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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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superior sagittal sinus role
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receives briding veins and thru arachnoid villi CSF
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great cerebral vein of Galen
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drains deep cerebral veins into straight sinus
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sigmoid sinus
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receives transverse sinus (which receives deep veins via galen and straight sinus, and bridging via superior sagittal sinus)
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contents cavernous sinus
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CN 3,4,6, V1, V2
postganglion symp internal carotid artery (only CN6 free floating) |
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entry middle meningeal
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foramen spinosum
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embryological root of sensory neurons v motor neurons
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sensory=alar plate
motor=basal plate |
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Dandy Walker malformation
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dilation 4 ventricle from failure of for of Luschka and Magiende to open, assoc with occipital meningocele, confluence of sinuses pushed up, agenesis of Cb vermis, splenium CC
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Arnold Chiari malformation
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aqueductal stenosis as cb and mdulla herniate into vertebral canal, often with meningomyelocele
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possible mech, causes hydrocephalus
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usu stenosis cerebral aqueduct, can be mom CMV, toxo infxn
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MC MR
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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holoprosencephaly
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failure midline cleavage of forebrain, no CC.
can be seen in trisomy 13, most severe defect in fetal EtOH syndrome |
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ex pseudounipolar neurons
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DRG and sensory ganglia 5,7,9,10
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ex bipolar neurons
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CN8, CN1, retina
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ex multipolar neurons
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MOST, incl motor neurons, ANS, interneurons, pyramidal of ctx, Purkije of cb ctx
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nissl substance, what it's composed of, what it's role is, where is it found
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rosettes of polysomes and RER (role in protein syn), found in nerve cell body and dendrites (not axon)
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wallerian degen
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anterograde degen, axons and myelin sheaths disappear, prolifer Schwann.
see in PNS and CNS |
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chromatolysis
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retrograde degen CNS and PNS
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role astrocytes
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(not glial cells nonneuronal)
-foot processes -metab of GABA, serotonin, glut -buffer K |
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how recognize astrocytes histol
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GFAP, glutamine synthetase, monoclonal Ab A2B5
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microglia come from, fxn
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monocytes
function phagocytosis |
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gray commun rami
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unmyelinated postgang found at all levels SC
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white commun rami
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myelinated pregang symp at T1-L3
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intermediolateral cell column, location, fxn
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C8-L3, mediate entire symp innervation
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dorsal spinoCb tract found where?
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nu dorsalis of Clark (C8-L3)
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clinical reflexes
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achilles-S1,2
patella-L3,4 triceps-C5,6 biceps-C7,8 |
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reflex loop
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mscl stretch stretches Ia afferent, stim alpha motor, cause reflex extrafusal cxn.
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Ib in reflex
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(golgi tendon organ) senses tension and provides inhib feedback to alpha motor
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gamma loop in reflex
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stim gamma motor neuron which contracts intrafusal fiber causing increasing sensitivity of reflex arc
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how does cavernous sinus drain
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via s/i petrosal into sigmoid into IJV
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name ventral parts thalamus
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VPL (senses), VPM (facial sensation incl pain), VA/VL (motor)
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generally LGN
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visual (lateral for looking)
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generally MGN
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auditory (medial for Music)
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generally VPL
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body senses incl pain
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generally VPM
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facial senses incl pain
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generally VA/VL
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motor
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posterior hypothal
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conserves heat when cold
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anterior hypothal
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parasymp and A/C when hot
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lateral nu hypothal
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hunger keep eating
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when its hot...use?
when cold...use? |
hot-A hypothal for A/C
cold-P. hypothal |
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injury to L CC
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pure dyslexia
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injury to auditory assoc
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"word deafness" can't comprehend auditory, normal spontaneous speech, reading, writing
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functions of dominant hemi
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language, calculation, analysis, praxis (parietal)
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function nondominant hemi
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visuospatial (hemineglect), astereognosis, construction apraxia (all parietal)
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function prefrontal
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lateral (dorsal)=working mem, exec fxn
medial/orbital=mood and emotion (rel phenomen Gage) |
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what v where path
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from LGN where goes superiorly to FEF, what goes inferiorly to face and object recognition
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"what" assoc lesions
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prosopognosia (face recognition), object recognition, color agnosia, dyslexia w/o aphasia (these are bilateral)
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how tell if MRI T1? used for?
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CSF dark, gray matter darker
#1 anatomy |
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how stroke, MS appear on MRI T1
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both dark
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how tell if MRI T2? use?
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CSF white, 2 white eyeballs, gray matter whiter
**good for inflamm/edema |
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MS, stroke on MRI T2?
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stroked cells swell, become white. old stroke fills CSF white
MS also white |
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how tell CT? when use?
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bone white, thick
any acute setting, to see bleeding, all new sz |
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disadvantages head CT
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can't see P fossa well, obscured by bone, only axial, requires contrast
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describe simple BG path
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premotor + to putamen, putamen -GP,
GP - VL, VL +premotor |
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describe simple BG path incl NTs used
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premotor + (gluta) to putamen,
putamen - (GABA&P)GP, GP - (GABA) VL, VL + (gluta) premotor |
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describe complex BG path
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premotor + putamen,
putamen - GPex GPex - STN STN + GPi GPi - VL VL + premotor |
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describe complex BG path with NT
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premotor + (gluta) putamen,
putamen - (GABAb, enkephalin)GPex GPex - (GABA&P) STN STN + (gluta) GPi GPi - (GABA) VL VL + (gluta) premotor |
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medium spiny neurons
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act on GP ex using GABAb and enkephalin, implicated in HD
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of 2 BG paths, what projects VL
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GPi using GABA
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of 2 BG paths, where does putamen project
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simple-to GP using GABA&P
complex-to GPex using medium spiny |
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where does STN get input from? where send output?
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input=GPex via GABA&P
output=GPi via gluta |
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GPi receives input from
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STN in complex (gluta),
putamen in simple (GABA&P) |
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describe two parts of GP used in complex path
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GPex=receive - from putamen via medium spiny, gives - to STN (GABA&P)
GPi=receive + STN, gives + VL |
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in complex path putamen also modulated by
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Ach and SN (-DA via D2)
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composition corpus striatum
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lentiform (put and GP) + caudate
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composition lentiform
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put and GP
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composition striatum
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caudate and putamen
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pathophy HD
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atrophy caudate, esp medium spiny GABA
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simple and complex, net +?
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simple net + movement, complex net - movement
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what lies at floor 3rd ventricle
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hypothalamus
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what controls vomitting 2/2 MI
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chemoR trigger zone on floor 4th ventricle, then activates vomitting center in medulla (lateral reticular formation)
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match optic radiation with correct lobe
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superior field=lower Meyer=temporal
inferior visual field=upper=parietal |
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CNIII cranial passageway
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S. orbital fissure
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CNIV cranial passageway
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S orbital fissure
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CN6 cranial passageway
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S orbital fissure
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CNV 1 cranial passage
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S orbital fissure
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CNI cranial passageway
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cribiform plate
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CNV 2 cranial passageway
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For rotundum
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CNV 3 cranial passageway
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for ovale
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CNIX cranial passageway
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jug foramen (9-11)
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CNXI cranial passageway
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jug foramen (9-11)
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CNXII cranial passageway
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hypoglossal canal
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for rotundum
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CN V 2
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for ovale
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CN V 3
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for spinosum
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m meningeal a
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foramen magnum
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spinal roots of XI, brain stem, vertebral a
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optic canal
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CNII, ophthalmic a, central retinal vein
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CNV cranial passage
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"Standing Room Only"
S orbital fissure, For rotundum, For ovale |
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tremor at rest implies injury where
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BG
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intention tremor-injury where
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Cb
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amygdala injury-dz? presentation?
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Kluver-Bucy:
hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited |
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coma implies injury
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reticular activating system
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how is eye para innervated? causes?
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via inferior CNIII which carries para short ciliary-
causes-miosis, accomodation |
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how mydriasis created?
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symp from carotid plexus is carried via nasociliary long ciliary (branch V1)
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lacrimal innerv
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zygomatic of V2 carries 7 innerv to lacrimal (via grtr petrosal to Vidian/pterygoid gang)
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parotid para innerv
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V3 auriculotemporal branch carries 9 para to parotid (via lssr petrosal and otic ganglion)
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submand parasymp innerv
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V3 lingual branch carries 7 chorda tympani to submand ganglion to submand and subling gland
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branches of CN7
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temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandi, cervical, occipital (that zebra bit my cap off)
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branches V3
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buccal, auriculotemporal, I alveolar, lingual
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sensory inside cheek
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buccal branch of V3
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which nerve loops Wharton's duct
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lingual branch of V3
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CN7 involved in what autonomic innerv?
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lacrimal (via V2 zygomatic)
chorda tympani 1) submand/subling via V3 lingual 2) taste ant 2/3 via V3 lingual |
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CN9 involved in what auto innerv
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Herrings to carotid, parasymp to parotid (via V3 auriculotemp)
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strap muscles innerv by
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ansa cervicales
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branches of vagus
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i laryngeal (w s laryngeal a thru cricothyr mem)
ext. laryngeal (w s thyroid a) recurrent (w i thyroid off thyrocervical (groove bw eso and trachea) |
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role of CN9
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Sensory: sensory and taste P 1/3 tongue, sensory oropharynx (gag),
Motor: stylopharyngeus Auto/glands: herrings to carotid, para to parotid via V3 auriculotemp |
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role of V1 (branches)
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branches=frontal, nasociliary, lacrimal
Sensory: nasociliary cornea Auto/glands: nasociliary carries symp causing mydriasis |
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role of V2 (branches)
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branches=infraorbital, zygomatic
Sensory: infraorbital-nasopharynx, upper teeth Auto/glands: zygomatic carries 7 to lacrimal |
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role of V3 (branches)
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branches=buccal, auriculotemporal, i alveolar, lingual
Sensory: buccal (cheek), auriculotemp (upper 1/2 ear) motor: mastication, mylohyoid, a digastric, 2 tensors carries: auriculo carries 9 para to parotid, lingual carries 7 chorda tymp to submand/subling |
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branches V1
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frontal, nasociliary, lacrimal
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role CN III
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all eye muscles, lev palpebrae, carries para to eye via short ciliary (miosis and accomadation)
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describe general path/modulation of slow pain
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C fibers receive signal. 2 fibers go up through ILN of thal to cingulate gyrus, medial frontal lobe, and insula. Collaterals sent to Periaqueductal gray this sends axons down to other parts incl NRM. NRM uses axons with 5HT and then enkephalin to modulate C fiber via mu R. the other path rel NE on alpha 2 of the secondary neuron
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ways to manage chronic pain
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opiates to PAG, NRM, or mu R on dorsal horn
SSRI (NE alpha2 on 2 neuron) Na channel blocker |
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besides C fiber, how else can PAG be activated
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from stress that causes hypothal/pituitary to release b endorphins that act on PAG
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name the endogenous opioids
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enkephelin, b endorphin
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name parts of limbic forebrain and hypothal
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medial/orbital prefrontal ctx
anterior cingulate gyrus hippocampus amygdala |
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name parts of limbic forebrain and what bilateral lesions result in
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medial/orbital prefrontal ctx (flattened affect, loss emotion)
anterior cingulate gyrus (flat affect) hippocampus (anterograde amnesia) amygdala (decreased fear, hyperoral, aggression) |
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name parts of limbic forebrain and their roles
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medial/orbital prefrontal ctx (mood/affect)
anterior cingulate gyrus (mood/affect) hippocampus (declarative learning and memory) amygdala (4Fs, fear, food, fighting) |
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cingulate bundle
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cxn medial frontal/cingulate w amygdala
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MFB
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take NT to hypo and prefrontal
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fornix
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cxn hypo to hippo
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stria terminale
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hypothal to amygdala
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uncinate path
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uncus to prefrontal
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medial cortical is connected to
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amygdala via CB
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medial prefrontal is connected to (3)
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-amygdala via uncinate
-NT via MFB -thal via ALIC |
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hypothal connections
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-hippo vai fornix
-amygdala via ST and CB (long way) -prefrontal via MFB |
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amygdala cxns
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-olfactory
-prefrontal via uncinate -hypothal via ST -medial CTX via CB |
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where DA made in brain
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VTA
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where does DA go in brain
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from VTA to MFB, ST to Nu accumbens amygdala
-also arcuate nu of hypothal (DA - Pro) |
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where 5HT made in brain
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raphe nu
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where 5HT go in brain
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MFB
1) ST to amygdala 2) CTX 3) fronix to hippo |
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where Ach made
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-Nu basalis of meynert
-hypothal: medial septal, nu diagonal band |
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where Ach go in brain
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via ALIC to neoctx
from hypothal to hippo |
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where NE made
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LC
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where NE go
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MFB
1) ST to amygdala 2) CTX 3) fornix to hippo |
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where GABA made
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diffuse, no paths
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