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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cranium
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encases the brain for protection
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meninges
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connective tissue membranes that surrounds the brain & spinal cord
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3 layers of the meninges
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dura mater(tough fibrous outer layer); subarachnoid (thin middle layer); pia mater (inside layer)
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cerebrospinal fluid
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clear liquid manufactured in the brain ventricles. circulates in subarachnoid space.
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How much CSF is circulated
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500-700 mL/day; 150mL at one time
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characteristics of CSF
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clear, specific gravity 1.007
small amt of WBC's, small amt protein, small amt glucose |
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increased amt of CSF can lead to
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increased ICP, resulting in possible brain herniation (displaced tissue through spinal cord)
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what are the 4 areas of the brain
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cerebrum; cerebellum; brain stem; dienchephalon
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4 lobes in the cerebrum
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frontal; temporal; parietal; occipital
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frontal lobe
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controls voluntary motor movements, responsible for abstract thinking & judgment; Brocca's area located here
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temporal lobe
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center of memory, visual & auditory association areas, Wanicki's area is here
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parietal lobe
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responsible for sensory function: recognition of pain, temp, & pressure. Body & limb position
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occipital lobe
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center of visual function
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cerebellum contains how many parts
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2 - the R & L hemisphere
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what separates the cerebral hemispheres
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dura mater
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function of cerebellum
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coordination of muscle movement, equilibrium, muscle tone
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parts of the brain stem
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medulla oblongata; pons; mid-brain
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medulla oblongata
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lowest part of brainstem; vital controls for heart & lungs; vomiting center; coughing center
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pons
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controls respiratory patterns
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mid-brain
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contains nuclei which are reflex centers for vision & hearing (relays visual & auditory info)
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dienchephalon
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considered the 4th area of the brain. aka interbrain. Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus,& pituatary gland
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thalamus
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lays on either side of 3rd ventricle. chief relay station for sensory fibers that relay impulses to cortex
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hypothalamus
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regulates body temp, fluid balance & endocrine function. Regulates autonomic responses of PNS-(vagal response) & of SNS-stimulated by stress
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vascular supply of neuro system
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provided from the basilar artery (union) which consists of 2 vertebral arteries & internal carotids which form the circle of willis
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circle of willis
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receives 20% of cardiac output; helps provide collateral circulation; blood brain barrier
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adult spinal cord consists of...
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26 vertebrae separated by disks. meninges cover cord. CSF surrounds it
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spinal disks
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cartilage between vertebrae. Used as a shock absorber & helps to provide flexibility
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what forms the connection between brain & periphery
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spinal cord & brain stem
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major descending tracts
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run between spinal cord & brain. carry impulses away from brain to periphery
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major ascending tracts
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run between spinal cord & brain. carry impulses from the periphery to the brain
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gray matter
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aka: central canal
unmyelinated tissue found in CNS. |
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white matter
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myelinated (fatty) tissue that surrounds the gray matter
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vascular supply of spinal cord & brain stem
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raticular arteries, anterior & posterior arteries
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peripheral nervous system (PNS) contain what structures
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12 cranial nerves; 31 pair of spinal nerves; approximately 20 billion neurons
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CN I
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olfactory; sensory; function: smell; test each nostril
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CN II
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optic; sensory; function: visual acuity; test: use snellen chart
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CN III
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oculomotor; motor; function: eye muscle mvt, pupil constriction, lens accom; test: PERRLA & lid closure
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CN IV
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trochlear; motor; function: eye muscle mvt; test: 6 cardinal fields of gaze
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CN V
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trigeminal; mixed; sensation to touch,opthalmic,maxillary, mandibular,palpate temporal & masseter. Test: corneal reflex, facial senstion, clench teeth, palpate muscle
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CN VI
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abducens; motor; eye mvt, lateral rectus muscle; Test: 6 fields of gaze
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CN VII
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facial; mixed; facial expression, tearing, salivation, taste, sensation in ear; Test: smile, puff cheeks, raise eyebrows, show teeth
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CN VIII
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acoustic; sensory; hearing & balance; Test: whisper, weber & rinne
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CN IX
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glossopharyngeal; mixed; taste, sensation in pharynx & tongue; pharyngeal muscles; Test: taste, tongue extension
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CN X
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vagus; mixed; muscles of pharynx & larynx, sensation in external ear; Test: gag reflex, uvula rise w/phonation
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CN XI
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spinal accessory; motor; sternocleidomastoid&trapezius muscles. Test: shoulder & neck resistance
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CN XII
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hypoglossal; motor; tongue mvt; Test: tongue symmetry & movement
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Dermatones
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sensory neurons all over body EXCEPT face & scalp. Arise from spinal cord. Carried along spinal nerves
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neuron
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most functional unit of the brain; about 20 billion; specialized nerve fibers that transmit nerve impulses
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Whats the most common neurotransmitter of the PNS
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acetacholine
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The cause of Huntington's is due to
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decreased acetacholine
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What major neurotransmitter is lacking in a patient w/Parkinson's
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dopamine
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What neurotransmitter has major control of the SNS
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norepinepherine
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upper motor neurons
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from cerebellum and brain stem; modulate lower motor neurons
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lower motor neurons
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the final common motor pathway through which descending motor tracts influence skeletal muscle, the effector organ for mvt. Located in the brainstem
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what makes up a neuron
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cell body (contains the nucleus); an axon; and several dendrites
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dendrite
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short fiber processes extending from the cell body of a neuron. They receive nerve impulses from the axons of other neurons and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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axon
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myelinated or unmyelinated fibers that carry nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons or to end organs
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reflex arcs
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pathway through nervous system from receptors
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agnosia
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inability to interpret or recognize objects
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reflex
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involuntary contraction of muscles, graded 0-4, 0=absent 4=hyperactive 2=normal
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graphesia
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recognizing a number traced in the hand with eyes closed
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stereoognosis
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identifying objects in the hand with eyes closed
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