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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does the spinal cord develop from
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neural tube and neuroectoderm
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what does the dorsal root ganglia develop from
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neural crest
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where does the spinal cord end at birth and why
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L2-3 vertebral level, vertebral column grows faster than spinal cord
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where does the spinal cord extend in the adult
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foramen magnum to L1 disc
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what would happen in an injury at L5-S1
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adult will not damage spinal cord, cauda equina (PNS) is effected
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what is spondylolisthesis
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forward slippage of L5 vertebrae over sacrum
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where does the spinal cord extend in early fetal development
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entire length of emergent vertebral colum w/ spinal nerves exiting between the vertebrae throught the intervertebral foramina
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lumen of SC is generally _____ and is the remnant of the _____ of the ____
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closed, central canal, neural tube
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narrow end of spinal cord at caudal end=
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conus medullaris
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descending spinal roots w/in vertebral canal w/o spinal cord=
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cauda equina
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the conus medullaris terminates as a thin NON-NERVOUS stand of tissue called the :
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filum terminale
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how far do the meninges extend
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S2
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what is the dura separated from the vertebral bodies and arch by
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fat and veins
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spinal dura is continuation of:
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meningeal layer of cranial dura
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periosteal layer of cranial dura corresponds w/:
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periosteum of vertebrae
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where is the lumbar cistern (site of lumbar puncture)
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subarachnoid space between the end of the spinal cord (L1-L2) and end of dura (S2)
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what is the filum terminale made of
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pia
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what happends when filum terminale reaches the end of the dural sack
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pierces the dura picking up an outer layer of dura, and attaches caudally to the coccyx. Becomes the coccygeal ligament
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purpose of coccygeal ligament
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anchors (tethers) the spinal cord caudally
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how many pairs of spinal nerves and where do they exit
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31, intervertebral foramen
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how many of each type of spinal nerve
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c-8, t-12, l-5, s-5
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which is there not a C1 dermatome
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C1 generally does not have a dorsal root
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where do the cervical roots exit
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the intervertebral foramina above their like named vertebrae except C8 which is above T1
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where do the thoracic, lumbar and sacral roots exit
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below the vertebrae of the same level
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dermatomes are a partch of the dermis that is supplied predominantly by a single _____ root level
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dorsal
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the myotome is a muscle of muscle group supplied primarily by a single _____ root level
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ventral
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the presence of a normal tendon reflex indicates the ____ and ____ components of the particular spinal cord level are intact
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peripheral sensory and motor
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C5 dermatome
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shoulder and lateral arm
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C5 myotome
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shoulder abduction
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C5 tendon reflex
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biceps brachii
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C6 dermatome
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lateral forearm
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C6 myotome
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elbow flexion and wrist extension
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C6 tendon reflex
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brachioradialis
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C7 dermatome
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middle finger
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C7 myotome
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elbow extension and wrist flexion
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C7 tendon reflex
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triceps brachii
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T4 dermatome
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level of nipple-no myotome or reflex
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T10 dermatome
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umbilicus- no myotome or tendon reflex
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L4 dermatome
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medial knee and leg
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L4 myotome
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knee extension
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L4 tendon reflex
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quadriceps (patellar) tendon
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S1 dermatome
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lateral foot
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S1 myotome
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ankle plantar flexion
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S1 tendon reflex
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achilles (triceps surae) tendon
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SC receives info from periphery via the ____ nerve fibers which enter the SC via the _____ (_____) roots.
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sensory, posterior (dorsal)
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cell bodies of sensory nerve fibers are located in the ______
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dorsal root ganglia DRG
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Sensory info is processed and may result in a signal sent back out to periphery via the ______. What is this an example of?
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anterior (ventral) roots. Reflex arc
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anatomical substrate for reflex arc
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receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, target muscle, synaptic jxn between them
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2 neurons make up a _______ reflex arc
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monosynaptic
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which spinal cord levels have the posterior (dorsal) intermediate sulcus
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above approx. T7 (rostral half)
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deep groove on anterior surface of cord
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anterior (ventral) median fissure
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2 shallower grooves that lie on either side of the anterior median fissue
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anterior (ventral) lateral sulcus
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3 sections of horns, columns of gray region of SC
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anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), lateral (only between T1 and L2)
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Anterior cell column consists of primarily _____ neurons
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motor
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2 groups of motor neurons in the anterior cell column and where are they
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medial motor group throughout spinal cord, lateral motor group from C5-T1 and from L2-S3 SC levels
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what does the medial motor nucleus/group innervate
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axial group muscles
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what does the lateral motor nucleus/group activate
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muscles of the extremities
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organization of neurons into what they innervate =
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somatotopy
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where are the motor nerves that innervate extensor muscles from
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anterior part of anterior cell column
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what are the motor nerves that innervate flexors from
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more posteriorly in the anterior cell column
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the more proximal the muscle group, the more ______ the ____ motor neurons that innervate it lie
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medial, alpha
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posterior cell column regions from superficial to deep
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posteromarginal nucleus (marginal layer), substantia gelatinosa, nucleus proprius
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nucleus dorsalis AKA
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Clarke's column
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where is Clarke's column
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deep to nucleus proprius between SC segments C8 and L2.
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What is Clarke's column assoc. w/
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sensory fxns
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fxn of substantia gelatinosa
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processing of pain and temp input from the periphery
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fxn of nucleus proprius
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proprioception (awareness of posture and movement) inputs
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fxn of nucleus dorsalis
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spinocerebellar pathways, receive input from large diameter afferent fibers assoc. w/ muscle and tendon sensory receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs)
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are lateral gray columns present in all of SC
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no only certain levels
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where is the intermediolateral nucleus located
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between ant. and post. cell columns between T1 and L2-3 SC levels
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What does intermediolateral nucleus contain
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preganglionic nerve cells assoc. w/ the sympathetic nervous system
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where is the sacral autonomic nucleus and what does it contain
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same pace as the intermediolateral nucleus between S2-4, contain preganglionic nerve cells of the parasympathetic nervous system
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how many cytoarchitectual layers and what is their AKA
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9, also has a 10th surrounding the central canal of SC. They are AKA lamina
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Lamina I=
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posteromarginal nucleus
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Lamina II=
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substantia gelatinosa
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Lamina III-V=
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nucleus proprius
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Lamina VII=
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Clarke's column & lateral gray horn (IML cell column)
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Lamina IX=
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motor columns
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three regions of white matter are called
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funiculi
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what is the posterior funiculus and what is it called bilaterally
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between posterior median and posterior lateral sulci=dorsal columns
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what divides the dorsal columns at levels rostral to the mid-thoracic regions
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posterior intermediate sulcus
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what is lateral to the posterior intermediate sulcus
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fasciculus cuneatus
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what is medial to the posterior intermediate sulcus
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fasiculus gracilis
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the 3 funiculi
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anterior, posterior, lateral
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fxn of fasciculus gracilis
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tract for sensory info from lower half of body
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fxn of fasiculus cuneatus
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tract for sensory info from upper half of body
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what lies between the anterior median fissure and te anterior lateral sulci
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anterior funiculus
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what is the white matter between the anterior lateral and posterior lateral sulci
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lateral funiculus
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what are the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
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superficial in lateral funiculus
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where are the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts (anterolateral system)
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shared by the lateral and anterior funiculi
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2 descending tracts assoc w/ movement located in the lateral funiculus:
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rubrospinal tract and lateral corticospinal tract
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where is the anterior corticospinal tract
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anterior funiculus
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where is the vestibulospinal tract
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anterior funiculus
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where is the reticulospinal tracts located
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in both the lateral and anterior funiculi
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white matter is ______ organized
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somatotopically
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sensory info from the sacral plexus is ____ w/in the fasciculus gracilis, with the lumbar levels sensory info ____ to it. This is in the _____ columns
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medial, lateral, dorsal
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W/in the fasciculus cuneatus, ascending thoracic sensory info lies _____ to the sensory info that enters at cervical
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medial
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in the spinothalamic tracts (anterolateral system), neck to toe info (cervical to sacral) lies ____ to ___
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medial to lateral
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The lateral corticospinal tract is a ____ tract
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motor
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what area of white matter lies at the base of the anterior median fissure
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anterior/ventral white commissure.
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commissures=
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areas where fibers cross from one side to the other
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commissural fibers=
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crossing fibers
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area of white matter at the most superficial tip of the posterior cell column, just deep to the posterior lateral sulcus
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Lissauer's tract AKA dorsolateral fasciculus
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Lissauer's tracts contains fibers from ____ cells located in the _____
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sensory, DRG
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as fibers from Lissauer's tract enter the SC they ascend or descend 1-2 segments before entering the _______
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posterior horn
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______ fibers surround the gray matter and connect diff levels of the SC for important integrative fxns
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intersegmental
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complete transection of the SC would cause ____ and ____, ____ the level of transection,
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anesthesia and paralysis, below
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complete transection leaves _____ below tranection intact, causing _____ paralysis w/ _____ reflexes. Normal bowel and bladder fxn are interrupted and become automatic (_____ bladder)
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reflex arcs, spastic, hyperactive, spastic
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What would happen if the complete transection is in the middle cervical SC (C3-C5)
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breathing may also be affected due to the prescence of a motor nucleus (the phrenic nucleus)that supplies the muscles of the diaphragm
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damage at or above the ____ levels will require mechanical ventilation
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C3
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what happens w/ complete transection of a peripheral n.
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anesthesia and/or weakness of structures innervated by the n. depending on location, sensory loss will be restricted to a dermatomre or the peripheral sensory n. distribution, and myotome or peripheral motor distribution
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what would happen w/ damage to the C5 nerve root
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loss of sensation in the C5 dermatome (shoulder and lateral arm region) and weakness in the C5 myotome (shoulder abduction)
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what would happen if a nerve root or typical spinal nerve is affected such as in a vertebral disc injury
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anesthesia limited to a single dermatome and weakness to single myotome
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what would happen w/ damage to the peripheral nerve of a plexus
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the deficits will generally be more specific with anesthesia distal to the injury along the entire sensory distribution of the nerve and weakness (flaccid paralysis) distal to the injury in the muscles innervated by the nerve.
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what would happen w/ damage to the musculocutaneous n.
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anesthesia along the anterolateral forearm, flaccid paralysis of the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis
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what is hemisection of the SC and what does it cause
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damage to half of cord, causes Brown-Sequard syndrome
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why does brown-sequard syndrome cause spastic paralysis below the lesions on the same side
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interruption of the descending motor fibers to the alpha (or lower) motor neurons
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why does brown-sequard syndrome cause loss of discriminative touch, vibration and proprioception senses
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damage to the ascending dorsal columns
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why does brown-sequard syndrome cause contralateral loss of pain and temp
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damage to the anterolateral system. sensory loss is on opposite side of lesion b/c the incoming info crosses the midline in the ventral white commissure b4 ascending to higher levels
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