Neuro 6

Front 1

Rexed's lamina and nuclei of spinal cord

Back 1

I marginal zone
II substantia gelatinosa
III, IV Nucleus propius
V neck of the dorsal horn
VI Base of the dorsal horn
VII Clarke's nucleus, intermediolateral nucleus
VIII commissural nucleus
IX motor nucleus
X Grisea centralis

Front 2

anterior spinal artery arise from?

Back 2

vertebral artery

Front 3

posterior spinal arteries arise from

Back 3

vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

Front 4

vulnerable zone for spinal arteries

Back 4

T4 to T8

Front 5

what is the venous return from spinal cord

Back 5

through epidural veins called Batson's plexus, do nto contain valves, can spread metastatic cancer quickly

Front 6

apraxia

Back 6

condition characterized by deficit in higher-order motor planning and execution despite normal strength

Front 7

lateral corticospinal tract:
site of orgin
site of decusation
levels of termination
function

Back 7

primary motor cortex and frontal parietal areas
pyrimidal decusation
entire cord
movement of contralateral limbs

Front 8

rubrospinal tract:
site of orgin
site of decusation
levels of termination
function

Back 8

red nucleus in midbrain
ventral tegmental decusation in midbrain
cervical cord
contralaterla limbs (uncertain)

Front 9

Anterior corticospinal tract:
site of orgin
site of decusation
levels of termination
function

Back 9

primary motor cortex
none
cervical and upper thoracic
bilateral axial and gridle muscles

Front 10

medial vestibulospinal tract:
site of orgin
site of decusation
levels of termination
function

Back 10

medial and inferior vesibuli nucleus in rostral medulla
no decusation
cervical and upper thorax

Front 11

lateral vestibulospinal tract
site of orgin
site of decusation
levels of termination
function

Back 11

lateral vestibuli nucleus in pons
no decusation
entire cord
balance

Front 12

reticulospinal tract:
site of orgin
site of decusation
levels of termination
function

Back 12

pontine and medullary reticular formation
no decusation
entire cord
autonomic posture and gait-related movements

Front 13

Tectospinal tract
site of orgin
site of decusation
levels of termination
function

Back 13

superior colliculus in midbrain
dorsal tegmental decusation in the midbrain
cervical cord
coordination of head and eye movement (uncertain)

Front 14

3% of corticospinal neurons are giant pyramidal cells called

Back 14

Betz cells

Front 15

basis pedunculi in midbrain contains

Back 15

middle 1/3rd- corticospinal and cortico bulbar tracts
rest- corticopontine fibers

Front 16

preganglionic neurons on sympathetic division are located where is the spinal cord

Back 16

intermediolateral cell column in lamina VII

Front 17

sympathetics innervate cervical regions through what ganglia

Back 17

superior, middle and inferior (stellate) cervical ganglia

Front 18

upper motor neuron causes

Back 18

increased weakness
increased reflex
increased tone
babindki's sign
hoffmann's sign
posturing

Front 19

lower motor neuron causes

Back 19

increased weakness
atrophy
Fasciculations
decreased reflexes
decreased tone

Front 20

define spasticity

Back 20

hyperreflexia

Front 21

define paresis

Back 21

weakness

Front 22

define -plegia

Back 22

no movement

Front 23

define paralysis

Back 23

no movement

Front 24

define palsy

Back 24

imprecise term for weakness or no movement

Front 25

define hemi-

Back 25

one side of teh body

Front 26

define para-

Back 26

both legs

Front 27

define mono-

Back 27

one limb

Front 28

define di-

Back 28

both sides of body equally effected

Front 29

define Quadri- or tetra

Back 29

all four limbs

Front 30

location of leasion casing spastic gait

Back 30

unilateral or bilateral corticospinal tracts

Front 31

location of lesion causing ataxic gait

Back 31

cerebellar structures

Front 32

location of lesion causing vertiginous gait

Back 32

vestibular nuclei
vestibular nerve
semicircular canals

Front 33

location of lesion causing frontal gait

Back 33

frontal lobes
frontal subcortical white matter

Front 34

location of lesion causing parkinsonian gait

Back 34

substantia nigra
other regions of basal ganglia

Front 35

location of lesion causing dyskinetic gait

Back 35

subthalmis nucleus
other regions of basal ganglia

Front 36

location of lesion causing tabetic gait

Back 36

posterior solumns
sensory nerve fibers

Front 37

location of lesion causing paretic gait

Back 37

nerve roots
peripheral nerves
neuromuscular junction

Front 38

location of lesion causing painful (antalgic) gait

Back 38

peripheral nerve or orthapedic injury

Front 39

location of lesion causing othapedic gait disorder

Back 39

bones, ligaments, joints, tendons, muscles

Front 40

location of lesion causing functional gait disorder

Back 40

psychologically based

Front 41

describe spastic gait

Back 41

uni or bi lateral stiff-legged, circumduction, sometimes with scissoring of the legs and toe-walking, decreased arm swing, unsteady, falling towards the side of greater spasticity

Front 42

describe ataxic gait

Back 42

wide base, unsteadym staggering side to side, falling toward side of worse pathology. tandem gait testing makes it much worse

Front 43

describe vertiginous gait

Back 43

looks like ataxic gait, patients fall when standing with feet together and eyes closed

Front 44

describe frontal gait

Back 44

slow, shuffeling, narrow or wide base, magnetic, unsteady
sometimes looks like parkinsonian gait

Front 45

describe parkinsonian gait

Back 45

slow, shuffeling, narrow base, difficulty initiating walking. often stooped forward, with decreased arm swing, taking several rapid steps to regain balance when pushed backward. "en bloc turning"

Front 46

describe dyskinetic gait

Back 46

unilateral, or bilateral dancelike, flinging or writhing movements occur during walking and may be accompanied by some unsteadyness

Front 47

describe tabetic gait

Back 47

high-step, foot-flapping gait, difficulty walking in the dark of uneven surfaces. patients sway and fall standing with feet together and eyes closed

Front 48

describe paretic gait

Back 48

appearance depends of location of lesion
proximal hip weakness- waddling
thigh wekness- sudsen knee buckling
foot drop- high stepping, slapping, with frequent tripping

Front 49

describe painful (antalgic) gait

Back 49

pain shown. avoid putting pressure on affected limb

Front 50

describe functional gait disorder

Back 50

hard to diagnose
sometimes patients say they have poor balance, yet spontaniously perform highly destabalizing swaing movements while walking without ever falling.

Front 51

primary lateral sclerosis effects

Back 51

upper motor neuron disease

Front 52

spinal muscular atrophy

Back 52

affects lower motor neurons

Front 53

spinal muscular atrophy occurring in infancy called

Back 53

werding-hoffmann disease

Front 54

another name of ALS

Back 54

Lou Gerhrig's disease