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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how are the motor cortex and sensory cortex laid out
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on a homonculus
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where does the corticospinal tract cross:
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in the medulla
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which is which?
motor and sensory ant and post |
motor is anterior
sensory is posterior |
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atrophy
LMN or UMN |
LMN
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necrosis
LMN or UMN |
LMN
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rigor
LMN or UMN |
LMN
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flaccid paralysis
LMN or UMN |
LMN
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areflexia
LMN or UMN |
LMN
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fasciculation
LMN or UMN |
LMN
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Where do motor neurons end
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anterior horn
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hyperreflexia
LMN or UMN |
UMN
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pathologic reflexes:
Babinsky and Hoffman's LMN or UMN |
UMN
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no atrophy (some loss of muscle mass)
LMN or UMN |
UMN
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spastic paralysis
LMN or UMN |
UMN
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The test involves tapping the nail or flicking the terminal phalanx of the third or fourth finger. A positive response is seen with flexion of the terminal phalanx of the thumb.
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Hoffman's reflex
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Polio damages which motor neuron?
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lower
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which tract carries pain, temp, itch and crude touch
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spinothalamic
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where does the spinothalamic cross:
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spinal cord
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what signals do the spinothalamic tracts carry
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pain, temp, itch, crude touch
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which tract carries proprioception and vibration
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Dorsal columns
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what sensations to the dorsal columns carry:
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proprioception and vibration
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where do the dorsal column tracts decussate:
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medulla
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the lateral and medial lemniscus are part of which tract
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dorsal column
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which tract carries motor control
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corticospinal
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where does the corticospinal tract decussate
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medulla
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a loss of motricity (paralysis and ataxia) and sensation caused by the lateral hemisection of the spinal cord. Other synonyms are crossed hemiplegia, hemiparaplegic syndrome, hemiplegia et hemiparaplegia spinalis and spinal hemiparaplegia.
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Brown-Seguard syndrome
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what is the Brown-Seguard syndrome also know as:
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crossed hemiplegia
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diplopia indicates problems with which cranial nerves
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III, IV, VI
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this is involved with the communication between cranial nerves III and VI
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MLF
medial longitudinal fasciculus |
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diplopia can result if there is a problem with this structure:
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MLF
medial longitudinal fasciculus |
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lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus results in
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internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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internuclear ophthalmoplegia results from
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lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus
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when there is a lesion in the MLF, which eye has nystagmus
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the lateral viewing eye
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a physical finding, or sign, that is a particular form of eye muscle weakness or ophthalmoparesis. It can affect either the right or left eye. It is a disorder of conjugate lateral gaze. The affected eye shows impairment of adduction. The partner eye diverges from the affected eye during abduction, producing horizontal diplopia, in other words, if the affected eye is on the right, the patient will see "double" when looking to the left and the images will be side by side. During extreme abduction, compensatory nystagmus can be seen in the partner eye
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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In Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, which eye cannot turn inward past the midline
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the affected eye
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relays message to CN III during convergence.
This nucleus supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the eye, constricting the pupil and accommodating the lens. |
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
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what does the Edinger-Westphal nucleus do:
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relays message to CN III during convergence
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what do trigeminal neuralgia and MLF have in common
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they are both MS symptoms
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which cranial nerve communicates with the opposite side
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VIII Acoustic
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if the tongue deviates to the right side, what is indicated:
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left sided UMN or LMN damage
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slowed gait, smaller step, slower steps, slower to turn around, slowed speech, flat affect, masked facies, paucity of movement, shuffling gait, narrow base, no arm swing postural instability - get more and more stooped with time, hunched forward
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Parkinson's
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"catching up" gait
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festinating
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tremor, resting tremor - pill rolling, tremor goes away when thinking about it
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Parkinson's
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hesitation prior to movement
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freezing
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lack of coordination of movement
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dysmetria
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what can disrupt proprioreception?
dorsal column damage |
tabe's dorsalis / syphillis
Vit B12 deficiency Frederick's ataxia |
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a slow degeneration of the nerve cells and nerve fibers that carry sensory information to the brain. The degenerating nerves are in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord (the portion closest to the back of the body) and carry information that help maintain a person's sense of position.
caused by demyelination. It is the result of an untreated syphilis infection |
Tabes dorsalis
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an inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system resulting in symptoms ranging from gait disturbance and speech problems to heart disease.
Results from the degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord and of nerves that control muscle movement in the arms and legs. The spinal cord becomes thinner and nerve cells lose some of their myelin sheath |
Freidreich's ataxia
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refers to coordination problems such as clumsy or awkward movements and unsteadiness, occurs in many different diseases and conditions
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ataxia
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what is the significance of:
wide stance unsteady gait cannot tell where they are in space |
signs of propriorecption or cerebellar damage
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A positive Romberg test suggests that ataxia is ______ in nature
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sensory
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A negative Romberg test suggests that ataxia is ________ in nature
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cerebellar
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a dyskinetic disorder consisting of wide tremor during voluntary movements. A tremor that gets worse when a person is moving. It is the result of dysfunction of the cerebellum, in particular of the cerebellar hemispheres ("cerebro-cerebellum"), and is therefore part of the characteristic symptoms of cerebellar ataxia.
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intention tremor
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pulling / swing leg around
common after a stroke old UMN damage |
circumducting gait
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causes include anything which can affect cortical neurons
stroke MS tumor trauma S/S of UMN |
pyramidal disorders
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complete paralysis
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plegia
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weakness of lesser degree
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paresis
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AI
idiopathic familial ACh is not taken up antibodies don't allow reuptake, block ACh receptors |
myasthenia gravis
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hallmark is fatigueability
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myasthenia gravis
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occular manifestations are most common presentation and may be the only manifestation
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myasthenia gravis
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symptoms include:
diplopia that comes and goes |
Myasthenia Gravis
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Test used in myasthenia gravis
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Tensilon test
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common drug used in myasthenia gravis
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mestinon/pyridostigmine
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definitive treatment may include thymectomy
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Myasthenia Gravis
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blocks the action of an enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, an important part of the system regulating neuromuscular transmission
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Tensilon
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there are too few receptors for acetylcholine on the muscle. The acetylcholine is broken down before it can fully stimulate this reduced number of receptors, and, as a result, the muscle is weak
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myasthenia gravis
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By blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase, ________ prolongs the muscle stimulation, and temporarily improves strength. Increased strength following an injection of _________ strongly suggests a dignosis of MG. The _______ test is most effective when easily observed weakness is present, and is less useful for vague or fluctuating complaints.
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Tensilon
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