Neuro 5

Front 1

what are bridging veins

Back 1

transverse subdural space and drain the cerebral hemispgeres and pass through the subdural space in route to several large dural venus sinuses

Front 2

list the cisterns

Back 2

ambient cistern
quadrageminal cistern
interpeduncular cistern
prepontine cistern
cistern magna
lumbar cistern

Front 3

define vasogenic edema

Back 3

excessive extra cellular fluid in the brain

Front 4

define cytotoxic edema

Back 4

excessive intracellular fluid accumulation within brain cells

Front 5

what is fortification scotoma

Back 5

a characteristic region of visual loss bordered by zigzagging line resembling the walls of fort. headache is often unilateral

Front 6

what is temporal arteritis and how is it diagnosed

Back 6

also called giant cell arteritis, seen in elderly. affects the temporal arteries and other vessels including those supplying the eye. themporal artery is enlarged and firm.
diagnosed through ESR

Front 7

define mass effect

Back 7

term used for any distortion of normal brain geometry due to mass lesion

Front 8

7 common symptoms of raised intercranial pressure

Back 8

headache
altered mental status
nausea and vomiting
papilladema
visual loss
dipolipia
cushing's triad

Front 9

define cushings triad

Back 9

hypertension
bradychardia
irregular respiration

Front 10

clinical triad of uncal herniation

Back 10

blown pupil
hemiplegia
coma

Front 11

what is kernohan's phenomina

Back 11

uncal herniation compresses the contralateral cortico spinal tract and causes hemipelegia ipsilateral side

Front 12

what are postconcussive syndrome

Back 12

headache, lethargy, mental dullness and other symptoms lasting up to several months after the accident

Front 13

define petechial hemorrhages

Back 13

small spots of blood in the white matter

Front 14

what hemotoma forms lens shaped

Back 14

epidural hematoma

Front 15

what causes subdural hematoma and the shape on CT

Back 15

rupture of the bridging veins
crescent shaped hematoma

Front 16

causes of subarachnoid hematoma and shape on ct

Back 16

arteries
perfused throughout the brain

Front 17

hemorrhage in what space causes "worst headache of my life"

Back 17

subdural hemorrhage

Front 18

whew so saccular aneurisms and berry aneurysms usually arise from

Back 18

arterial branches near the circle of willis

Front 19

PComm aneurysm can compresses what nerve

Back 19

CN III

Front 20

what is triple H therapy and what is it used for

Back 20

used to treat vasospasm

treatment consists of hypertension, hypervolemia and hemodilution

Front 21

most common locations of hypertensive hemorrhages in decreasing order

Back 21

basal ganglia
thalamus
cerebelum
pons

Front 22

casues of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage

Back 22

hypertension
vascular malformations
arteriovenous malformations
cavernomas
capillary telangiectasias
developed venous anomalies

Front 23

what are arteriovenous malformations

Back 23

congenital abnormalities in which there are abnormal direct connections between arteries and veins

Front 24

what are cavernomas

Back 24

abnormally dilated vascular cavities lined by only one layer of vascular endothelium

Front 25

what are capillary telangiectasias

Back 25

small regions of abnormally dilated capillaries that rarely give rise to intracranial hemorrhage

Front 26

what is cephalohematoma

Back 26

bleeding that occurs during delivery in the newborn between skull and external periosteum

Front 27

what cranial nerve can hydrocephalus impede

Back 27

CN VI

Front 28

define normal pressure hydrocephalus

Back 28

condition sometimes seen in elderly, characterized by chronically dilated ventricles

Front 29

clinical trial of normal pressure of hydrocephalus

Back 29

gait difficulties, urinary incontinence, mental decline

Front 30

define hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Back 30

referres to excess cerebrospinal fluid in a region where brain tissue was lost as a result of stroke, surgery, atrophy, trauma, or other insult

Front 31

most common brain tumors in children

Back 31

astrocytoma
medulloblastoma

Front 32

describe meningeoma

Back 32

arise from arachnoid villus cells and occur in order of decreasing frequency, over the lateral convexities in the falx and along the basal regions of the cranium

Front 33

3 most common tumors of brain metastesis

Back 33

lung, breast, melanoma

Front 34

what are pareneoplastic syndromes

Back 34

rare neurologic disorders caused by remote effects of cancer in the body, leading to an abnormal autoimmune response

Front 35

what is infectious meningitis

Back 35

infection of the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space

Front 36

common signs of meningitis

Back 36

headache
lethargy
sensitivity to light (photo phobia)
sensitivity to noise (phonophobia)
fever
nuchal rigidity

Front 37

how does cerebrospinal fluid look like during bacterial meningitis

Back 37

has high white blood cell count with polymorphonuclear predominance
high protein
low glucose

Front 38

white blood cell type in normal CSF

Back 38

<5-10, lymphocytes only

Front 39

white blood cell type in acute bacterial meningitis CSF

Back 39

100-5000, usually polymorphic leukocytes

Front 40

white blood cell type in viral meningitis CSF

Back 40

10-300, usually lymphocytes

Front 41

white blood cell type in herpes meningeoencephalitis CSF

Back 41

0-500 usually lymphocytes

Front 42

white blood cell type in tuberculous or cryptococcal meningitis CSF

Back 42

10-200, usually lymphocytes

Front 43

list the pathogens that can cause meningitis

Back 43

Escherichia coli
Group B, D streptococcus
Listeria
Haemophilus influenza
Neisseria meningitidis
streptococcus pneumonia

Front 44

what is subdural empyema

Back 44

collection of pus in the subdural space, usually resulting from direct extension from an infection of the nasal sinuses or inner ear

Front 45

cat scratch disease is caused by what bacteria

Back 45

Bartonella henselae

Front 46

what are the serious symptoms of cat scratch disease

Back 46

headaches, mental stats changes, and seizures

Front 47

two most important spirochetal infections of the nervous system

Back 47

neurosyphilis
lyme disease

Front 48

what is syphilis casued by

Back 48

treponema pallidum

Front 49

what causes lyme disease

Back 49

Borrelia bugdorferi carried by Ixodes species of deer tick

Front 50

common causes of viral meningitis

Back 50

enteroviruses such as echovirus, coxsackievirus and mumps virus

Front 51

define viral encephalitis

Back 51

when viral infections involve the brain parenchyma

Front 52

most common cause of viral encephalitis

Back 52

herpes simplex virus type 1

Front 53

measles is associated with what type of encephalitis

Back 53

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Front 54

important viral causes of myelitis include

Back 54

enteroviruses, varicella-zoster virus, HIV

Front 55

what causes cysticercosis

Back 55

caused by ingestion of eggs of the pork tapeworm taenia solium

Front 56

what are aspergillosis and candidiasis caused by and their symptoms

Back 56

caused by fungus Aspergillus and Candida, involve the brain parenchyma and are usually accompanied by an intense inflammatory response

Front 57

what fungal disease occurs in diabetics

Back 57

mucormycosis

Front 58

jwhat is human prion-related disease include

Back 58

creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Gertsmann-straussler-scheinker disease
kuru
fatal familial insomnia

Front 59

where does conus medullaris end

Back 59

L1 and L2

Front 60

origin of astrocytes

Back 60

neruo epithelieum and neuro ectoderm

Front 61

where do meningiomas arise from

Back 61

arachnoid villus cells

Front 62

what type of schwanomas are most common

Back 62

CN VIII schwan cell