Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the two major divisions of the cerebrum? |
Telencephalon and Diencephalon |
|
|
What is the structure of the brain that divides it into two hemispheres? |
The sagittal fissure |
|
|
Where is the horizontal fissure found? |
It is found separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
|
|
Where is the lateral fissure found? |
It is found separating the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain |
|
|
What are the three main structures of the brain stem? |
Midbrain, Pons and Medulla |
|
|
What lie on other side of the central sulcus? |
Pre-central and Post-central Gyri |
|
|
What are the functions of the pre-central and post-central gyri? |
Pre-central = motor cortex Post-central = sensory cortex |
|
|
Where is the calcarine sinus found? |
It is found in the occipital lobe separating it into parts |
|
|
Where is the cingulate sulcus found? |
It is found just above the cingulate gyrus which is located superior to the corpus callosum |
|
|
What structures comprise the diencephalon? |
Thalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus Epithalamus |
|
|
Where is the thalamus found? |
The thalamus is found just medial to the third ventricle, although it is more visible by a posterior cut The caudate nucleus wraps itself around the thalamus in a sort of c-shape similar in shape to the ventricles |
|
|
What structure is located within the sella turcica and what is this structure connected to? |
The pituitary gland sits here which is connected to the hypothalamus |
|
|
What is the major commissural fibre of the brain? |
The corpus callosum |
|
|
What is the role of the corpus callosum? |
It relays information between the hemispheres of the brain (left to right and vice versa) |
|
|
What structures of the brain contain the grey matter? |
Grey matter is found in: 1. Cerebral cortex 2. Thalamus (main sensory switchboard) 3. Lentiform Nucleus (putamen, and globus pallidus) 4. Caudate Nucleus 5. Amygdala |
|
|
What structures comprise the Basal Ganglia? |
Lentiform Nucleus (Putamen and Globus Pallidus) Caudate Nucleus Amygdala |
|
|
What is the internal capsule? |
A collection of neuronal axons that project between that split the basal ganglia in half and extend to motor/sensory cortex |
|
|
What does the basal ganglia primarily control? |
Motor function |
|
|
What is the posterior region of the corpus callosum called and what is the anterior region called? |
Posterior = Splenium Anterior = Genu |
|
|
What are the three major white matter fibres? |
Association fibres Commissural Fibres Projection Fibres |
|
|
What is the purpose of the association fibres? |
To communicate within one hemisphere (short, intermediate and long) |
|
|
What is the function of the commissural fibres? Which ones are most prominent? |
To communicate between hemispheres of the brain. These include the Corpus Callosum (most important), Anterior Commissure, and Posterior Commissure |
|
|
What are projection fibres? |
Neurons not confined to the cerebrum that extend to different levels of the nervous system (i.e. Spinal Cord) - Pyramidal tracts (corticospinal) extend from the cortex to the spinal cord |
|
|
What are the cerebral peduncles, where are they found? |
Cerebral peduncles are found on the superior portion of the midbrain and they contain projection fibres going to and coming from the cortex |
|
|
What are the three structures that make up the brainstem? |
Midbrain, pons, and medulla |
|
|
What paired structures are found on the posterior face of the midbrain? |
Inferior and superior colliculi |
|
|
What prominent structure is found on the anterior face of the midbrain at the superior margin? |
Mammillary body |
|
|
What two cranial nerves are found at the border of the pons and the midbrain? |
CIII (Oculomotor) and CIV (Trochlear) |
|
|
What structure is located behind the Pons and what is its function? |
The fourth ventricle, which functions as the final holding site for CSF and has foramen which will drain the CSF into the subarachnoid space as well as into the central canal |
|
|
What are the two regions on the anterior face of the medulla called? |
The pyramids (medial) and the olives (lateral) |
|
|
What cranial nerve is found on the anterior face of the pons? |
CV trigeminal nerve |
|
|
How does the cerebellum remain connected to the brain stem and what is this structures function? |
It is connected by the middle cerebral peduncles. The cerebellum is in charge of motor coordination |
|
|
At what point does the spinal cord terminate? |
At the L1/2 vertebra |
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have? How are they organized? |
32 8: cranial 12: thoracic 5: Lumbar 5: Sacral 2: Coccygeal |
|
|
What is the term for the point at which the spinal cord terminates? |
Conus Medullaris |
|
|
What is the term for the fibre that descends from the spinal cord, connecting it to the sacrum? |
Filum Terminale |
|
|
What is the name for the bundle of nerves that extend from the termination of the spinal cord? What is another name for it? |
Cauda Equina (Horse's Tail) |
|
|
What are the two regions where the spina cord becomes thicker? |
Cervical and lumbar enlargement |
|
|
How do the spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal? |
Through the intervertebral foramen |
|
|
Where does sensory information enter the spinal cord, how about motor information? |
Sensory info enters through the dorsal horn (posterior) through the dorsal root Motor info leaves through the anterior horn via the ventral root (anterior root) |
|
|
At what point does the sympathetic nerve begin to leave the spinal cord? How is this distinguished? |
Sympathetic nervous system begins to leave at T1 and finishes at L2, it is distinguished by the presence of the intermediate horn |
|
|
What two indents are found on the spinal cord? |
Anterior median fissure and posterior medial groove |
|
|
How is the white matter arranged in the spinal cord? |
In funiculi (lateral, anterior, and posterior) |
|
|
What are the chambers containing CSF called? |
Ventricles |
|
|
What produces the CSF where is it found? |
Choroid plexus, found in the lateral ventricles |
|
|
What are the regions of the ventricles known as? What part of the brain are they found in? |
Anterior horn (frontal lobe), posterior horn (occipital lobe), inferior horn (temporal lobe), and Atrium |
|
|
How do the lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle? |
By the foramen of monroe |
|
|
How does the third ventricle connect to the fourth ventricle? |
By the aqueduct of silvius |
|
|
What are the foramina of Luschka? |
Openings in the fourth ventricle that drain CSF into the subarachnoid space |
|
|
What is foramen of magendie? |
Opening in the bottom of the fourth ventricle that drains into the central canal |
|
|
What are the three layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain called? |
Meninges: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater |
|
|
What are the invaginations of the Dura Mater called? Where are they found? |
Falx Cerebri: Superior Sagittal Fissure Tentorium Cerebelli: Horizontal Fissure |
|
|
What spaces are formed by the two layers of the dura mater? What space is formed by the fall cerebri? |
Dural venous sinuses (Superior Sagittal Sinus) |
|
|
How does the Dura Mater differ in the brain and the spinal cord? |
Dura mater is attached firmly to the brain Dura mater in the spinal cord is separated from the vertebral column by the epidural space (fat-filled) |
|
|
How does the arachnoid mater attach to the pia mater in the brain? What does this form? |
It is attached by thin threads that create the subarachnoid space where CSF circulates |
|
|
How is the arachnoid mater connected to the pia mater in the spinal chord? |
By the denticulate ligaments |
|
|
What is the CSF made from? |
Filtered arterial blood |
|
|
What are the functions of the CSF? |
Metabolic/protective (shock absorption) |
|
|
How is CSF filtered into the venous blood flow? |
Through the arachnoid villi |
|
|
How are the venous sinuses drained? |
Into the jugular foramen |
|
|
What is the lumbar cistern? |
It is the region at the base of the spinal cord where the arachnoid and dura mater descend to the sacrum despite the spinal cord stopping at L1/2 creating a large sinus |
|
|
How do the vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries enter into the skull? |
Internal carotid = Carotid Canal Vertebral = Foramen Magnum |
|
|
What do the vertebral arteries anastomose to form? What does this artery bifurcate into? |
Basilar artery which bifurcates into the posterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
What is the blood vessel system called that forms around the sella turcica? |
Circle of Willis |
|
|
What do the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries supply? |
Sagittal portion |
|
|
What does the middle cerebral artery supply? |
centre of the brain (gets there through lateral fissure) |
|
|
How does the cerebellum get blood? |
Inferior and superior carotid arteries |
|
|
What supplies the spinal cord with blood? |
Vertebral = superior portion Aorta = lower portion |
|
|
Where are the sensory cell bodies found/synapse? |
In the dorsal root ganglia |
|
|
What sensory modalities are transmitted by the spinothalamic tracts? |
touch, pain and temperature |
|
|
What sensory modalities are transmitted by the dorsal columns? |
Discriminatory touch, joint position and vibration |
|
|
What are the two specific regions that the dorsal columns are found? |
Fasiculus cuneatus and Fasiculus Gracilis |
|
|
What tracts do the fasciculus cuneatus carry? How about the fasciculus gracilis? |
cuneatus (found laterally): above T6 Gracilis (found medially): Below T6 |
|
|
Where do the dorsal column nerves crossover? |
In the medulla |
|
|
Where do the nerves travel through in the medulla? |
Through the medial lemniscus |
|
|
Where do the dorsal columns make their first synapse in the spinal cord? |
In the nuclei cuneatus/gracilis in the medulla |
|
|
Where do the anterolateral tracts make their first synapse? |
in the dorsal horn of the spinal nerve that they enter at |
|
|
When do the anterolateral tracts decussate? |
In the spinal nerve they enter at |
|
|
Which fibres run ipsilateral to their side of innervation below the medulla? |
Dorsal column |
|
|
Where do the lateral corticospinal tracts decussate? |
In the medulla (pyramids) |
|
|
Where do the anterior corticospinal tracts decussate? |
At the spinal nerve where they exit |
|
|
Where do all the corticospinal tracts synapse? |
In the anterior horn of the spinal cord |
|
|
What foramen does the olfactory nerve exit through? |
Synapses with other small neurons in the olfactory bulb which exit through the cribriform plate |
|
|
Where does the olfactory bulb meet with the brain? |
In the rhinencephalon |
|
|
Where do the neurons that become the olfactory bulb originate? |
Olfactory mucosa |
|
|
Where do the optic nerves coalesce? |
in the optic chiasm |
|
|
Where do the optic nerves synapse in the brain? |
In the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus |
|
|
What vision is lost if the optic chiasm is cut through sagittally? |
all peripheral vision is lost |
|
|
What portion of the retina do the nerves that crossover innervate? |
The inner portion enabling peripheral vision |
|
|
What three nerves control the movement of the eye? |
Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens |
|
|
What nerves originate at the border of the medulla and the pons? |
VI, VII and VIII (abducens, facial and vestibulococchlear) |
|
|
What nerve originates from the pons? |
Trigeminal |
|
|
What nerves originate at the border of the midbrain and the pons? |
III and IV (oculomotor and trochlear) |
|
|
Which four nerves leave through the superior orbital fissure and what is there function? |
Oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal and abducens (all except the trigeminal move the eye) |
|
|
What muscles are innervated by the oculomotor? |
medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris |
|
|
What muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve? |
Superior oblique |
|
|
What muscle is innervated by the abducens? |
Lateral rectus |
|
|
What nerve has three branches? |
Trigeminal |
|
|
What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve? |
To supply innervation for facial sensation and mastication |
|
|
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve? |
Ophthalmic Branch (forehead) Maxillary Branch (cheek) Mandibular Branch (Jaw) |
|
|
How does the facial nerve enter the skull and what pathway does it take? |
Enters through the internal acoustic meatus and then through the stylomastoid foramen |
|
|
How many branches does the facial nerve have? |
5 |
|
|
What does the facial nerve innervate for its sensory function? |
Anterior two thirds of the tongue and salivary glands (parasympathetic) |
|
|
What two nerves leave the brain stem and enter into the internal acoustic meatus? |
frontal (VII) and vestibulococchlear (VIII) |
|
|
What nerves leave through the jugular foramen? |
Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), and Accessory (XI) |
|
|
What four cranial nerves are found in the medulla? |
Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI), and Hypoglassal (XII) |
|
|
What nerve supplies the parasympathetic input to the parotid glands? |
Glossopharyngeal |
|
|
What nerve supplies the parasympathetic input to the sublingual, submandibular and lacrimal salivary glands? |
Facial |
|
|
What nerves supply the sensory innervation for the tongue? |
Facial (anterior 2/3rds) and Glossopharyngeal (Posterior 1/3rd) |
|
|
What motor innervation does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply? |
Stylopharyngeus muscle |
|
|
What is the most important parasympathetic nerve of the thorax and abdomen? |
Vagus |
|
|
What nerve supplies sensory and motor innervation for the larynx? |
Vagus |
|
|
Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid are innervated by which nerve? |
Accessory nerve |
|
|
Where does the hypoglossal nerve arise from? |
The groove between the pyramids and olives of the medulla |
|
|
What does the hypoglossal nerve supply? |
extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles |
|
|
What does the autonomic nervous system control? |
Unconscious motor control |
|
|
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
How many neurons does the autonomic nervous system use to reach its motor target? |
2: preganglionic and postganglionic |
|
|
What cranial nerves have parasympathetic activity? |
III, VII, IX, and X |
|
|
What two locations does the paraympathetic nervous system originate from? |
Cranial and sacral nerves |
|
|
What is the term given to the sympathetic system (location)? Parasympathetic? |
Sympathetic: Thoracolumbar Parasympathetic: Craniosacral |
|
|
What are the two general locations the autonomic nerves are distributed? |
1. Body wall, limbs, superficial head and neck 2. organ systems |
|
|
What are the autonomic nerves called that innervate organs? |
Splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Where do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate? Where do they exit the spinal cord |
In the intermediate horn of the spinal cord and they exit from the ventral root of the spinal cord? |
|
|
What is the somatotopical arrangement? |
It is where the nerves destined for the upper limbs exit from the upper intermediate horn and those for the lower limbs from lower intermediate horn, also those for the thorax from the middle |
|
|
What length are the preganglionic neurons for the sympathetic system? |
Short, and go synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglion |
|
|
How do the sympathetic neurons enter the ganglionic trunk, how do they exit it? |
Enter through the white ramus and leave through the grey ramus |
|
|
What are the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglion? |
Generally, there is a single sympathetic ganglion for each sympathetic neuron, although for the cervical neurons the ganglia fuse into three (superior, middle and inferior) |
|
|
What sympathetic neurons synapse in each cervical ganglion? |
Superior = nerves 1-4 Middle = nerves 5/6 Inferior = nerves 7/8 |
|
|
Where do the coccygeal sympathetic neurons synapse? |
In the Ganglion Impar |
|
|
What do sympathetic nerves travelling to the body wall innervate? |
skin and blood vessels |
|
|
What are the three pathways that the sympathetic neurons to the body walls can take? |
1) Exit the spinal nerve using the grey ramus, synapse in the trunk ganglion and reenter the spinal nerve via the white ramus 2) Exit the spinal nerve via grey ramus and ascend to the superior ganglia where it synapses and reenters the spinal nerve (servicing the face and neck etc.) 3) Exit the spinal nerve via grey ramus and descend to the inferior ganglia where it synapses and reenters the spinal nerve (servicing the abdomen, pelvis etc.) |
|
|
Where are the white rami found? |
Only in the sympathetic ganglion at the level of T1-L2 (where the nerves exit the spinal nerve) |
|
|
What do all sympathetic nerves to the body wall do in the sympathetic chain ganglion and exit through? |
All must synapse in the trunk and then exit through the grey rami |
|
|
What visceral sympathetic nerves do not synapse in the trunk? |
Thoracic and lumbar |
|
|
What are the four paths taken by the preganglionic sympathetic nerves travelling to the viscera? |
1) Synapse at its own level 2) Travel superiorly in the trunk and synapse 3) Travel inferiorly in the trunk and synapse 4) Pass through the trunk (ganglion) and emerge as splanchnic nerves and alternatively synapse in the abdominal or renal ganglia (Only for thoracic and lumbar) |
|
|
How far along the GI tract does the vagus nerve service? Where does it synapse in order to accomplish this? |
It services up to the final 2/3rds of the transverse colon and synapses in abdominal ganglia near the target |
|
|
What do the parasympathetic nerves of the sacrum become? What sacral nerves? |
Pelvic Splanchnic nerves (S2-4) |
|
|
What plexus is formed by the sacral parasympathetic spinal nerves? |
Hypogastric plexus |
|
|
What sympathetic ganglia provide innervation to organs above the diaphragm? |
C1-T4 |
|
|
What nerve supplies the head and neck with sympathetic innervation? |
T1 |
|
|
What do the sympathetic fibres travelling to the brain follow? |
The internal and external carotid arteries |
|
|
What do the thoracic organs receive sympathetic innervation from? |
Nerves T1-T4 |
|
|
What ganglion do the fibres innervating the heart come from? |
The 3 cervical ganglion and superior thoracic |
|
|
What sympathetic nerves innervate the lungs? What ganglia are they from? |
T2-4 and the corresponding ganglia |
|
|
How does every visceral sympathetic neuron ultimately leave the ganglion? |
Through a splanchnic neuron |
|
|
What cranial nerves are parasympathetic? |
Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus |
|
|
What is the parasympathetic function of CNIII? |
Control of the lens and the pupil |
|
|
What is the parasympathetic function of CNIX? |
Control of the parotid gland |
|
|
What is the parasympathetic function of CNVII? |
Control of the submandibular, submaxillary and lacrimal glands |
|
|
What is the parasympathetic function of CNX? |
Control of the thorax and abdomen |
|
|
How far through the GI tract does the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic innervation? |
2/3rds of the way along the transverse colon |
|
|
Where do the parasympathetic nerves synapse? |
In ganglion outside of the sympathetic trunk |
|
|
What do the sacral parasympathetic nerves innervate? What are these nerves called? |
The distal gut, pelvis, bladder, urethra etc. Pelvic Splanchnic nerves |
|
|
At what level do the sympathetic neurons stop synapsing in the sympathetic trunk ganglion? |
Below spinal nerve 4 they stop synapsing in the sympathetic trunk ganglion and instead do so in ganglion near the organs |
|
|
What preganglionic nerve is responsible for sympathetic innervation to the head and neck? What ganglion does it synapse in? |
T1, Superior cervical ganglion |
|
|
Above what point do the sympathetic nerves synapse in the trunk ganglion? |
Above and including T4 |
|
|
What spinal nerves supply sympathetic innervation to the thorax organs? |
T1-4 |
|
|
What preganglionic nerves supply sympathetic innervation to the lungs? What postganglionic |
T2-4 and same postganglionic |
|
|
What postganglionic neurons supply innervation to the heart? |
All cervical ganglia and superior thoracic ganglia |
|
|
What path does the postganglionic nerve to the head and neck follow? |
Goes alongside the internal/external carotid artery |
|
|
What comprise the preaortic ganglia? |
Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Inferior Mesenteric |
|
|
What sympathetic innervation supplies the foregut, midgut and hindgut? |
Foregut: preganglionic nerves T5-9 and synapse in the celiac ganglion Midgut: preganglionic nerves T10-11 and synapse in the superior mesenteric ganglion Hindgut: preganglionic nerves L1/2 and synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion |
|
|
Do all of the lumbar splanchnic nerves synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion? |
No, some will synapse in the hypogastric plexus |
|
|
What is special about T12? |
The preganglionic neuron synapses in the renal ganglion and innervates the kidney |
|
|
where does the oculomotor nerve synapse? |
Ciliary ganglion |
|
|
Where do preganglionic fibres to the lacrimal gland synapse? |
pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
|
Where do the preganglionic fibres going to the parotid gland synapse? |
in the otic ganglion |
|
|
What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the posterior third of the GI tract? |
Pelvic splanchnic nerves |
