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252 Cards in this Set
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Blood supply to Thalamus
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PCA
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Blood Supply to Internal Capsule
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Anterior Choroidal Artery arising from...?
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Internal Carotid artery
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Bloody supply to caudate
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ACA
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Blood supply to lentiform nucleus
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MCA
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Foramen Ovale in skull
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V3 innervates masticators and lateral pterygoids(jaw closer)
Where does V2 exit out of skull? |
Foramen Rotundum
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susceptible to injury via ischemia
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GSE -- Oculomotor muscles that CN III control
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susceptible to injury via compression(aneurysm, tumor)
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GVE -- pupillary constrictors travelling with CN III
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Mesolimbic-mesocortical
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dopamine pathway
regulates behavior--schizophrenia |
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nigrostriatal
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dopamine pathway
coordination of voluntary movements - parkinsonism |
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tuberoinfundibualr
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dopamine pathway
controls prolactin secretion |
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eaton lambert
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similar to Myasthenia Gravis, but Ab to Ca+2 channels(presynaptic)
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beriberi has a classic involvement of the...
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distal lower limb
what does it cause? |
causes demyelination of peripheral nerves
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genetics of Duchennes
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X-linked recessive frameshift
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Carbemazapine important side effect
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Agranulocytosis/Aplastic Anemia
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Phenytoin used to treat?
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Hirsutism, SLE
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NMDA receptor antagonist
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ketamine
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NMDA receptor agonists(physiologic)
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glutamate(also requires glycine)
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cowdry type A
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HSV or CMV
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preferred anesthetic in asthmatics
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Halothane, Sevoflurane due to bronchodilatory effects
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treatment for listeria
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ampicillin
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hyperacuses is related to what muscle?
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Stapedius
innervated by what nerve? |
(innervated by CN VII)
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Broca's Area
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ANTERIOR to sylvian fissure
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Motor cortex
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ANTERIOR to central sulcus
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Sciatic Nerve Roots
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L4-S3
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Sciatica commonly involves
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L5, S1
how do you differentiate between the two? |
S1 will have absent ankle reflex
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panic attacks/disorder
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locus ceruleus -- NE
located in pons |
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cystic degeneration of the putamen
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Wilson's Disease
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butterfly glioma
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Glioblastoma Multiforme
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Pilocytic Astrocytomas histological appearance
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spindle cells with hair like glial processes a/w microcysts
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spindle cells with hair like glial processes a/w microcysts
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Pilocytic Astrocytomas
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rosenthal fibers and granular eosinophilic bodies
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Pilocytic Astrocytomas
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essential diagnostic feature of GBM
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necrosis in frontal lobe
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GFAP positive processes toward blood vessels
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ependymomas
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Modafinil
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Non-amphetamine stimulant used for narcolepsy
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Treats trigeminal neuralgia
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Carbemazapine(also for seizures)
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Which GABA receptor subtype is linked to a g protein
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B
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Which GABA receptor subtype is linked to an ion channel?
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A and C
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What binds to the same receptor as benzodiazepienes?
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Zolpidem
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self medicate with alcohol--treat with? What do they suffer from?
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beta blockers -- essential/postural tremor
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You know someone has MG. Infusion of edrophonium shows no improvement. What has likely happened?
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Overdose of stigmine medication causing muscles to be refractory to stimulation
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Motion sickness is a result of which receptors?
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Muscarinic(M1) and histamine(H1)
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Tetanus toxin fucks with what neurotransmitter?
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Glycine
NOT GLUTAMATE |
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acute attacks of abdominal pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms with a hematologic indication
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Acute intermittent Porphyria
enzyme defect in? |
defect in Uroporphyrinogen I/Porphobilinogen Deaminase
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Porphyria Cutanea Tarda notable symptom>
enzyme? |
blistering photosensitivity
Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase |
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tea colored urine
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Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
What enzyme deficient? This causes what to accumulate? |
Uroporphynogen decarboxylase
uroporphyrinogen |
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red wine colored urine
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Acute intermittent porphyria
What else is notable about their urine? |
Will turn dark upon exposure to sunlight...
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treatment for Acute Intermittent Porphyria
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Glucose + Heme
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S-100 positive tumors
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Melanoma and Schwanomma
Also neuroblastomas |
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regular oval nuclei with dense and loose growth patterns(alternating high and low cellularity)
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Schwanomma(Antoni A/B pattern)
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Which cranial nerve cannot develop Schwanomma's?
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CN II
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What do Neuroblastoma's stain positive for? What other lab marker is elevated?
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S-100, chromogranin, NSE, synaptophysin
Also, Homovanyllic Acid(HVA) and Vanillylmandelic Acid(VMA) |
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Genetics of Friedreich's Ataxia
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Autosomal Recessive, GAA trinucleotide repeat
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Which tract's does Friedreich's Ataxia effect?
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Ascending and Descending Spinothalamic -- causes gait ataxia
also degeneration of the dorsal column causes loss of position and vibration sense |
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pes cavus and kyphoscoliosis
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Friedreich's Ataxia
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hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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Friedreich's Ataxia
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What systemic disease do Friedreich's Ataxia patient's potentially develop?
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Cerebral cortex atrophy
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Alzheimer's and Pick disease
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pill rolling tremor
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parkinson's
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loss of neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord. Exclusively LMN disease
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poliomyelitis
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What makes aqueous humor?
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Ciliary epithelium
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What drains aqueous humor?
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trabecular meshwork
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lengthens eyelashes and darkens iris(browning)
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Latanoprost(prostaglandin) a glaucoma drug
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Acetazolamide use? MOA?
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diuretic for glaucoma
Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitor decreases bicarb |
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Gram positive cocci in chains meningitis
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Group B Strep(agalactiae)
characteristic patient? |
neonate
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Bean shaped cocci in pairs meningitis
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neisseria meningitidis
classic patient? |
barracks/college freshman
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gram negative coccobacilli meningitis
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h. flu
characteristic patient? |
unvaccinated
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Endoneural inflammatory infiltration
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Guillain-Barre
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Endomysial Inflammatory infiltration,
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polymyositis
key symptom? |
with proximal muscle weakness --
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Perifascicular inflammation
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dermatomyositis
key symptom? |
with proximal muscle weakness
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth has a mutation in...
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a gene responsible for the synthesis of myelin
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Common presentation for Charcot-marie-Tooth is...
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weakness of foot dorsiflexion due to involvement of...
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common peroneal/fibular nerve
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Common age of presentation for MS?
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20-30 years old
Common presenting symptoms? |
Optic Neuritis(central scotoma, painful eye movements)
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Cerebellar Dysfunction(ataxia, nystagmus) Bowel and Bladder dysfunction |
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fatigued after hot shower or strenuous activity in heated environments
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Multiple Sclerosis
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muscle contractions without an urge to make a movement
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myoclonic seizure
1st line therapy? |
Valproate
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single body part, no loss of consciousness, no postictal confusion.
treatment? |
simple partial seizure
carbemazapine |
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mood changes, hallucinations/illusions, impaired consciousness and postictal state present.
Treatment? |
complex partial seizure
Carbemazapine Which lobe is most often involved? |
Temporal lobe
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Positive postictal state
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Complete tonic-clonic
Complex partial Negative postictal |
Simple partial
myoclonic absence |
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Buspirone antagonizes what receptor?
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5-HT1a
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Benzoes in the elderly
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half life can as much as double
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Dantroline
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Malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
MOA |
ryanodine receptor - blocks excitation contraction coupling and decreases intracellular calcium
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Parkinson's Drugs
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Bromocriptine - Ropinerol, Pramipexole
Benztropine Amantadine Selegeline - Entacapone, Tolcapone |
Bro drives in a Benz to Dine with SeLegeline. He Roped her into Pram.
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Propofol MOA
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potentiates GABA
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Important note about SSRI's
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can initially worsen anxiety, therefore you have to start at low doses.
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Organism can grow in cold temperatures
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Listeria
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"fried egg" appearance
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oligodendroglioma
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psammoma bodies
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meningioma
papillary carcinoma of thyroid mesothelioma papillary carcinoma of endometrium or ovary |
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most common primary tumor of adults
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Glioblastoma
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Meningiomas arise from..
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Arachnoid villi
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sertraline is what class of drug?
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SSRI
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Olanzapine is what class of drug?
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Atypical Antipsychotic
MOA? |
BLocks 5-HT2, Dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors
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The fibers of the corticospinal tract that do not decussate become what?
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The anterior corticospinal tract
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Poliomyelitis UMN or LMN?
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LMN
What other disorder is similar to poliomyelitis but is genetic in origin? |
Werdnig-Hoffman disease
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eccentric nucleus and dispersion of Nissl substance
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Axonal injury
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Complication after SAH?
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Vasospasm
Treatment? |
CCB - Nimodipine
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Nimodipine
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Post-SAH treatment to prevent vasospasm
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Memantine
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synergist with AChE inhibitors for Alzheimers treatment -- NMDA receptor antagonist that prevents excitotoxicity.
What ion does it work by? |
Ca
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Drug of choice for bed wetting?
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imipramine(TCA)
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Drug of choice for OCD
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Clomipramine(TCA)
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TCA MOA
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blocks NE and serotonin reuptake
causes what side effects? |
alpha blockade and atropine like side effects
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Nortryptaline vs Amitryptaline
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Nortryptaline is secondary TCA and has less antiocholinergic side effects(better for elderly) than Amiytryptaline
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Which TCA is least sedating
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Desipramine
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TCA side effect acronym
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3 C's
Cardiotoxicity(arrhythmias) Coma(histamine blockade) Convulsions What other side effects? |
Respiratory depression and hyperpyrexia
Confusion in elderly due to anticholinergic effect |
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Subacute Sclerosing panencephalitis
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chronic measles(paramyxovirus) infection
Notable lab finding? |
Antibodies to M component are ABSENT
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Juxtaglomerular Cells release renin in response to...?
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Beta 1 receptor stimulation
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What mediates muscarinic action on blood vessels
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NO or Endothelial Derived Relaxation Factor. Works by upregulating cGMP which releases NO causing Ca+ excretion
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bladder wall relaxation is....(anticholinergic/cholinergic)
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ANTI-cholinergic
Atropine would CAUSE this Bladder wall smooth muscle(detrusor) contraction would cause... |
urination
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hyponatremia, peripheral neuropathy and acute abdominal pain
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Acute intermittent porphyria
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Gait abnormality and urinary incontinence are the first signs of..
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wet wobbly and wacky!
normal pressure hydrocephalus Why is this important? |
Order of symptoms differentiates it from Alzheimers
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horizontal conjugate gaze controlled by? vertical?
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horizontal -- 3 and 6
vertical -- 3 and 4 Parinaud syndrome? |
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion in superior colliculi(pinealoma which is usually a germinoma causing precocious puberty)
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"eyes are above your ears" refers to?
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Superior colliculus manages eyes, inferior colliculus manages ears
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Drains lateral ventricles
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Foramen of Monroe
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Drains fourth ventricle
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Foramen of Magendie -- medially
Foramen of Luschka -- laterally |
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Drains third ventricle
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cerebral aqueduct
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What reabsorbs CSF
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venous sinus arachnoid granulations
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What distinguishes Parkinson's from Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?
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parkinson's will have tremors.
They share gait abnormalities and emotional blunting |
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Atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes leading to personality changes
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Pick Disease
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What induces mania in a bipolar patient?
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Antidepressants, especially TCA's like imipramine.
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Huntington's is mediated via what receptor?
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NMDA receptors bind glutamate and cause cell death
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mousy body odor -- etiology of disorder?
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PKU -- defective Tyrosine synthesis from phenylalanine
What does excess phenylalanine inhibit? |
Tyrosinase - synthesizes melanin from DOPA which causes fair skin
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Classic symptoms of PKU
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mousy odor, eczema, decreased pigmentation of hair/skin.
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middle meningeal/cerebral artery hemorrhage causes
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epidural hematoma
has LUCID interval characterized by what skull bone fracture? |
temporal bone
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Arnold Chiari Malformation is characterized by?
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underdevelopment of posterior fossa which causes cerebellar herniation into foramen magnum...
Chiari Type II a/w? |
Lumbar myelomeningocoele which leads to leg paralysis
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beta blocker overdose
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Glucagon -- increases heart rate/contractility independent of adrenergic receptors
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Describe structure of MHC II
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alpha and beta polypeptide
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Genetics of achondroplasia
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Activating mutation of FGF-3
mostly sporadic mutations BUT if inherited, it is NOTABLY AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT |
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Chlamdydia Trachomatis Serotypes
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A-C ocular infection
D-K urogenital infection L1-L3 lymphogranuloma venereum |
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Blood supply to the heart occurs mostly during....
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diastole
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CMV treatment in immunocompromised
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Ganciclovir
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transtentorial herniation is synonymous for? CN effects?
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uncal herniation
III |
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First sign of uncal herniation?
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fixed, dilated pupil on SAME SIDE of lesion due to III involvement
What type of blindness can result? |
Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopsia(w/ macular sparing)
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Carbemazapine can cause what apart from agranulocytosis?
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SIADH and is also hepatotoxic
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Carpal tunnel syndrome can be a/w
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diabetes mellitus
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dialysis associated amyloidosis deposits what protein?
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beta 2 microglobulin
this is a/w |
carpal tunnel syndrome
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Ryanodine Receptor
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Calcium Channel -- important in malignant hyperthermia in response to inhalational anesthetics
Excess Ca+2 release causes excess Ca+2/ATP pump activity generating heat What drug acts on Ryanodine? |
Dantroline
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lacunar stroke occurs due to
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hypertensive hyaline arteriolosclerosis
most commonly involves? |
internal capsule -- purely motor
thalamus(VPL/VPM) -- purely sensory |
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Ischemic damage in brain hurts these regions first
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pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and purkinje cells of cerebellum
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Cerebral amyloid angiopathy causes what kind of damage?(ischemic/hemorrhagic)
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hemorrhagic
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most commonly injured nerve in the leg
(commonly by blunt trauma to lateral aspect or fracture of fibula) |
common peroneal nerve
What other nerve does the sciatic nerve split into? |
Tibial nerve
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foot drop
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common peroneal nerve injury
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embryonic origin of neurofibromas from von Recklingause Disease
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Neural Crest(Schwann Cells)
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outer and middle ear arises from...
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endoderm
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von Hippel Lindau - dominant or recessive?
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autosomal dominant
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skull radiographs with tram track calcifications
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sturge weber -- a/w what clinical features?
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mental retardation, seizures, hemiplegia, skull radioopacities
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subependymal hamartomas
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tuberous sclerosis
other clinical features? |
liver, kidney, pancreatic cysts
seizures adenoma sebaceum |
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epistaxis, GI bleeds, hematuria
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Osler-Weber-Rendu aka
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hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
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cerebellar hemangioblastoma with numerous systemic cysts
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von-Hippel Lindau
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thiopental is a...
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barbiturate
rapid recovery from thiopental induced anesthesia due to... |
rapidly distributes into tissues like skeletal muscle
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Alternate cause of phenylketonuria
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deficiency of dihydrobiopterin or dihydrobipterin reductase(synthesizes BH4 from BH2) -
necessary cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase BH4 is necessary for synthesis of what molecules? |
Serotonin, Tyrosine, DOPA, NO
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Serotonin precursor
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tryptophan
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Biotin is frequently needed for what kind of reaction?
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carboxylation
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What cofactor is required for transamination?
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Vitamin B6
What drug leads to a B6 deficiency |
isoniazid
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Wernicke Syndrome
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opthalmoplegia, ataxia, confusion
due to destruction of what brain structure? why? |
mamillary bodies
thiamine deficiency |
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What reactions is thiamine a cofactor for?
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Transketolase |
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Order of necrosis in neurons
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irreversible damage in 5 minutes(no immediately visible signs)
red neurons in a day neutrophil infiltration early in a week macrophage(microglia) infiltration late in first week reactive gliosis and vascular proliferation within 2 weeks glial scar after 2 weeks |
No visible changes
Red neuron Neutrophil Macrophage(microglia) Glial Scar |
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rate limiting enzyme in urea cycle
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CPS 1
Carbamoyl Phosphate synthetase I activated by what molecule? |
N-acetylglutamate(NAG)
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ammonia transporter in blood to kidneys
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Glutamine
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VPL
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pain, temperature, position, proprioception
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VPM
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trigeminal and gustatory - face sensation and taste
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LGN
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Light - Sight
Input from? |
CN II
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MGN
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Music - hearing
input from? |
superior olive and inferior colliculus of pons
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Visual cortex is in?
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Calcarine sulcus
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Auditory cortex is in?
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temporal lobe
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Opioids are related to what endocrine hormone?
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ACTH
there is an endorphin that comes from the POMC precursor to ACTH and MSH |
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Somatomedin C AKA?
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Insulin Like Growth factor which is the effector molecule for what hormone?
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GH
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which limb anterior or posterior causes UMN deficits?
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posterior limb
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PNS similar to Myasthenia gravis? Difference?
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Eaton-Lambert syndrome
Antibodies against PREsynaptic calcium channels Clinical features? |
weakness improves during the day and with excercise. Weakness of proximal muscles
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segmental axonal demyelination
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Chronic corticosteroid therapy can cause?
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Medication induced muscle atrophy
What other drug can cause this? |
Chloroquine
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progressive degenerative disease of UMN and LMN without sensory deficit
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ALS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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Peripheral Nervous system autoimmune demyelinating polyneuropathy
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Guillain-Barre
LMN or UMN |
often only involves LMN
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Normal pressure hydrocephalus first symptoms
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gait apraxia and urinary incontinence
caused by? |
disruption of CSF absorption in arachnoid granulations
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autoimmune CNS demyelinating disorder with random white matter defects
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MS
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nerve at cerebellopontine angle
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facial
located in the? |
caudal pons
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hypoglossal nerve located in...
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rostral medulla
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oculomotor nerve located in
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superior colliculus, midbrain/rostral mesencephalon
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only cranial nerve to cross before exiting the brainstem
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trochlear
located in... |
inferior colliculus
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dies of overwhelming respiratory infection with loss of neurons in anterior horn
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
other clinical sign? |
demyelination of corticospinal tract
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Most common motor neuron disease
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ALS
manifests in what age demographic? Prognosis? |
middle aged
death within five years |
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What genetic association exists with ALS?
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defect in Zinc Copper Superoxide Dismutase(SOD 1)
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What is the treatment for ALS
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Riluzole
MOA? |
decreases glutamate relase
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degeneration of putamen
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Huntington's
Along with the caudate of course |
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potency of inhaled anesthetics measured by
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MAC
What factors can change MAC? |
Age and temperature
MAC decreases with increasing age |
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blood:gas partition coefficient measures
This is directly proportional to? |
solubility in blood
high partition means high solubility |
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blood:lipid partition coefficient measures
This is directly proportional to? |
solubility in tissue
high partition means high solubility The Arteriovenous gradient |
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High Blood:gas and blood:lipid partition coefficient means what?
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Slow onset of action
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route of rabies virus
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wound --> peripheral nerves --> dorsal root ganglion --> brain
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Rabies vaccine is a?
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killed vaccine
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Priapism a/w
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Trazodone - contraindicated in adolescent boys
What is it used for? |
highly sedating antidepressant
combination with Fluoxetine to treat insomnia in depressed people |
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Uses for Diazepam
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General Anxiety Disorder
Short term insomnia status epilepticus(acute) Alcohol withdrawal UMN spasticity |
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What drugs should benzos not be used with?
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1st gen antihistamines
Neuroleptics Alcohol Barbiturates Name some anti-histamines |
chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, promethazine, hydroxyzine
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hook of hamate and this bone ulnar nerve
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pisiform
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sensation to posterior arm/forearm
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radial nerve
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sensation to lateral upper arm
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axillary nerve
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sensory to lateral forearm
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musculocutaneous
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wedge shaped necrosis over cerebral convexity lateral to interhemispheric fissure indicative of?
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hypoxic encephalopathy
These are the watershed zones |
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pure motor hemiparesis
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posterior limb of the internal capsule
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pure sensory stroke
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VPL and VPM thalamus
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Ataxia-hemiplegia syndrome
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basal pons
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Dysarthria clumsy hand syndrome
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base of the pons or genu of internal capsule
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berry aneurysms a/w
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Ehler-Danlos and ADPCKD and Von-Hippel Lindau
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lobar recurrent hemorrhages in an elderly patient
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cerebral amyloid angiopathy
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What else beyond a saccular aneurysm can cause a SAH?
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AV malformation
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Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms occur in the setting of...
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long standing hypertension
Rupture causes deficits where? |
Basal ganglia, posterior internal capsule, thalamus, pons
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What can precipitate psychosis in drug induced parkinsonism?
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Levidopa!
Preferred treatment for drug induced parkinsonism? |
Benztropine
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endoneural arterial hyalinization
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complication of diabetes
What does intracellular hyperglycemia cause? |
glucose converted to sorbitol and fructose by aldose reductase. Sorbitol increases osmolality and causes osmotic damage to Schwann cells and axons.
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If clinical suspicion of SAH is high but non contrast CT is negative, what do you do?
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Lumbar puncture to check for xanthochromia
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What condition is Giant Cell Temporal arteritis a/w?
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Polymyalgia Rheumatica
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recurrent brief attacks of sudden severe periorbital pain with ipsilateral rhinorrhea and watering of the eyes
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cluster headaches
more common in men |
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bilateral pain with band like head or neck tightness
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tension headache
how long do they last? |
hours to days, more commen in women
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recumbent position(lying on back) causes pain to worsen.
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Brain tumor
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What else can cause cortical atrophy other than Alzheimer's or Pick disease?
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advanced HIV infection
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Pseudotumor Cerebri. What is it?
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Elevation of ICP with normal CSF content and neural imaging.
Common in? Presentation? |
obese females
headache papilledema, optic nerve neuropathy |
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lissencephaly means?
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lack of gyri
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Patient taking Warfarin and Atenolol has thrombus in left atrium after starting new drug. What happened?
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Something fucked up Warfarin's anti-coagulatory effects.
Look for a P450 inducer. |
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Atypical antipsychotic MOST likely to causes EPS side effects? LEAST likely?
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Most likely - Risperidone
Least likely - Clozapine |
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Akathisia
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Restlessness usually induced by antipsychotic treatment
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hallmark of delirium
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confusion and clouding of the sensorium
dazed and unclear of surroundings disorientation to time and space |
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Parinaud syndrome
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paralysis of upward gaze
AKA |
dorsal midbrain syndrome
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Precocious puberty with focal neurological deficity
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germinoma in pineal region
Germinoma can cause?? |
Precocious puberty due to hCG secretion
Aqueductal compression leading to obstructive hydrocephalus Parinaud syndrome |
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lateral medullary syndrome caused by?
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occlusion of PICA
clinical features? |
Similar symptoms can also be caused by AICA
loss of contralateral pain and temperature ipsilateral loss of CN 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 Horner's syndrome |
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medial medullary syndrome characterized by?
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contralateral spastic paralysis and ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of tongue
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most common cause of aseptic meningitis in children?
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Enteroviruses(mostly Picornaviri) such as Coxsackie, Echovirus, Poliovirus, Enterovirus,
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Meningitis caused by Mumps is a/w?
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Parotitis
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Most common causes of common cold
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Rhinovirus, Adenovirus and Coronavirus
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Reverses muscarinic and nicotinic effects of organophosphate poisoning
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Pralidoxime
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Reemergence of primitive reflexes indicates
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anterior cerebellar artery infarct
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inability to release doorknob, or handshake
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Myotonic Dystrophy
Genetics? |
Trinucleotide repeat that codes for myotonia
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frontal balding, gonadal atrophy, and cataracts
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Myotonic Dystrophy
Which type of muscle fibers involved? |
Type 1
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PAS positive intracytoplasmic vacuoles
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ion channel myopathy -- clinical manifestations?
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hypotonic paralysis associated with exercise
Myotonia |
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holoprosencephaly is a/w
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edwards syndrome(trisomy 18)
patau's syndrome(trisomy 13) fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Malformations
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holoprosencephaly, anencephaly, polydactyly, syndactyly
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deformations
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clubbed feet, pressure exerted by uterus, flat facies, congenital hip dislocation
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disruption
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amniotic band syndrome
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sequence
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potter syndrome due to bilateral renal atresia
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Meniere Disease is due to..
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disorder of inner ear characterized by increased endolymph volume due to defective resorption
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tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss
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meniere disease, increased endolymph due, defective resorption
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Most common demyelinating disease of CNS
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multiple sclerosis - clinical manifestations...?
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optic neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, sensory manifestations
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Hearing loss in Meniere disease hearing tests?
|
Rinne test will show air conduction superior to bone conduction(normal)
Weber test will lateralize to healthy side |
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Thyroid hypofunction is a common side effect of...
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Lithium
Other side effect? |
Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus
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Common side effect of hyperprolactinemia
|
Risperidone
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Low solubility anesthetic will equilibrate with the brain?
|
rapidly
ex? |
N2O
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palatoglossus innervation?
|
CN X(vagus nerve)
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What branch of facial nerve does taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue
|
chorda tympani
|
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rapidly progressive dementia and myoclonic jerks
|
Creutzfeld Jacob disease
|
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patches of demyelination in AIDS patient
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JC virus, PML
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neurologic deficits that cannot be explained by a single lesion
|
Multiple Sclerosis - demyelination of axons can occur anywhere in white matter
|
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increased CSF of IgG
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Multiple Sclerosis, loss of oligodendrocytes, lipid laden macrophages contained myelin breakdown products
|
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Short acting benzo's
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TOA
Triazolam Oxazepam Alprazolam |
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Medium acting benzo's
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Estazolam
Lorazepam Temazepam |
|
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Long acting benzo's
|
Chlordiazepoxide
Clorazepate Diazepam Flurazepam |
|
|
|
less daytime drowsiness
|
short acting benzos
however, this also means? |
abuse potential, severe withdrawal symptoms
|
|
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high risk of daytime drowsiness
|
long acting benzos
however, this also means |
less abuse potential
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