Neuro- Cerebral Cortex

Front 1

main cell type in layers III and IV

Back 1

pyramidal cells

Front 2

what are Betz cells?
where are they found?

Back 2

the largest pyramidal cell (neurons) found in layer V of the motor cortex

give rise to corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers

pyramidal in shape with an apical dendrite that extends all the way to layer I and several basal dendrites projecting laterally from the base

Front 3

molecular layer, containing few neurons

Back 3

Layer I

Front 4

external granular layer

Back 4

Layer II

Front 5

external pyramidal layer

Back 5

layer III

Front 6

layer IV

Back 6

internal GRANULAR layer

Front 7

layer V

Back 7

internal PYRAMIDAL layer

Front 8

layer VI

Back 8

multiform or fusiform layer

Front 9

supragranular layers

Back 9

Layer I (molecular)
Layer II (external granular)
Layer III (external pyramidal)

Front 10

what areas constitute the allocortex

and with what functions is it involved?

Back 10

more primitive areas located in the medial temporal lobes

involved with olfaction and survival functions such as visceral and emotional reactions

Front 11

two components of the allocortex

Back 11

PALEOCORTEX (primiform lobe {olfaction} and the entorhinal cortex)

ARCHICORTEX (hippocampus)

Front 12

a three layered cortex dealing with encoding declarative memory and spatial functions

Back 12

HIPPOCAMPUS (which makes up the ARCHICORTEX component of the ALLOCORTEX)

Front 13

stellate (aka granule) cells are most prominent in what cortical layer?

Back 13

Layer IV

Front 14

Cell types of the cortex

Back 14

NOT JUST PYRAMIDAL AND GRANULE
also horizontal, fusiform, and cells of Martinotti

Front 15

this portion of the cortex is highly developed in humans and permits communication between one portion of the cortex and other regions

Back 15

SUPRAGRANULAR PORTION (layers I-III) of cortex

Front 16

layer IV receives what kind of connections?
especially from where?

Back 16

receives thalamocortical connections, especially from specific thalamic nuclei

most prominent in the primary sensory cortices

Front 17

most prominent layer in the primary sensory cortices

Back 17

layer IV
receiving lots of input from thalamic nuclei

Front 18

Brodman's areas are based on

Back 18

cellular composition of the cortex (and cortical layers)

Front 19

what is the SI?
where is it located?
what areas does it include?

Back 19

Primary Somatosensory Cortex
areas 3, 1, 2
located in the post central gyrus

Front 20

receives somatotopic input from VPL and VPM of the thalamus

Back 20

SI

Front 21

histologically, the SI would consist of what type of cortex?

Back 21

granular

Front 22

damage to the sensory cortex results in

Back 22

decreased sensory thresholds, an inability to discriminate the properties of tactile stimuli or id objects by touch

Front 23

what is SII?
where is it located?
what areas does it include?

Back 23

Secondary somatosensory cortex
lower parietal lobe
area 40

Front 24

SII receives connectiosn from:

Back 24

SI and also less specific thalamic nuclei

Front 25

lesions to SII may result in

Back 25

impairments of some elements of sensory discrimination

Front 26

somatosensory association cortex is comprised of areas:

Back 26

5 and 7
(located directly posterior to the senosry cortex in the superior parietal lobes)

Front 27

somatosensory association cortex receives synthesized connections from:

Back 27

the primary and secondary sensory cortices

Front 28

damage to the somatosensory association cortex results in:

Back 28

tactile agnosia

Front 29

what kind of damage can result in neglect of the contralateral side of the world

Back 29

cortical damage to non-dominant hemisphere
(particularly to the area where the posterior parietal lobe meets the anterior occipital and the posterior, superior temporal lobe)

Front 30

Primary Visual Cortex (VI)
area:
aka:

Back 30

aka STRIATE CORTEX
area 17, surrounds the CALCARINE SULCUS

Front 31

organization of VI (primary visual cortex)

Back 31

large granular layer
with OCULAR DOMINANCE COLUMNS (dense columns of neurons)
adjacent columns come from the same homonomous portions of the left and right eyes
-macula (most sensitive central portion of retina) is represented at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe
-upper world projects to lower part of striate cortex

Front 32

lesions of the occipital lobe would cause

Back 32

cortical blindness and difficulty tracking objects

Front 33

to what areas does the PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX project?

Back 33

VI projects to cortical areas surrounding it, called VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREAS (V2, V3; areas 18 and 19) where signals are interpreted and form is recognized.

Front 34

Visual association areas (V2, V3) receive inputs from where?

Back 34

VISUAL CORTEX as well as the
LATERAL GENICULATE

Front 35

selective lesions to which areas can cause an inability to recognize objects, even when they may be seen

Back 35

the VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREAS (V2{18}V3{19})

Front 36

V4 is necessary for

Back 36

color recognition

Front 37

V5 (resides in poterior part of middle temporal gyrus, also called MT) is responsible for:

Back 37

recognizing movement

Front 38

region of association cortex attending to stimuli in external and internal environment

Back 38

parietal cortex

Front 39

region of association cortex involved in identifying the nature of the stimuli.

Back 39

temporal cortex

Front 40

region of association cortex involved in planning an appropriate response to stimuli

Back 40

frontal cortex

Front 41

layer of cortex that may be similar to reticular formation and has role in consciousness and in organizing the embryonic development of the cortex

Back 41

layer I
molecular layer

Front 42

where do the
infragranular layers (V and VI)
project?

Back 42

these layers (V and VI)
project to SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES

Front 43

which cortical regions are termed AGRANULAR CORTEX?

Back 43

motor cortical regions, because they contain mostly infragranular areas

Front 44

this layer is the origin of many corticothalamic projections

Back 44

layer VI
fusiform/multiform layer

Front 45

cells receiving thalamic input are...?

Back 45

Excitatory
most other neurons use GABA

Front 46

dominant cell in layer IV
small (<10microns)
short axon remains in cortex

Back 46

STELLATE or GRANULE CELLS

Front 47

minor cell types

Back 47

horizontal cells (superficial layer 1)
fusiform or spindle cells (deepest layer VI, dendrites and axons enter white matter)
cells of Martinotti (all layers, esp. VI) send axons toward surface

Front 48

agnosia

Back 48

inability to recognize
(selective lesions of visual association cortex, V2, V3 (areas 18&19)

Front 49

apraxia

Back 49

inability to synthesize movement

Front 50

lobe involved in:
perception and discrimination of somatic sensory stimuli. Also involved in integrating visual and somatic sensory information

Back 50

PARIETAL

Front 51

lobe responsible for:
auditory perception and discrimination and receptive language function. Olfaction as well as learning and memory function in the medial region (those areas of allocortex).

Back 51

TEMPORAL

Front 52

lobe responsible for visual perception and recognition

Back 52

OCCIPITAL

Front 53

lobe involved in initiation and control of voluntary movement as well as expressive language function. Higher function of mood, personality, judgment, motivation, executive functions.

Back 53

FRONTAL

Front 54

region of cortex buried in the lateral sulcus. It receives taste afferent information. It is associated with somatic sensory and limbic function and influences autonomic (visceral) functions.

Back 54

INSULAR CORTEX

Front 55

region locates posterior to SI and just above the lateral fissure

Back 55

area 40; SII

Front 56

input to SII

Back 56

afferents from SI and from intralaminar and posterior thalamic nuclei
neurons respond to several sensory modalities bilaterally

Front 57

asteriognosis

Back 57

inability to recognize objects by touch, even if normal primary sense (due to lesions in somatosensory association cortex {areas 5 and 7})

Front 58

areas located in the superior parietal lobule, receive afferents from SI and SII

Back 58

areas 5 & 7
somatosensory association cortex

Front 59

damage to RIGHT parietal lobe lesion can cause what syndrome?

Back 59

Contralateral Neglect Syndrome

Front 60

when "attending" to the left visual field which portions of the brain are especially active?

Back 60

right parietal cortex

Front 61

when "attending" to the right visual field, what regions of the brain are especially active?

Back 61

BOTH the right and left parietal cortex

Front 62

a parietal lesion in the left hemisphere produces what type of neglect?

Back 62

minimal right neglect

Front 63

a partial parietal bilateral lesion can result in what type of neglect?

Back 63

SEVERE right neglect, due to lack of sufficient processing in either hemisphere

Front 64

what happens when a monkey attends to a visual stimulus?

how can that attention be increased?

Back 64

greater firing by neurons in posterior parietal cortex

firing/attentiveness increase when greater fruit juice reward can be expected

Front 65

where is the Stripe of Gennari

Back 65

prominant granular layer (IV) seen as band in Visual cortex, on teh banks of the calcarine sulcus

Front 66

macular projections go to what part of the striate cortex?

Back 66

caudal part

Front 67

what quadrant projects to the lower bank of the calcarine sulcus?

Back 67

the upper quadrant of the contralateral world

Front 68

electrical stimulation of the striate cortex will prduce

Back 68

Flashes or sparks of light

Front 69

lesions to the striate cortex can cause

Back 69

cortical blindness and inability to track options

Front 70

where does the striate cortex send projections?

Back 70

areas 18 and 19 (visual association areas)

Front 71

peristriate cortex

Back 71

(V2 and V3) secondary and teritary visual cortex

Front 72

peristriate cortex has larger layer III and receives input from

Back 72

area 17
lateral geniculate
and pulvinar

Front 73

peristriate cortex is involved with

Back 73

more complex neurons, and visual hallucinations

Front 74

face recognition takes place in what part of visual cortex?

Back 74

non-dominant INFERIOR TEMPORAL gyrus

Front 75

prosopagnosia

Back 75

inability to recongize faces (lesion in non-dominant IT region of visual cortex)????

Front 76

occipital eye field
efferents project to

Back 76

frontal eye fields and pontine nuclei for smooth pursuit eye movements

Front 77

lesions in occipital eye field produce

Back 77

produce difficulty in fixing on objects through voluntary conjugate movement is intact

Front 78

Inferior Temporal Lobe has cells that respond to

Back 78

face recognition

as well as profile recognition

Front 79

Primary Auditory Cortex (AI)

Back 79

area 41
transverse gyri of Heschel (on superior temporal gyrus)

Front 80

what layer dominates the Primary auditory cortex?

Back 80

layer IV

Front 81

AI receives inputs from where?

Back 81

the medial geniculate

Front 82

describe tonotopic representation in the AI?

Back 82

LOW tones Lateral
HIGH tones Medial

Front 83

unilateral lesions to the auditory cortex cause:

Back 83

are usualy ASYMPTOMATIC

Front 84

Secondary Auditory Cortex (AII)

Back 84

area 42
part of the posterior transverse gyrus of Heschel

Front 85

AII receives input from

Back 85

A1 and the medial geniculate

Front 86

lesions to the AII may prevent:

Back 86

the recognition of sounds (rarely)

Front 87

higher auditory cortex

Back 87

area 22, part of the superior temporal gyrus around A1 and A2

includes Wernicke's area in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere

Front 88

lesions to area 22

Back 88

(higher auditory cortex) can produce severe RECEPTIVE APHASIA

Front 89

Wernicke's area is found where?

Back 89

in Area 22 (higher auditory cortex) of the dominant (usually left) hemisphere

Front 90

area involved in understanding tone of voice

Back 90

nondominant Area 22, higher auditory cortex (usually right side)

Front 91

cortical sensory area involved in TASTE

receives input from where?

Back 91

inferior part of postcentral gyrus, extending into the insula

receives input from the VPM of the thalamus

Front 92

cortical sensory area involved in VESTIBULAR function

Back 92

superior temporal or inferior parietal gyrus (not clear?)

Front 93

Primary Motor Cortex (MI)

Back 93

area 4, precentral gyrus
large layer V (giant pyramidal BETZ cells)

Front 94

MI has efferents projecting to:

Back 94

corticospinal and coritcobulbar fibers
-also projections to thalamus and basal ganglia

Front 95

MI has afferent inputs from:

Back 95

VL of the thalamus
Premotor areas of the cortex
-somatotopy- muscles are represented based on the degree of fine control that they have

Front 96

electrical stimulation of the Primary motor cortex results in

Back 96

isolated movements (somatotopy can change with activity)

Front 97

lesions in MI will produce:

Back 97

spastic weakness contralaterally, recovery typical but fine movements of the hand are often permanantly affected

Front 98

premotor cortex

Back 98

area 6, just rostral to precentral gyurs

Front 99

premotor cortex (vs. MI on cellular level)

Back 99

smaller pyramidal layer and fewer BETZ cells

Front 100

premotor cortex sends efferent projections to...

Back 100

the motor cortex and to the brainstem and spinal cord

Front 101

premotor cortex receives afferents from:

Back 101

sensory association cortex and basal ganglia (via the VA and VL of thalamus)

Front 102

electrical stimulation of the premotor cortex evokes:

Back 102

broader movements and at higher current threholds relative to MI

Front 103

lesions in premotor cortex produce

Back 103

less paralysis, but more spasticity than lesions of area 4

Front 104

supplementary motor area (MII)

Back 104

area 6
part of premotor cortex, extends medially into the interhemispheric fissure

Front 105

MII afferents from:

Back 105

sensory association areas and prefrontal cortex

Front 106

MII efferent projections go to

Back 106

primary motor cortex, contralateral supplementary motor area, basal ganglia (striatum), thalamus and brain stem

Front 107

electrical activity in this region precedes movement

Back 107

supplementary motor cortex (area 6, MII)

Front 108

lesions in supplementary motor cortex (area 6, MII) can cause

Back 108

abulia
(inability to initiate movement)

Front 109

conditioned finger tapping in response to a stimulus shows activity mostly in

Back 109

the hand area of the MI (precentral gyrus)

Front 110

movement that requires a decision shows activity in:

Back 110

First shows activity in Premotor Cortex (including the Supplementary Motor Area SMA)

then in the primary motor cortex

Front 111

activity is seen in what area if movement is "rehearsed" but not executed?

Back 111

activity in the premotor cortex

though primary motor cortex isn't active

Front 112

abulia may be caused by lesion of what region?

Back 112

lesion in the supplementary motor area

Front 113

movement which requires significant planning begins with activty in?

Back 113

the parietal cortex posterior to the postcentral gyrus

activity is subsequently seen in the premotor cortex and then in the motor cortex

Front 114

in all but the simplest movements there is activity in neurons of:

before the movement begins and before there is activity in the primary motor cortex

Back 114

the basal ganglion and the cerebellum (particularly the lateral hemispheres)

Front 115

amount of activity in the cerebellum is greatest during what type of movement?

Back 115

a NOVEL movement (involved in learning the movement)

Front 116

frontal eye fields are located where?

Back 116

rostral to premotor cortex
inferior area 8

Front 117

frontal eye fields are involved in:

Back 117

conjugate saccadic eye movement away from the side

Front 118

afferent input to the frontal eye fields

Back 118

medial dorsal thalamic nucleus
and
visual cortex

Front 119

frontal eye fields send efferent projections to:

Back 119

the superior colliculus
and the PPRF

Front 120

lesion of the frontal eye field

Back 120

blocks voluntary gaze to the opposite side of the lesion

Front 121

receptive language area

Back 121

Wernicke's area (22)
and adjacent parts of inferior parietal lobe and supramarginal and angular gyri (often lumped together as Wernicke's area)
-in DOMINANT HEMISPHERE

Front 122

wernicke's area (22) is required for

Back 122

integration and interpretation of language

Front 123

lesions to wernicke's area (22) produce

Back 123

RECEPTIVE APHASIA

Front 124

Broca's area

Back 124

opercular and triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (in dominant hemisphere)

critical to motor generation of language

Front 125

language processing involves what areas?

Back 125

classic language areas (Broca's and Wernicke's) as well as activity in primary and association sensory and motor areas

Front 126

language is apparently organized in the temporal lobe according to what?

Back 126

categories of meaning (i.e. tools, people animals experiment)

Front 127

nondominant equivalent of wernicke's and broca's areas may be important in:

Back 127

understanding and generating prosody in speech
(inflection, emotional content)

Front 128

evolutionary in brain size

Back 128

???? slide 58 of 27

Front 129

evolutionary significance of prefrontal cortex (areas 9,10,11,12)

Back 129

well developed in humans
greatest amt of postnatal development
judgment, insight, motivation, mood
dvpt of conditioned emotional reactions and also to emotional qualities of pain
connects to all other cortical lobes through long association bundles

Front 130

afferent input to prefrontal cortex

Back 130

limbic cortex, amygdala, septal nuclei

Front 131

prefrontal cortex has reciptrocal connection with

Back 131

DM of thalamus

Front 132

lesions in prefrontal cortex produce difficulty in:

Back 132

solving puzzles; abstract reasoning and judgment; moods (apathy, especially with r. hemisphere damage, euphoria w/ l. hemi damage), behavior (rude, tactless)

area strongly effected by alcohol

Front 133

EXECUTIVE FUNCITON (EF)

Back 133

ability to organize thoughts and work, to create plans and successfully execute them, to manage administrative functions of one's life

those with impaired EF may appear to live in teh moment, fail to monitor their activities or social interactions, to make plans or carry them out,

Front 134

Stroop test, Wisconsin card sort test?

Back 134

involved in testing EF??

Front 135

when food is presented to a monkey as part of a DELAYED RESPONSE TASK, neurons in what region are more active than when no food is presented?

Back 135

delay-specific neuron in the prefrontal cortex more active during delay after food has been presented

Front 136

association bundles connect

Back 136

one part of cortex with others

Front 137

association bundles usually come from what layer(s)?
terminate in what layer(s)?

Back 137

come from layer III
terminate in layers I and II

Front 138

short association fibers connect

Back 138

adjacent gyri

Front 139

superior longitudinal fasciculus (aka arcuate fasciculus) interconnects

Back 139

all lobes and esp the language areas

Front 140

inferior occiptofrontal fasciculus interconnects

Back 140

temporal and occipital poles

Front 141

uncinate fasciculus interconnects

Back 141

interconnects the temporal and frontal poles

Front 142

the cingulum interconnects

Back 142

the subcallosal region, cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

Front 143

commissural bundles

Back 143

CORPUS COLLOSUM (~300 million fibers)
ANTERIOR COMMISURE (interconnects temporal lobe structures, including some olfactory lobe structures)

Front 144

lesion in this can produce "split brain"

Back 144

Corpus collosum,
can't tell you what an object is that is placed in the left hand for example

Front 145

Left Hemispheric Specialization

Back 145

motor control
language
math
logic

Front 146

Right Hemispheric Specialization

Back 146

face recognition
spatial skills
music
visual imagery

Front 147

Split brain thought experiment:
(pic woman left/man on right)
point to whole face seen?
say what face seen?

Back 147

point to whole face seen? woman (face recognition= right)
say what face seen? man (language = left)