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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
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hyperorality
hypersexuality disinhibited behavior lesion of amygdala (bilateral) |
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What does a lesion of the amygdala (bilateral) casue?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
hyperorality hypersexuality disinhibited behavior |
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What does a lesion in the frontal lobe cause?
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disinhibition and deficits in concentration , orientation and judgement
may have reemergence of primitive reflexes |
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Lesion here causes disinhibition and deficits in concentration , orientation and judgement
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frontal lobe
may have reemergence of primitive reflexes |
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What does a lesion in the right parietal lobe cause?
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spacial neglect syndrome
(agnosia of contralateral side of world) |
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Lesion here causes agnosia of contralateral side of the world
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right parietal lobe
spacial neglect syndrome |
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What is spacial neglect syndrome?
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agnosia of contralateral side of the world
lesion in right parietal lobe |
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What does a lesion in the reticular activating system cause?
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reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (e.g. coma)
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Lesion here would cause reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness
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reticular activating system
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What would a bilateral lesion in the mammillary bodies cause?
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Wernicke: confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia Korsakoff: memory loss, confabulation, personality changes |
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What is Korsakoff syndrome?
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memory loss, confabulation, personality changes
Part of Wernicke-Korsakoff (lesion in bilateral mammillary bodies) Wernicke: confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia Korsakoff: memory loss, confabulation, personality changes |
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What is Wernicke syndrome?
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confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
memory loss, confabulation, personality changes Part of Wernicke-Korsakoff (lesion in bilateral mammillary bodies) Wernicke: confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia Korsakoff: memory loss, confabulation, personality changes |
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Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
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Wernicke syndrome
memory loss, confabulation, personality changes Part of Wernicke-Korsakoff (lesion in bilateral mammillary bodies) Wernicke: confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia Korsakoff: memory loss, confabulation, personality changes |
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Memory loss, confabulation, personality changes
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Korsakoff syndrome
memory loss, confabulation, personality changes Part of Wernicke-Korsakoff (lesion in bilateral mammillary bodies) Wernicke: confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia Korsakoff: memory loss, confabulation, personality changes |
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What does a lesion in the basal ganglia cause?
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tremor at rest
chorea athetosis |
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Lesion here causes tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis
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basal ganglia
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What does a lesion in the cerebellar hemisphere cause
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intention tremor, limb ataxia
damage to cerebellum results in ipsilateral deficits; fall TOWARD side of lesion cerebellum --> SCP --> contralateral cortex --> corticospinal decussation = ipsilateral) |
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Lesion here causes intention tremor, limb ataxia
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cerebellar hemisphere
damage to cerebellum results in ipsilateral deficits; fall TOWARD side of lesion cerebellum --> SCP --> contralateral cortex --> corticospinal decussation = ipsilateral) |
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Cerebellar lesions: ipsilateral or contralateral findings?
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Ipsilateral
cerebellum --> SCP --> contralateral cortex --> corticospinal decussation = ipsilateral) |
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What does a lesion in the cerebellar vermis cause?
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truncal ataxia, dysarthria
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Lesion here causes truncal ataxia, dysarthria
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cerebellar vermis
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What does a lesion in the subthalamic nucleus cause?
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contralateral hemiballismus
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Lesion here causes hemiballismus
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subthalamic nucleus
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What does a lesion in the hippocampus cause?
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anterograde amnesia
inability to make new memories |
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Lesion here causes anterograde amnesia
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hippocampus
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What does a lesion in the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) cause?
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eyes look AWAY from side of lesion
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Lesion here causes the eyes to look away from the side of the lesion
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paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
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What does a lesion in the frontal eye fields cause?
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eyes look TOWARD side of lesion
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Lesion here causes eyes to look toward side of lesion
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frontal eye fields
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Causes loss of all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
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recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (branch of CN X)
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What does damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?
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loss of all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
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What nerve supplies the cricothyroid?
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external laryngeal branch of vagus
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What is central pontine myelinolysis?
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acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness
caused by very rapid correction of hyponatremia |
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Rapid correction of hyponatremia causes this
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central pontine myelinolysis
acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness |
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Higher order inability to speak
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aphasia
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What is aphasia?
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higher order inability to speak
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What is dysarthria?
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motor inability to speak
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Motor inability to speak
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dysarthria
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Nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension
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Broca's aphasia
inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) |
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Broca's aphasia
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nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension
speach is BROken |
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Wernicke's aphasia
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fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
Wernicke's area: superior temporal gyrus |
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Fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
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Wernicke's aphasia
Wernicke's area: superior temporal gyrus |
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Global aphasia
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nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
both Broca's and Wernicke's areas affected |
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Nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
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global aphasia
both Broca's and Wernicke's areas affected |
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Conduction aphasia
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poor repetition but fluent speech, intact comprehension
connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas |
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Poor repetition but fluent speech, intact comprehensio
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conduction aphasia
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Deficit in anterior spinal artery
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medial medullary syndrome
contralateral hemiparesis (lower) medial lemniscus (decreased contralateral proprioception) ipsilateral paralysis of hypoglossal nerve |
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Which artery causes this deficit?
contralateral hemiparesis (lower) medial lemniscus (decreased contralateral proprioception) ipsilateral paralysis of hypoglossal nerve |
anterior spinal artery
medial medullary syndrome |
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Deficit in PICA
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lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's)
contralateral loss of pain and temp,ipsilateral dysphagia, horseness, decreased gag reflex, vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, vomiting, ipsilateral Horners, ipsilateral facial pain and temp, trigeminal nucleus (spinal tract and nucleus), ipsilateral ataxia |
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What causes this and what is it called?
contralateral loss of pain and temp,ipsilateral dysphagia, horseness, decreased gag reflex, vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, vomiting, ipsilateral Horners, ipsilateral facial pain and temp, trigeminal nucleus (spinal tract and nucleus), ipsilateral ataxia |
deficit in PICA (Wallenberg's)
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Deficit in AICA
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lateral inferior pontine syndrome
ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral cochlear nucleus, vestibular (nystagmus), ipsilateral facial pain and temp, ipsilateral dystaxia (MCP, ICP) |
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What causes this and what is it called?
ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral cochlear nucleus, vestibular (nystagmus), ipsilateral facial pain and temp, ipsilateral dystaxia (MCP, ICP) |
deficit in AICA (lateral inferior pontine syndrome)
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Deficit in posterior cerebral artery
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contralateral homonymous hemianopia (macular sparing)
supplies occipital cortex |
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What causes contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing?
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deficit in posterior cerebral artery
supplies occipital cortex |
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Deficit in middle cerebral artery
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contralateral face and arm paralysis and sensory loss, aphasia (dominant sphere), contralateral neglect (nondominant)
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What causes contralateral face and arm paralysis and sensory loss, aphasia (dominant sphere), contralateral neglect (nondominant)?
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deficit in middle cerebral artery
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Deficit in anterior cerebral artery
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supplies medial surface of brain
leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortices |
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Supplies medial surface of brain, leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortices
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anterior cerebral artery
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Most common site of circle of Willis aneurysm
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anterior communicating artery
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What is special about the anterior communicating artery?
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most common site of circle of Willis aneurysm
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Aneurysm in this artery causes CN III palsy
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posterior communicating artery
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What does an aneurysm in the posterior communicating artery cause?
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CN III palsy
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Divisions of middle cerebral artery, supply internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
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lateral striate arteries
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What do the lateral striate arteries supply?
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divisions of middle cerebral artery
supply internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus |
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Stroke of the posterior limb of the internal capsule causes what?
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pure motor hemiparesis
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What are the "arteries of stroke" and what do they cause?
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lateral striate arteries
infarct in the posterior limb of the internal capsule causes pure motor hemiparesis |
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What are the watershed areas?
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between anterior cerebral / middle cerebral
between posterior cerebral / middle cerebral damaged in severe hypotension --> upper leg/upper arm weakness or deficits in higher order visual processing |
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Infarct here causes locked in syndrome
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basilar artery
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What does an infarct in the basilar artery cause?
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locked in syndrome
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Stroke of anterior circle causes what?
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general sensory and motor dysfunction, aphasia
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Stroke of posterior circle causes what?
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cranial nerve deficits (vertigo, visual deficits), coma, cerebellar deficits (ataxia)
dominant hemisphere (ataxia), nondominant (neglect) |
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Lesion of nucleus ambiguus
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CN IX, X, XI
Ipsilateral laryngeal, pharyngeal, palatal hemiparalysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, dysphonia (hoarseness) |
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Lesion of spinothalamic tracts
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Contralateral loss of pain and temp from truck and extremities
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Lesion of spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract
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Ipsilateral loss of pain and temp from face
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Lesion of descending sympathetic tract
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Ipsilateral Horner's syndrome
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Lesion of superior colliculus and pretectal area
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Paralysis of upward and downward gaze
Pupillary disturbance Absence of convergence (e.g. Parinaud's; dorsal midbrain) |
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Transient weakness and claudication of L arm on exercise
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (vertigo, dizziness) |
Subclavian steal syndrome (thrombosis of L subclavian --> blood shunted retrograde down left verebral artery and into L SC
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Brain tumors located at cerebellopontine angle
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schwannoma
arachnoid cyst meningioma (10%) ependymoma epidermoid |
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Memory loss is associated with
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Bilateral lesions of hippocampus
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Lesions of Wernicke's encephalopathy found in
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Mamillary bodies
thalamus Midbrain tegmentum |
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Mediates conscious perception of smell
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Orbitofrontal cortex
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Function of hippocampus
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Learning, memory, recognition of noelty
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Placidity and hypersexual behavior - lesion location?
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Amygdala
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Confabulation and anterograde amnesia
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Bilateral infarction of hippocampus (PCA and anterior choroidal of ICs)
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Ipsilateral anosmia, optic atrophy, contralteral papilledema
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Foster-Kennedy (Meningioma of olfactory groove)
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Loss of initiative and inhibition, dulling of emotions
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Cingulate gyri
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