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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is process of neural tube fomation called
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it is called nuralation and it follows gastrulation
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key structure formed during neuralation
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notochord
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what happens during neuralation
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neuroectoderm under the influence of the notochord differentiates into neural tube or plate
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what key sructures are formed from neural tube
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CNS=brain and spinal chord and the hollow cavity seen in the neural tube will form the central canal ventricular system of the CNS
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what are neural crest cells and where are they loacted
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neural cells upon delamination form our PNS and they are the most dorsally located on the neural tube
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what must happen to neural crest cells before they make PNS
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they must de-laminate
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what is derived from our neural crest cells
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PNS
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what is included in our PNS
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DRG, symapthetic ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla, ENS, peripheral glia,melanocytes
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when does morphogenesis of neural tube begin
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it begins at 6th week w/ formation of flexures
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what is the first flexure called
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cephalic flexure, this starts the whole process
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what is fore brain called
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prosencephalon
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what is mid brain called
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mesencephalon
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what is hind brain called
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rhomocephalon
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there is an opening at the end of the neural tube, what is that called
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it's called central canal, the caudal part of the tube will make our spinal chord and the central canal is the ventricular system of spinal chord
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what makes up our forebrain
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telencephalon and diencephalon
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what is found at the telelncephalon
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-lateral ventricles - cereberal hemispheres
-basal ganglia |
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what is found at diencephalon
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-retina
-thalamus -hypothalmus |
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what is located at the midbrain
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the cavity inmesencephalon is called cereberal aqueduct
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what are the divsions of hind brain
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rhombocephalon has 2 divisions
1)metencephalon 2)myelencephalon |
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what structur derive from metencephalon?myelencephalon
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met=pons and cerebellum
myelen cephalon= medulla |
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exactly what makes the cerebellum
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the pontine flexure inside the myencephalon
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what is most common neural tube effect and how can it be remedied
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spina bifida and it can be remedied by taking folic acid
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what is the name of the structure that divides the dorasl and ventral sides
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sulcus limitans
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what is another name for dorsal side
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sensory, alar plate
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what is another name for ventral side
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basal, motor
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where are sensory neuron located
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alar, dorsal side
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where are motor neurons located
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basal, ventral side
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what stimulates ventrilization
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SHH, released by notochord
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what is key thing about DRG and where is it located
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DRG is pseudounipolar, it is located on the dorsal side
-it has two processes 1)central=enters thru the dorsal roots 2)peripheral= enters through the peripheral roots |
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what is the role of pontine flexure in the formation of the Nervous system
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asides from giving rise to the cerebellum, this structure located in the 4th ventricle, will cause the walls of the ventricle to bulge out and allow the dorsal/ventral structure to become more lateral and medial, this will give us a n orientation with ventral being medial and sensory being more lateral
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what is the key structural differnce between immature or mature brain
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immature brain will not have gyrae, it will be smooth, cortex stays smooth upto 23 weeks
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at what age does the brain mature
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age of 20,that's why teenager behavior is different b/c they don't have mature brain
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where are neurons born
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neuron are born at ventricular zones and then they migrate
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what structure is used by the neurons to migrate
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radial glial cells, they act like tracts/scaffolding for the neurons to move
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how man layers are there for neurons to extravsate
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there are 6 layers, start from the bottom to the top, they layer that's closest to the ventricular zone is considered the oldest
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when does the migration between peak?
2)when does it finish |
it peaks at 11-15 weeks
2)it is finished by 24 weeks |
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what is the main problem with fetal alcohol syndrome
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problem with migration and formation of the 6 layers
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what is the main cause of microcephaly
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-small head
-caused by MCPH11 gene, part of 6 genes that form properly and therefor the brain doesn't reach its normal size |
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what is lissencephaly
what are the major cause of lissencephaly |
-smooth brain
-lacks gyrae -cortex is thickened and it only has 4 layers instead of 6 -2 genes involved, LS1 and doublecortin DCS -both regulate micro tubules w/c regulate cell shape and motility |
