Neuro - Cerebral Cortex

Front 1

What are the 6 layers of the neocortex, from superficial to deep?

Back 1

I: molecular layer
II: external granular layer
III: external pyramidal layer
IV: internal granular layer
V: internal pyramidal layer
VI: multiform layer

Front 2

What layer receives thalamocortical inputs?

Back 2

IV - internal granular

Front 3

What layer gives rise to corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts?

Back 3

V - internal pyramidal layer (giant pyramidal cells of Betz)

Front 4

What layer is the major source of corticocortical fibers?

Back 4

III - external pyramidal layer (and some external granular layer)

Front 5

What layer of the visual cortex does the LGN project to?

Back 5

IV

Front 6

What functional area has the thickest cortex? Thinnest?

Back 6

Motor cortex is thickest, visual cortex is thinnest

Front 7

How do you determine which is the dominant hemisphere?

Back 7

Wada test. Inject sodium amobarbital (Amytal) into carotid, and see what side causes patient to become aphasic

Front 8

What are some functions of the dominant hemisphere?

Back 8

language, praxis (skilled motor formulation), and calculation

Front 9

What are some functions of the nondominant hemisphere?

Back 9

visual-spatial analysis, prosody (emotion conveyed by tone of voice), allows superior recognition of faces

Front 10

Where is Broca's area located?

Back 10

Inferior frontal gyrus in dominant hemisphere (areas 44/45)

Front 11

What type of deficits are associated with a lesion of Broca's area?

Back 11

Broca's aphasia: expressive, non-fluent aphasia (can articulate speech or write); often associated with contralateral facial and arm weakness

Front 12

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Back 12

Posterior part of superior temporal gyrus (area 22)

Front 13

What type of deficits are associated with a lesion of Wernicke's area?

Back 13

receptive, fluent aphasia, can't understand any form of language, has spontaneous fluent speech that makes no sense, impaired repetition, contralateral visual field deficit (often upper quadrant)

Front 14

What does "dysarthria" mean, and in what type of aphasia is it seen?

Back 14

difficulty in articulating words (caused by muscle impairment); Broca's aphasia

Front 15

What type of disorder might a lesion of the superior division of the MCA cause?

Back 15

Broca's aphasia

Front 16

What type of disorder might an infarct of the left MCA inferior division cause?

Back 16

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 17

What are paraphasic errors, and in what disorder are they seen?

Back 17

inappropriate substitutions of words with similar meanings, or parts of words with similar sounds; Wernicke's aphasia

Front 18

What are neologisms, and in what disorder are they seen?

Back 18

nonsense words; Wernicke's aphasia

Front 19

What is the disorder if the patient is not fluent, cannot comprehend, and cannot repeat?
What is the common vascular cause?

Back 19

global aphasia (or early Broca's aphasia); left MCA infarcts of superior and inferior divisions

Front 20

What is the disorder if the patient is fluent, can comprehend, but cannot repeat?

Back 20

conduction aphasia (caused by interruption of the arcuate fasciculus)

Front 21

What disorder might result from an ACA-MCA watershed infarct, and what are the key symptoms?

Back 21

transcortical motor aphasia; not fluent, can understand, can repeat

Front 22

What disorder might result from an MCA-PCA watershed infarct, and what are the key symptoms?

Back 22

transcortical sensory aphasia; fluent, cannot understand, can repeat

Front 23

What disorder might result from a combined ACA-MCA and MCA-PCA watershed infarct, and what are the key symptoms?

Back 23

mixed transcortical aphasia; not fluent, cannot comprehend, can repeat

Front 24

Patient with agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia. What is the name of this disorder, and where might the lesion be located?

Back 24

Gerstmann's Syndrome; inferior parietal lobe on dominant side

(also may have contralateral hemi- or lower quadrantopia)

Front 25

Patient with (contralateral) spastic paresis, with pronator drift. What area of cortex is affected?

Back 25

primary motor and premotor cortex

Front 26

Patient's eyes are deviated to ipsilateral side. What area of cortex is damaged?

Back 26

frontal eye field (middle/superior frontal love, just rostral to premotor cortex)

Front 27

What are some common symptoms of frontal lobe disorders?

Back 27

apathy, inappropriated behavior, perseveration, and deficits in judgement, concentration, orientation, and problem-solving ability (may also have gait apraxia and apathetic incontinence)

Front 28

Patient with (contralateral) hemihypesthesia. What area of the cortex is affected?

Back 28

primary somatosensory

Front 29

What symptoms might result from a lesion of the superior parietal lobule?

Back 29

astereognosis (inability to determine form of object by touch), sensory neglect, and apraxia

Front 30

Cortical deafness results from a lesion of what?

Back 30

primary auditory cortex--Heschl's gyrus on superior surface of temporal lobe

*must be bilateral to cause deafness; unilateral causes mild hearing loss*

Front 31

What happens when there are bilateral lesions to the hippocampus?

Back 31

inability to consolidate short- to long-term memory (case of H.M.)

Front 32

What disorder is characteristic of docility and lack of responsiveness, with hyperphagia, hypersexuality, and visual agnosia? Where is the lesion?

Back 32

Kluver-Bucy syndrome; bilateral amygdala-anterior temporal lobe

Front 33

What results from a lesion of the olfactory bulb, tract, or primary olfactory cortex?

Back 33

ipsilateral anosmia

Front 34

What might result from an occipital lobe lesion?

Back 34

blindness (primary visual cortex)q

Front 35

What results from a nondominant lesion of Broca's area?

Back 35

expressive dysprosody (inability to express emotion or inflection in speech)

Front 36

What results from a nondominant lesion of Wernicke's area?

Back 36

receptive dysprosody (inability to comprehend emotion or inflection in speech)

Front 37

Lesion of what cortical region often causes left-sided hemineglect?

Back 37

parietal or frontal cortex on RIGHT side (right hemisphere attends to both sides, while left hemisphere attends only to right side)