increases in both hemisperes
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Where is REM sleep controlled and where is it generated?
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-Controlled by the pontine reticular formation
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Name some neurotransmitters associated with excitatory and inhibitory sleep mechanism....
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-Catecholamines
-acetylcholine -serotonin -histomine -L-tryptophan -prostagladins -adenosine *mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. |
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While one is asleep they progress through REM and Non-REM sleep in predictable cycles.
True or False |
TRUE
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About how many cycles per night will an individual pass through?
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4 to 5
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How does on progress throught the sleep cycles?
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-Stages 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 3 to 2 to REM sleep.
-New cycle begins at stage 2 unless awakened then they will start at stage 1. |
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What is the purpose of Acetlecholine and somatostatin?
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They play a role in the transition of sleep stages.
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What is the purpose of sleep?
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UNKNOWN, Thought to be a restorative process because growth hormones peaks are associated with slow-wave sleep (Non-REM)
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How important is REM sleep?
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-Very important, people spend 1/3 of their lives sleeping.
-Loss of REM sleep impairs learning and memory *we better get some sleep* |
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Who requires more sleep newborns, young individuals or older individuals?
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-NEWBORNS
-Younger adults tolerate sleep deprivation better than older adults -Older adults total sleep times are decreased and it takes longer for them to fall asleep. |
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Inabiity to fall asleep and stay asleep.
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Insomnia
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What are some causes of short-term and long-term insomnia?
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-Short-term = related to crossing time zones or acute stress
-Long-term = drug or alcohol abuse, chronic pain disorders, chronic depression and certain medications |
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This sleep disorder is characterized by loud snoring, decreased O2 sats, fragmented sleep, chronic daytime sleepiness and fatigue.
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Obstructive sleep apnea
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What are parasomnias?
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Unusual behaviors occurring during sleep including sleep walking, night terrors, rearranging furniture, eating food, violent behavior and enuresis.
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What are some common causes of secondary sleep disorders?
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-depression
-alteration in thyroid hormones -pain -sleep apnea |
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What diseases are affected by disease?
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-CAD
-broncial asthma -COPD -diabetes -duodenal ulcers |
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When during the sleep cycle is CAD aggravated?
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REM, dreams provoke nocturnal angina
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When during the sleep cycle do asthmatics experience bronchole spasms?
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During REM
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Which population suffers from decreased O2 tension and increased CO2 tension during REM sleep?
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COPD patients
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What are possible problems for diabetes patients and patients with duodenal ulcers have during their sleeping cycles?
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-DM patients need to be careful due to glucose fluctations at night.
-People with duodenal ulcers have 2 to 20 times more gastric acid secretion during REM sleep. |
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What is Blepharitis?
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Inflammation of eyelids
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What is a hordeolum (stye)?
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An infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids.
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What is a chalazion?
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A infection of the meibomian (oil-secreting)gland.
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What is Trachoma?
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Chlamydia trachomatis. Associated with poor hygiene and is the leading cause of preventable blindness
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What is strabismus?
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a deviation of one eye form the other caused by weakness or hypotonic muscle.
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What is amblyopia?
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Reduce vision in the eye affected with strabismus.
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What is diplopia?
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double vision
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What is nystagmus?
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an involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes.
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Describe pendular nystagmus.
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regular to and from movement of the eyes in which both phases of the movement are equal in length.
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Describe jerk nystagmus.
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one phase of eye movement is faster than the other.
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What are some causes of nystagmus?
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-imbalance in the normally coordinated feflex activity if the inner ear, vestibular nuclei, cerebellum, medial longitudinal fascicle or nuclei of the oculomotor trochlear and abducens cranial nerves.
-Drugs, retinal disease and diseases involving the cervical cord |
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The ability to see objects in sharp detail is known as..
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Visual acuity
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Identify 8 causes for decreased visual acuity..
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-amblyopia
-scotoma -cataracts -papilledema -dark adaptation -glaucoma -retinal detachment -maculat degeneration |
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What is amblyopia?
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reduction or dimness of vision for unknown reasons.
-associated with diseases such as DM, renal failure, malaria and substance abuse such as tobacco and alcohol *most common cause of loss of vision in children |
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What is scotoma?
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A defect in the field of vision.
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What is retrobulbar neuritis?
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-inflammatory lesion of the optic nerve frequently associated with multiple sclerosis
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A cloudy or opaque area in the ocular lens is known as...
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Cataract
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Why do cataract develop?
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due to alterations of metabolism and transport of nutrients within the lens.
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What are the manifestations of cataracts?
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-decreased acuity
-blurred vision -glare -decreased color perception |
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What is the treatment of cataracts?
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removal of the entire lens and replacement with an artificial lens.
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Edema and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eyeball is known as...
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papilledema
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What are 3 principle causes for papilledema?
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-increased intracranial pressure
-retrobulbar neuritis -changes in the retinal blood flow |
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Characterized by intraocular pressures above the normal pressures
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Glaucoma
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What are normal aqueous fluid pressures?
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12 to 20
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Obstruction to outflow of aqueous humor at trabecular meshwork or schlemm canal, is a type of glaucoma known as....
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open-angle glaucoma
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Forward displacement of iris toward cornea with narrowing of iridocorneal angle and obstruction to outflow of aqueous humor from anterior chamber, is a type of glaucoma known as....
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narrow-angle glaucoma
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Acute closure of iridocorneal angle with a sudden rise in intraocular pressure producing nerve pain and visual disturbances, is a glaucoma known as....
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Acute angle closure glaucoma
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What is the treatment for glaucoma?
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-Eye drops to either reduce secretion or increase absorption of aqueous humor.
-surgery may be needed to open the spaces of trabeculae and reduce intraocular pressure |
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A process whereby the thickness of the lens changes is known as...
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accommodation
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What alterations would decrease accommodation?
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-Pressure
-inflammation -disease of oculomotor nerve |
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What is presbyopia?
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-Loss of accommodation in older adults.
-Ocular lens become larger, firmer and less elastic. |
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What is the major symptom of presbyopia?
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reduced near vision causing the individual to hold reading material at arm's length.
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What is myopia?
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Nearsightedness
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What is hyperopia?
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farsightedness
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What is hemianopia?
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describes defective vision in half of a visual field
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What is homonymous hemianopsia?
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-complete loss of vision in the inner half of one eye and the outer half of the other.
-caused by destruction of one optic tract -for example: an injury of the left optic tract, blindness will occur in the right eye's inner firld and the left eye's outer field. |
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Air filled sinuses that promote conductivity between the external and the middle ear
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mastoid air cells that are contained in the mastoid process.
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These transmit vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
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-The ossicles bones, malleus, incus and stapes
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What two structures are connected by the eustachian tube?
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The middle ear and thorax
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What is the function of the eustachian tube?
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It opens briefly when a person swallows or yawns, it equalizes the pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure
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What is perilymph?
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The fluid that fills the osseous labyrinth spaces in the inner ear
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What are the 3 divisons of the bony labyrinth?
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cochlea
vestibule semicircular canals |
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Where is the organ of Corti found?
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Within the cochlea
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What is the function of hair cells?
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hearing receptors
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Where do the hair cells transmit information to?
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They transmit impulses along the cochlear nerve ( a divison of the vestibulocochlear nerve)
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Where does sound interpretation take place?
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temporal lobe of the brain
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What kind of receptors are found in the semicircular canals and vestibule?
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equilibrium receptors
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What are otoliths and what are their function?
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Otoliths are small pieces of calcium salts that move in a gel-like material in response to changes in pulls on the hair cells in the maculae. This helps the body sense static equilibrium.
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hearing loss affects about one-third of older people.
True or False |
TRUE
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This defict interfers with understanding speech, particularly high frequency, it is known as...
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Presbycusis
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How is conductive hearing loss manifested?
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-Occurs when a change in outer or middle ear impairs sound from being conducted to the inner ear.
-Occurs when there is interference in air conduction |
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What is paracusia willisiana?
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A condition where hearing is better in noisy places as compared to quiet places for those who suffer conductive hearing loss.
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A form or sensorineural hearing loss
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Presbycusis
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What causes sensorineural hearing loss?
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-Impairment of the organ of Corti or its central connections.
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What are some conditions that commonly cause sensorineural hearing loss?
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-congential
-hereditary -noise exposure -aging -ototoxic drugs -systemic disease many more... |
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What causes functional hearing loss?
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No organic reason, thought to be caused be emotional or psychological factors. Rare occurances.
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What are seven primary classes of olfactory stimulants?
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-camphoraceous
-musky -floral -peppermint -ethereal -pungent -putrid |
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What are the four primary sensations of taste?
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-sweet
-sour -salty -bitter |
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What relationship creats a sensation of flavor?
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smell and taste
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What are some changes that occur in taste and smell with aging?
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-sensitivity to odors decline
due to loss of olfactory sensory neurons and loss of olfactory bulbs. -decline in taste and difficulty differentiating between combinations of flavors. -marked decrease in appetite has been noted with these changes |
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What does hyposmia mean?
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impaired sense of smell
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What does anosmia mean?
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loss of smell
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What does Parosmia refer to?
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an abnormal sense of smell, may occur with severe depression
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What does hypogeusia mean?
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decreased taste sensation
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What does ageusa mean?
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absence of taste
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What does parageuaia mean?
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a perversion of taste in which has an unpleasant taste
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Where are sweet, sour and salt taste receptors located and which cranial nerve is involved?
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Receptors are located on the anterior portion of the tongue and the facial nerve is involved.
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Where are the bitterness taste receptors located and which cranial nerve is involved.
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Receptors are located at the base of the tongue and the glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible.
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What are meissner and pacinian corpuscles?
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rapidly adapting touch receptors
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What are merkel disks and ruffini endings?
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slow adapting touch receptors.
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Where are touch receptors most numerous?
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skin of fingers and lips
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Where are touch receptors most scarce?
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skin of the trunk
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Specific senory input is carried to the higher levels of the CNS by the.....
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dorsal column of the spinal cord and anterior spinothamic tract
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There is a increase in the size of pacinian corpuscles and a decreased in the number of corpuscles with advancing age.
True or false |
True, this causes a decrease in tactile stimulation with age.
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What are some causes for tactile dysfunction?
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-Trauma
-tumor -infection -metabolic changes -vascular changes -degenerative diseases |
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What is tactile dysfunction?
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Either heightened or diminished tactile perceptions.
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What is vestibular nystagmus?
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A constant, involuntary movement of the eyeball caused by ear disturbances
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A sensation of spinning that occurs with inflammation of the semicircular canals in the ear is known as....
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vertigo
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Perception and awareness of the position of the body and its parts depend on....
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impulses from the inner ear and from the receptors in joints and ligaments
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What are two common causes of proprioceptive dysfunction.
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Vestibular dysfunction,neuropathy
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What is Meniere disease?
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A vestibular disorder that can cause proprioceptive dysfunction.
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Gait changes often occur with proprioceptive dysfunction.
True or False |
True
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