Neuro Ch 1

Front 1

CNS

Back 1

brain and spinal cord

Front 2

PNS

Back 2

cranial and peripheral nerves

Front 3

cells of the CNS

Back 3

neurons: information processing and signalling
glial cells: nurse maids. provide both structural and fx support

Front 4

types of glial cells

Back 4

•CNS: Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal cells
• PNS: Schwann cells

Front 5

astrocytes

Back 5

• Structural role
• Serve as electrical insulators
• Help regulate ionic concentration gradients
• Help provide the blood - brain barrier
• Absorb excess neurotransmitter

Front 6

microglia

Back 6

- become macrophages when activated
- Part of immune / pathology response to remove pathogens and neuronal debris

Front 7

Ependymal Cells

Back 7

– epithelial lining of ventricles
- Also cover/form the choroid plexus – for CSF formation
- Assist in production and circulation of CSF
- Help make up the blood / CSF barrier

Front 8

Myelin

Back 8

– necessary for metabolic support and electrical insulation
• Without the myelin sheath, electrical conduction slows down and becomes weak
• Other functions include facilitation of regrowth (PNS) and maintain ion concentrations
• Separated by nodes of Ranvier – where ion channels reside
- comes from oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Front 9

Oligodendrocytes

Back 9

– Single cell has many branches that encircle sections of axons
- Produce the white matter for CNS

Front 10

- Schwann Cells

Back 10

– myelinated internodes made by single schwann cell
- Produce the white matter for PNS
- Will allow axon regeneration
- Single cell can also surround unmyelinated multiple axons

Front 11

types of motor proteins that organelles or vesicles to walk on microtubules

Back 11

- Kinesin – anterograde transport away from cell body
- Dynein – retrograde transport toward cell body

Front 12

vesicles

Back 12

little pods of transmitters that walk using microtubules

Front 13

what 2 things move via axons

Back 13

• Electricity - sequential organization of ion channels to send action potential along axon
• Vesicles – movement of transmitter bundles using microtubules

Front 14

Soma

Back 14

- name for neuron cell body
- Support metabolic and synthetic needs of the cell

Front 15

dendrites

Back 15

receive informatin

Front 16

Axons

Back 16

conduct information

Front 17

Multipolar neurons:

Back 17

• Many dendrites, single axon
-Types
* Pyramidal: 1 primary apical dendrite, axon from base
*Stellate: Many dendrites, no definitive axon

Front 18

Bipolar

Back 18

neuron with one dendrite one axon

Front 19

Unipolar aka pseudopolar

Back 19

Single process acting as both axon and dendrite

Front 20

interneurons

Back 20

• Smaller neurons with all connections within a small (local) area
• CNS only
• Tend to be multipolar (stellate) cells

Front 21

projection neurons

Back 21

- Larger neurons with long axons connecting different parts of the nervous system
- CNS and PNS systems
- sensory and motor

Front 22

sensory projection neurons

Back 22

• Afferent neurons connected to non-neuronal receptor cells or are directly sensitive to various stimuli
• Also used to denote neurons that carry ascending information in spinal cord

Front 23

motor projection neurons

Back 23

• Efferent neurons end directly on muscle, gland, or autonomic neuron
• Also used to denote neurons that carry descending information in spinal cord

Front 24

Grey Matter

Back 24

-predominance of cell bodies and dendrites
-highly vascularized
- Nuclei - Specific areas of functionally related cell bodies are called
- Cortex – area where grey matter forms a layered surface that covers some part of the CNS

Front 25

white matter

Back 25

• Myelinated axons
• Subdivisions of white matter in axon bundles are called tracts – usually named for the parts that are connected
• Often have 2 part names
• First part – location of cell bodies
• Second part – site where axons terminate

Front 26

Nucleus

Back 26

• DNA
• Nucleolus
(organelle)

Front 27

Mitochondria

Back 27

ATP production
(organelle)

Front 28

Rough ER (Nissl substance)

Back 28

• Protein synthesis
(organelle)

Front 29

Golgi apparatus

Back 29

Packaging
(organelle)

Front 30

Microtubules

Back 30

(cytoskeleton)
• Organelle and vesicle transport

Front 31

Neurofilaments

Back 31

(cytoskeleton)
• Mainly structural

Front 32

Microfilaments

Back 32

(cytoskeleton)
-anchor membrane molecules in place
• Shuttle to/from membrane

Front 33

syanpses

Back 33

• Most synapses occur on dendrites (tree/arbor)
• Specializations for synapse called spines

Front 34

axon hillock

Back 34

• Where axon attaches to cell body – site of action potential initiation
• All synaptic inputs summed here