Neuro

Front 1

Wavelength-frequency

Back 1

color )hue)

Front 2

Amplitude

Back 2

brightness (intensity)

Front 3

Accommodation

Back 3

adjustment of lens shape to focus over a range of distances

Front 4

Myopic eye

Back 4

light from distant objects is brought to a focal point befoer reaching the retina

nearsighted

concave

Front 5

Glaucoma

Back 5

progressive loss of vision associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Pressure in the aqueous humor plays a crucial role in maintaining the shape of the eye. As pressure increases the entire eye is stressed damaging the weak point where the optic never leaves the eye. The optic nerve axons are compressed, and vision is gradually lost form the periphery inward

Front 6

Cataract

Back 6

a clouding of the lens .

Front 7

Macular degeneration

Back 7

lose of only central vision. Peripheral vision usually remains normal, the ability to read, watch TV and recognize faces is lost as central photoreceptors gradually deteriorate.

Front 8

Pupil

Back 8

opening that allows light to enter the eye and reach the retina

The perforation in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye. The pupillary light reflex mediates pupillary constriction in full light and expansion (dilation) in dim light; these responses can also be induced by chemicals and by certain emotional states, and thus can be clinically important

Front 9

Iris

Back 9

pigmenatation provides eye color. The iris contains two muscles that can vary in size of the pupil one makes it smaller when it contracts and the other makes it bigger

Front 10

Lens

Back 10

The lens is suspended by ligaments called zonule fibers attached to the ciliary muscle which forms a ring inside the eye. Changes in the shape of the lens enable our eyes to adjust their focus to different viewing distances. The lens also divides the eye into two compartments containing slightly different fluids.

Front 11

Visual acuity

Back 11

ability to distinguish two neighboring points.

expressed as visual angle in degrees.

Front 12

Fovea

Back 12

In center of retina

Pit in retina having high visual acuity.

central fovea is all cones (no rods)

1:1 cones:ganglion cells

Front 13

Horizontal cells

Back 13

Retinal neurons that mediate lateral interactions between photoreceptor terminals and the dendrites of bipolar cells.

Front 14

Photopic vision

Back 14

Vision at high light levels, which is mediated almost entirely by cone cells. Contrast with scotopic vision.

Front 15

scotopic vision

Back 15

Vision in dim light, where the rods are the operative receptors. Central vision is blind at scotopic light levels

Front 16

Trichromatic

Back 16

Referring to the presence of three different cone types in the human retina, which generate the initial steps in color vision by differentially absorbing long, medium, and short wavelength light.

Front 17

Cornea

Back 17

refracts 70% light

The eye collects light and focuses it on the retina. The retina formsimages through its activity

Front 18

Hyperopia

Back 18

farsighted

Front 19

amblyopia

Back 19

If eye defects are present during a critical period,amblyopia (“dim vision”) may result due toadjustments in the circuitry in LGN & cortex.

Front 20

peripheral retina

Back 20

a is more specialized for night vision

more rods less cones

Front 21

• In the dark

Back 21

rods have “darkcurrent” – in the dark, Na+and Ca2+ enter in a steadystream. The restingmembrane potential is -30mV

*rhodospin

Front 22

In the light

Back 22

cGMP breaksdown, which closes thechannels that let in cations,thus hyperpolarizing themembrane.

*opsin: red blue and green

Front 23

opponent process theory

Front 24

neurons code stimulus properties

Back 24

Quality: modality

*sensory receptor types

Location

*Region of nervous system that responds

Strength

*Firing frequency and # of neurons responding

Time (when)

*timing and duration of neural response