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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Derived from neuroectoderm?
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CNS neurons
ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF) oligodendroglia astrocytes |
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Derived from neural crest?
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schwann cells
PNS neurons the crest is at the periphery... |
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Derived from mesoderm?
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microglia (like macrophages)
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Origin of ependymal cells
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neuroectoderm
CNS neurons ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF) oligodendroglia astrocytes |
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Origin of CNS neruons
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neuroectoderm
CNS neurons ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF) oligodendroglia astrocytes |
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Origin of oligodendroglia
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neuroectoderm
CNS neurons ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF) oligodendroglia astrocytes |
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Origin of astrocytes
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neuroectoderm
CNS neurons ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF) oligodendroglia astrocytes |
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Origin of schwann cells
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neural crest
schwann cells PNS neurons |
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Origin of PNS neurons
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neural crest
schwann cells PNS neurons |
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Origin of microglia
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mesoderm
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Large cells with prominent nucleoli
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neurons
comprise nervous system, permanent cells, do not divide |
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What is Nissl substance and where is it located?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
in dendrites (not axons) |
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What is the role of astrocytes?
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physical support, repair, K+ metabolism, removal of excess neurotransmitter
reactive gliosis in response to injury |
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Marker for astrocytes?
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GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)
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Role of microglia
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CNS phagocytes
mesoderm origin small irregular nuclei, relatively little cytoplasm activated with tissue damage to form large ameboid phagocytic cells |
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These cells fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS
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microglia in HIV infection
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What do microglia form in HIV infection?
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multinucleated giant cells in CNS
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Role of oligodendroglia
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myelinates multiple CNS axons (up to 30 each)
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Looks like fried egg on H&E stain
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oligodendroglia
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Nissl stain --> appears as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm
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oligodendroglia
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Predominant type of glial cell in white matter
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oligodendroglia
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These cells are destroyed in MS
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oligodendroglia
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Function of schwann cells
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myelinate 1 PNS axon
promote axonal regeneration derived from neural crest |
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Cells destroyed in Guillan-Barre syndrome
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schwann cells
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Cells in acoustic neuroma
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schwann cells (schwannoma)
located in internal acoustic meatis (CNVIII) |
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Conduction in free nerve endings
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C - slow, unmyelinated fibers
Adelta - fast, myelinated fibers |
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Location of free nerve endings
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all skin, epidermis, some viscera
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What do free nerve endings sense?
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pain and temperature
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Senses pain and temperature
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free nerve endings
all skin, epidermis, some viscera C - slow, unmyelinated fibers Adelta - fast, myelinated fibers |
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Conduction in Meissner's corpuscles
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large, myelinated fibers
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Location of Meissner's corpuscles
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glabrous (hairless) skin
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Receptors found in glabrous skin
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Meissner's corpuscles
position sense, dynamic fine touch, adapt quickly |
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What do Meissner's corpuscles sense?
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position sense, dynamic fine touch, adapt quickly
glabrous (hairless) skin |
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Position sense, dynamic fine touch, adapt quickly
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Meissner's corpuscles
glabrous (hairless) skin |
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What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?
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vibration, pressure
in deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints |
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Receptor found in deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints
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Pacinian corpuscles
sense vibration and pressure |
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What senses vibration and pressure
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Pacinian corpuscles
in deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints |
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Where are Merkel's disks located?
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hair follicles
position sense, static touch (e.g. shapes, edges, textures), adapt slowly |
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Position sense, static touch (e.g. shapes, edges, textures), adapt slowly
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Merkel's disks
located in hair follicles |
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What receptor type is located in hair follicles?
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Merkel's disks
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Invests single nerve fiber
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endoneurium
inflammatory infilrate in Guillan Barre endo = inner peri = around epi = outer |
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Surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers
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perineurium (permeability barrier)
must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment endo = inner peri = around epi = outer |
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Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)
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epineurium
endo = inner peri = around epi = outer |
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Location of NE synthesis
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Locus ceruleus
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What is made in locus ceruleus
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NE
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Levels of NE in anxiety? depression?
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anxiety: up
depression: down |
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Location of dopamine synthesis
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ventral tegmentum and SNc
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What is made in ventral tegmentum and SNc
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dopamine
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Levels of dopamine in schizophrenia? Parkinson's? Depression?
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schizophrenia: up
Parkinson's: down depression: down |
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Dopamine involved in what diseases?
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schizophrenia: up
Parkinson's: down depression: down |
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Where is serotonin made?
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Raphe nucleus
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What is made in the Raphe nucleus?
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serotonin (5-HT)
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Levels of 5-HT in depression? anxiety?
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depression: down
anxiety: down |
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What diseases involve 5-HT?
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depression: down
anxiety: down |
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Where is acetylcholine made?
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Basal nucleus of Meynert
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What is made in the basal nucleus of Meynert?
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acetylcholine
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ACh levels in Alzheimer's? Huntington's? REM sleep?
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Alzheimer's: down
Huntington's: down REM sleep: down |
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What diseases involve ACh?
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Alzheimer's: down
Huntington's: down REM sleep: down |
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Where is GABA made?
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nucleus accumbens
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What is made in the nucleus accumbens?
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GABA
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GABA levels in anxiety? Huntington's?
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anxiety: down
Huntington's: down |
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What diseases involve GABA?
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anxiety: down
Huntington's: down |
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Reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear
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nucleus accumbens (GABA) and septal nucleus
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Stress and panic
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locus ceruleus (NE)
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What three things form the blood brain barrier?
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1. tight junctions btwn nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
2. basement membrane 3. astrocyte processes |
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How do glucose and amino acids cross the blood brain barrier?
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slowly via carrier-mediated transport mechanisms
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What substances cross BBB via diffusion?
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nonpolar / lipid-soluble substances
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Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located?
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floor of the fourth ventricle
area postrema -- vomiting after chemo |
