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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where are lots of mitochondria?
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soma
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where does AP begin?
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@ axon
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describe axon hillock:
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naked
-sensitive to sending info |
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what do axons do? pre or post?
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send message from cell to next: conduct info
pre-synaptic |
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what do dendrites do? pre or post?
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receive info
post-synaptic |
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what are the funcs of soma/cell body?
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make macromolecules, protein and enzyme
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what are the funcs of synaptic endings/terminals? pre or post?
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transmits info
pre-synaptic |
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what are the sp organelles in soma?
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nucleus
golgi nissl cytoskeleton receptors |
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what are sp organelles in dendrites?
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spine
receptors on spine cytoskeleton |
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what are sp organelles on axon?
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cytoskeleton
myelin sheath |
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what are sp organelles at synaptic endings?
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synaptic vesicles: released into terminal areas
transmitter transporter |
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what's the main func of cytoskeletons?
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maintain cytoarchitecture of neurons
mediate transportation and facilitate func of macromolecs |
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what makes up the cytoskeletons? sizes?
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microtubule- 20nm
neurofilament- 10 nm microfilament - 5 nm |
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what's microtubule made of?
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13 strands of protofilaments
-tubulin polymer (tubulin must be transported into axon) *microtubule associate protein links microtubules and other cytoskeletons: serve as substrate along which organelles are transported thru neuronal processes |
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describe microfilament:
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twisted pair of actin filaments:
-anchoring membrane molecs like receptors at synapses -helps in mvmnt of advancing tip of growing axons |
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describe neurofilament:
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multiply twisted ropelike assemblies of strand: polymer of 3 diff proteins of cytokeratin family
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what disease has defective microtubule assembly?
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Alzheimer's
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what's needed to repair any injury of nerve?
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reconstitution of cytoskeleton: takes mos to grow back b/c tubulin takes long time to get there
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what macromolecules mv in anterograde/retrograde transport?
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anterograde: functional organelles, macromolecules, cytoskeletal protein (tubulin) and cytoplasmic enzymes ; kinesin
retrograde: precursors, virus (Herpes); dynein |
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what's the diff in fast and slow transport?
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fast: hundred mm/day
slow: few mm/day |
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what does fast transport move?
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membrane ass substances like mitochondria, Na+ channel, lysosomes, vesicles of transmitter precursors, by Microtubules which serve as "railroad tracks"
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what does slow transport move?
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soluble protein, like cytoskeletal protein (ex: tubulin) and cytoplasmic enzymes
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what disease involves accumulation of kinesin?
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spinal motor neuron disease
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what disease involves disruption of dynein?
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ALS
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what viruses are moved on nerve?
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Polio
West Nile Herpes *moved to cell bodies |
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what transport is responsible for repair of injured nerves?
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slow transport
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what's the final anatomical unit for neuronal signal reception?
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spine
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what is located in spines?
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major receptors
NMDA AMPA Proteins mediating plasticity |
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what are spines dynamic on?
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learning
memory acquiring mind-altering |
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what are the 3 diff shapes of spines?
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thin
stubby mushroom *as you learn: thin --> mushroom |
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what effect does EtOH abuse have on spines?
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spines degenerate
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what happens if you lose spines?
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lose dendrites --> lose neurons
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what are the diff types of synapses by location?
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AD: axon-dendritic
AS: axon-somatic - inhib AA1: axon-axonal on terminal AA2: on initial segment of axons DD: dendrodendritic- substantia nigra |
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what are the types of synapses by post-synaptic density?
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typical synapsis: clear density plate- Type I
atypical synapsis: no clear density plate- Type II *often inhibitory |
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describe type I and II synapse:
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I: more func protein in receptor and traffic proteins
II: less synaptic density ex: GABA |
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where are lots of mitochondria in neuron?
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soma
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what's the spot where fusion of synaptic vesicle to presynaptic membrane and release of transmitter occur?
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active zone
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vesicle transported by microtubule proteins must what?
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bind to have vesicle come to synaptic cleft
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what are the MT that transport vesicles?
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VAMP , snap -25, syntaxin
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what are the steps in vesicle fusion?
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1) transporting and releasing vesicle from microtubule 2) targeting to active zone
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what proteins need Ca2+ to bind vesicle?
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synaptotagmin, syntaxin, neurexin
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what happens to the transmitter after it's released in synaptic cleft?
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either degraded by enzymes or recollected via membrane proteins
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what regulates the release of vesicle?
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synaptophysin
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what effect does botox have on synapses?
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messes up protein binding so vesicles can't be released
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what effect does black widow spider toxin have on vesicles?
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keeps Ca2+ flowing w/o stopping until depleted
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what's the problem in Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome?
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inhibition of the voltage-gated calcium channels prevents acetylcholine from being released from the presynaptic terminal and the subsequent stimulation of the post-synaptic terminal which would lead to muscle contraction
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what are the types of astrocytes?
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protoplasmic astrocyte
fibrous astrocyte radial glia bergmann glia |
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which astrocyte is part of white matter? gray matter?
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white- fibrous astrocyte
gray- protoplasmic astrocyte |
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what astrocyte is used a lot during development?
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radial glia
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what astrocyte is found in cerebellum and Muller cells of retina?
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Bergmann glia
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how does injury transform astrocytes?
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turns resting astrocyte into reactive astrocyte: hypertrophy
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what conditions are ass w/ fewer dendritic spines?
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alzheimer disease
down syndrome aging |
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what synapses are excitatory?
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axon-dendritic
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what cancers are astrocytes ass w/?
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glioma
astrocytoma |
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what diseases are astrocytes ass w/?
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epilepsy
Parkinson's Huntington's demyelination |
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how might astrocytes cause trouble?
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-lack of support
-secreting cytokines |
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what guides the migration of neurons?
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radial glia
astrocyte |
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what factors does astrocyte produce?
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neurotrophic
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what's a major resource of extracellular matrix protein and adhesive molecules for astrocyte?
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N-CAM
laminin fibronectin cytotatin Janusin tenascin |
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what imp development functions does astrocyte take part in?
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induces blood brain barrier
takes part in angiogenesis |
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what affects angiogenesis in brain?
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glial cells
astrocytes |
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what seals up some vessels?
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end podia of astrocytes
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what funcs does astrocyte do to maintain a healthy environment?
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*participate in transmitter metabolism : GABA and glutamate
*removes debris after injury *has many neuronal transmitter transporters and can rapidly remove high [transmitter] *contains many ion channels for K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3, Ca2+- can rapidly remove high concentration of ions; imp in buffering extracellular K+ *serves as detox unit: sequesters heavy metal and neurotoxic substances |
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why is it imp for astrocytes to reabsorb extra glutamate?
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so you don't get shocked to death!
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what type of drugs are used in ALS?
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those that enhance astrocyte gene expression
ex: cephalosporin |
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where are oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?
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oligodendrocytes- CNS
schwann cells- PNS |
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what purpose do oligodendrocytes an schwann cells serve?
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*axonal myelination
*supporting axon during injury, making NGF and laminin |
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what ratio do myelination cells myelinate at?
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oligodendrocyte- 1 to many
schwann - 1 to 1 |
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is corticospinal tract myelination fully developed at birth?
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no- developed 1-2 yrs after birth
*infant babinski sign associated w/ incompleted myelination: toes point up and spread out |
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what happens if babinski sign as adult?
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corticospinal transmission problem
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what inc the speed of electrical propagation along axon?
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jumping across node of ranviers
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what inhibits electrical propagation by blocking the Na+ channel at node of ranviers?
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Tetrodotoxin
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what causes multiple sclerosis? what diseases linked to it?
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demyelinating autoimmune disorder of CNS
link to Shingles- herpes zoster.. may be causal |
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what causes guillain barre syndrome?
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autoimmune attack on peripheral nn causing myelin inflamm
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what causes Charcot-marie-tooth?
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hereditary myelin hyperexpression of PMP22: make too much myelin
mouse model: tremor |
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what causes Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease?
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mutation in gene that controls production of myelin protein called proteolipid protein
mouse model: jumpy |
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what are diseases that affect myelin?
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multiple sclerosis
guillain barre sydrome charcot-marie-tooth pelizaeus-merzbacher disease |
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describe shiverer mouse model:
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mutated MBP
demyelination |
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what gene plays an imp role in myelin compaction?
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myelin basic protein: MBP
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what is a proteolipid that's the most abundant protein in myelin?
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PLP
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what does PMP22 stand for?
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peripheral myelin protein 22
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how is charcot marie tooth disease inherited?
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autosomal dominant
autosomal recessive X linked |
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what are the symptoms in charcot marie tooth disease?
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abnormal gait
ankle weakness foot drop: lack of dorsiflexion deformation distal muscle atrophy high arch feet hammer toes |
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what is the role of microglia?
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principle immune cells in CNS concomitant w/ inflam brain disease and play significant role in host defense against invading microorgs
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what are the microglia types?
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resting
reactive: reactive to pathological and degenerative conditions |
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microglia are major players in :
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brain development and disease pathogenesis
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how does microglia act out immune response duties in nervous system?
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-help phagocytose degenerating cells and remodel CNS during development and after injury
-secrete cytokines and trophic factors |
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can microglia cross blood brain barrier?
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yes
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what role does microglia play in alzheimer's disease?
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microglia can in pathological condition, make amyloid beta or transform amyloid beta into fibrils and generate cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and various proteolytic enzymes that may exacerbate neuronal damage in AD
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what role does microglia play in multiple sclerosis?
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activated microglia contribute to MS by production of proinflamm cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and free radicals, and serves as antigen presenting cell in CNS
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what role does microglia play in prion disease?
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microglia activated by abnormal form of prion protein release cytokines which may play major role in initiating pathological changes in prion disease
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