Neuro & Cell Final

Front 1

Afferent pathway for sensory information

Back 1

Peripheral nerves to spinal cord - to brain stem to thalamus to cerebral cortex

Front 2

Definition of effector

Back 2

Muscle or gland which performs functions directed by nerve signals

Front 3

Area associated with subconscious activity

Back 3

The lower brain - medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum & basal ganglia

Front 4

Which CNS synapse has only ONE-WAY transmission?

Back 4

Chemical

Front 5

Structures present in the presynaptic terminal

Back 5

Presynaptic vesicles
Mitochondria

Front 6

Name the parts of the neuron

Back 6

Soma - main body
Axon - extends from soma to the terminal. Effector
Dentrite - projections from soma

Front 7

Chemical responsible for release of neurotransmitter substance

Back 7

Calcium

Front 8

Cellular activity associated with inhibition

Back 8

GABA or open chloride channels

Front 9

Inhibition of neuronal activity achieved by

Back 9

opening NA and Cl simultaneously

Front 10

Place where norepi is secreted

Back 10

locus cereleus in pons
post ganglionic neurons of SNS
Adrenal medulla

Front 11

Dopamine

Back 11

inhibitory

Front 12

Glycine

Back 12

inhibitory

Front 13

GABA

Back 13

inhibitory

Front 14

Glutamate

Back 14

Excitatory

Front 15

ACH

Back 15

excitatory

Front 16

Norepi

Back 16

excitatory

Front 17

Enkaphlin

Back 17

inhibitory

Front 18

Serotonin

Back 18

excitatory
inhibits pain and higher regions of nervous system to control mood

Front 19

Resting membrane potential of neuronal soma

Back 19

-65mV

Front 20

As the internal membrane potential becomes more negative the cell becomes more

Back 20

hyperpolarized or relaxed

Front 21

Facilitation of a neuron

Back 21

The summated postsynaptic potential is excitatory but not reached threshold levels. Its near the threshold for firing but not yet to firing level

Front 22

What will increase excitability of a cell

Back 22

alkalosis
caffeine
strychnine

Front 23

what will decrease excitability of a cell

Back 23

hyperventilation

Front 24

Temporal summation

Back 24

with rapid refiring of a terminal increases the postsynaptic potential allowing easier depolarization

Front 25

Oscillatory circuit

Back 25

positive feedback loop within neuronal circuit causing prolonged excitation

Front 26

neuronal circuit self-stimulating once activated

Back 26

reverberating

Front 27

Down-regulation

Back 27

when receptors are overused receptors are removed

Front 28

Up regulation

Back 28

More receptors
takes less drug to get effect
easier for drug to find receptor

Front 29

Down-regulation

Back 29

Fewer receptors
Takes more drug for effect
Drug has hard time finding receptors

Front 30

ACH - denervation injury (transection)

Back 30

receptors up regulate
need more NDMR
need less Sux

Front 31

Myasthenia gravis

Back 31

down regulation
need less NDMR
Need more Sux

Front 32

Place where sensory info eventually unites on the way to the cortex

Back 32

thalamus

Front 33

System associated with rapid transmission and high spatial orientation

Back 33

Dorsal column system

Front 34

System associated with slower sensory pathway with less spatial orientation

Back 34

anterolateral system

Front 35

Neuronal causes of pain

Back 35

accumulation of lactic acid
Bradykinin

Front 36

Pain pathways and where they terminate

Back 36

Neospinothalamic tract
Paleospinothalamic tract

Front 37

Transmits fast pain

Back 37

neospinothalamic tract
by type A delta fibers

Front 38

Transmits slow pain

Back 38

Paleospinothalamic tract
Type C fibers

Front 39

Body's analgesia system

Back 39

periaqueductal gray and periventricular areas of mesencephalon and upper pons
Raphe nucleus
Dorsal horns of the spinal cord

Front 40

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) results from

Back 40

opening of Na+ channels

Front 41

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) results from

Back 41

opening of K+ channels

Front 42

Which of the following types of neuronal circuits is self-stimulating once activated?

Back 42

Reverberating

Front 43

Which of the following nerve structures carries axons from the dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus?

Back 43

Nerve structure carries axons from dorsal column nuclei to thalamus - Medial lemniscus

Front 44

Stimulation of which brain area can modulate the sensation of pain?

Back 44

Periaqueductal gray

Front 45

The primary visual cortex is located

Back 45

Occipital Lobe

Front 46

In which of the following cells of the retina are action potentials generated as a result of exposure to light:

Back 46

Ganglion cells

Front 47

The function of the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti is best described as?

Back 47

Transducer auditory signal

Front 48

Glutamate is thought to be the primary source of stimulation of which of the following taste sensations?

Back 48

Umami

Front 49

The bitter taste sensation is the result of stimulation of the appropriate taste receptor by?

Back 49

Long chain organic containing N

Front 50

Which of the following statements concerning the sensation of smell is correct?

Back 50

Sensation of smell is not well developed in humans

Front 51

The function of the Golgi tendon organ is:

Back 51

Sense muscle tension & equalize contractile force exerted by groups of muscle fibers in al muscle

Front 52

The rubrospinal tract originates from which area of the brain?

Back 52

Magnocellular area of the red nucleus

Front 53

Neurological disease associated with the cerebellum produces which of the following types of symptoms?

Back 53

Ataxia

Front 54

Purkinje cell input to the deep nuclear cells of the cerebellum:

Back 54

Always inhibitory

Front 55

Parkinson’s disease is the result of:

Back 55

loss of dopaminergic input from substantia nigra to the caudate nucleus and the putamen

Front 56

The main function of Broca’s area of the cortex is:

Back 56

)-- to activate and control the motor programs used in the vocalization of words

Front 57

Retrograde Amnesia is usually the result of damage to, or dysfunction of which of the following structures?

Back 57

Hippocampus

Front 58

Which of the following structures provides the connection between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area in the cerebral cortex?

Back 58

arcuate fasciculus

Front 59

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by which nerve fibers or pathways?--

Back 59

corpus callosum

Front 60

In an otherwise normal individual, dysfunction of which brain area will lead to behavior which is not appropriate for the given social occasion?--

Back 60

Amygdala

Front 61

In which structure does the major output from the limbic system originate?--

Back 61

Hypothalamus

Front 62

Which neuropsychiatric disorder is thought to be the result of an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine?

Back 62

Schizophrenia

Front 63

The reward center is located in which of the following structures:

Back 63

Medial Forebrain Bundle especially in the lateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus

Front 64

The punishment center is located in which of the following structures?--

Back 64

located in the central gray area around the aqueduct of Sylvius of the mesencephalon and extending upward into the periventricular zones of the hypothalamus and thalamus

Front 65

lesion of the lateral area of the hypothalamus would be expected to result in which of the following conditions or symptoms?

Back 65

bilateral lesions to lateral hypothalamus decrease eating and drinking to zero--lethal-- extreme passivity

Front 66

stimulation of which of the following brain regions can induce sleep?

Back 66

The Raphe Nuclei causes sleep through the release of serotonin which is thought to induce sleep

Front 67

Mania is a condition in which there is an excess of which of the following neurotransmitters?

Back 67

Both serotonin and norepinephrine have been implicated in the Mania and depression parts of Manic depression

Front 68

Which type of brain wave pattern characterizes petit mal epilepsy?

Back 68

spike and dome pattern

Front 69

Delta waves recorded in an adult during a typical EEG are thought to be indicative of:

Back 69

deep sleep or serious organic brain disorders

Front 70

Which of the following receptors is found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?--

Back 70

ACH

Front 71

At mean arterial pressure levels between 140 mmHg and 170 mmHg, blood flow to the brain:

Back 71

auto-regulated

Front 72

An increase in pCO2 from 40 mmHg to 80 mmHg would cause brain blood flow to

Back 72

increases cerebral blood flow

Front 73

Thalamic structure involved in memory

Back 73

Important for recalling memory

Front 74

Which of the following nerve fibers are contained in the gray ramus

Back 74

postganglionic sympathetic fibers small type C fibers

Front 75

The mechanism of action of alpha one receptors involves

Back 75

Vasoconstriction, iris dilation, intestinal relaxation, intestinal sphincter contraction, pilomotor contraction, bladder sphincter contraction.

Front 76

Pilomotor muscles of the skin have sympathetic fiberss that are

Back 76

very small type C fibers

Front 77

The main function of the basal ganglia

Back 77

help to plan and control complex patterns of muscle movement. Controls complex patterns of motor activity: cutting paper with scissors, hammering, vocalization, throwing a baseball, controlled movements of the eye.

Front 78

The somatosensory cortex is located for the most part in the

Back 78

(Area 1) postcentral gyrus of the human cerebral cortex

Front 79

Betz cells are found in the

Back 79

primary motor cortex, corticospinal tract

Front 80

Damage to the primary motor cortex causes

Back 80

Loss of voluntary control of descrete movements of the distal segments of the limbs, especially of the hands and fingers.

Front 81

Myasthenia Gravis

Back 81

resistant to succinylcholine extremely sensitive to non-depolarizers

Front 82

Autonomic hyper-reflexia

Back 82

Systemic Hypertension and reflex bradycardia
above T6 greater risk

Front 83

What happens above the level of the spinal cord lesion

Back 83

Reflexive cutaneous vasodilation occurs--nasal stuffiness-- headache, blurred vision r/t hypertension

Front 84

Below the level of the spinal cord transection

Back 84

vasoconstriction persists below the level of the transection

Front 85

Demyelinating diseases
Why would you not use succs on these patients?

Back 85

the number of receptors increase (and some of these may be extrajunctional and immature) so you could see a much exaggerated release of potassium with succs administration-May also see exaggerated responses to non-depolarizers

Front 86

Spinal Cord Injury
How fast do extrajunctional receptors form? Easiest way to intubate a pt with cervical cord injury?

Back 86

w/in hours
Fiberoptic intubation

Front 87

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 87

Avoid hyperthermia--don’t use bairhugger

Front 88

Parkinson’s Disease

Back 88

Avoid Reglan because it is a dopaminergic antagonist and will block dopamine receptors thus making symptoms worse

Front 89

What does the greek word Chorea stand for?

Back 89

Dance

Front 90

Dementia/Alzheimers
What anticholinergic agent is better for dementia and alzheimers patients?

Back 90

Robinol (glycopyrolate)

Front 91

When is the biggest risk of seizure during anesthesia?

Back 91

induction and emergence

Front 92

What procedure could lead to hyponatremia r/t fluid volume overload and induce seizures?

Back 92

TURP (r/t irrigation and Glycine irrigant)

Front 93

Neuropathies: Biggest thing in anesthesia that can cause peripheral neuropathies?

Back 93

Positioning----Ulnar and brachial plexus are most common injuries

Front 94

Baclofen

Back 94

GABA-B receptor agonist

Front 95

Benzodiazepines

Back 95

GABA-A receptor agonists

Front 96

CVA: pts that are susceptible to stroke such as the elderly and those with history of TIAs or severe PVD

Back 96

Should keep MAP between 60-140 because at this the cerebral blood flow is autoregulated and pressure in the arteries and veins will be maintained within certain parameters--- Below 60 there is a risk for ischemia
Above 140 there is a risk of hemorrhage

Front 97

Intracranial Hypertension: Know signs and symptoms

Back 97

headache, Nausea and vomiting, Papilledema (optic disc swelling), focal neurological deficit, altered ventilatory function, decreased level of consciousness, seizures, and coma

Front 98

What can cause Gigantism?

Back 98

tumor that can cause release of Anterior pituitary hormone such as a functional (hormone secreting) pituitary adenoma

Front 99

Hydrocephalus:

Back 99

Hypoventilation and hypocarbia are undesirable because they make cannulation of the ventricle more difficult