Neuro

Front 1

CNS includes

Back 1

the brain and spinal cord

Front 2

the PNS includes

Back 2

cranial nerves and spinal nerves and ganglia

Front 3

In the CNS, neuron cell bodies reside in ______, and their axons (fibers) travel in_____. Exception:______
The CNS arises from the _____.

Back 3

-nuclei,
-tracts.
-Exception: basal ganglia
- neural tube.

Front 4

In the PNS, neuron cell bodies reside in _______, and their axons (fibers) travel in_______. The PNS arises from the _______ except (motor neuron cell bodies which reside _________

Back 4

-ganglia,
-nerves.
-neural crest
- in the CNS and thus arise from the neural tube.

Front 5

grey matter is

Back 5

made up of the cell bodies (perikarya or somata) of neurons

Front 6

grey matter in cerebrum vs spinal cord

Back 6

Cerebrum: most gray matter is concentrated superficially, in cerebral cortex

Spinal cord: gray matter located centrally

Front 7

white matter is

Back 7

made up of the axons of neurons, surrounded by myelin sheaths

Front 8

white matter in cerebrum vs spinal cord

Back 8

Cerebrum: white matter lies directly beneath the cortex
Spinal cord: white matter is external

Front 9

CNS major divisions

Back 9

cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
spinal cord

Front 10

brain stem consits of

Back 10

diencephalon + midbrain + pons + medulla

Front 11

diechephalon includes the

Back 11

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus (pineal body)

Front 12

ventricular system includes

Back 12

• paired lateral ventricles; interventricular foramina
• third ventricle
• cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
• fourth ventricle
• central canal

Front 13

mesensephalon is also called

Back 13

the midbrain

Front 14

the midbrain includes the

Back 14

cerebral peduncles

Front 15

the medulla includes the

Back 15

pyramids

Front 16

grastrulation

Back 16

produces trilaminar disc

Front 17

at week 3 of development what happens

Back 17

-Gastrulation produces trilaminar disc (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
-Notochord induces neural plate from overlying ectoderm

Front 18

at wek 4 of development what happens

Back 18

-Neural plate undergoes neurulation to form neural tube
-Rostral neuropore closes day 24-25
- Caudal neuropore closes day 27-28
-Three primary brain vesicles are formed : prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
- Cervical flexure and cephalic flexure

Front 19

as neural canal is formed ______ migrate

Back 19

neural crest cells

Front 20

the spinal cord develops form the portion of the neural tube ______

Back 20

caudal to the level of the fourth pair of somites

Front 21

development of the neuroepithelial cells adjacent to the central canal

Back 21

neuroepithelial cells form the ventricular zone which generate neuro blasts (and microglia)then neuro blasts migrate to the mantle layer (intermediate zone) which later ecomes the grey matter of the spinal cord

Front 22

development of the axons from the neuroblasts do what

Back 22

axons emerging from the neuroblasts---> marginal layer----> once reach this layer axons becom emyelinated ------> then this layer becomes the white matter of the spinal cord

Front 23

neuroblatss as they migrate to the mantel layer the wall ofthe neural tube develops a ventral and dorsal thickening called the ___ and ____ which is seperated by ______called _____

Back 23

basal plate and the alar plate
longitudinal groove, sulcus limitans

Front 24

neruoblasts in the basal plate are associated with ____ and neuroblatst in the alar plate are associated with ______

Back 24

motor functions
sensory functions

Front 25

the roofplate and floor plate are found ____ and contain _____

Back 25

the top and bottom of the developing spinal cord and contain no neroblasts , they are just midline pathways for axons crossing from one side to the other

Front 26

at week 5 of development what happens

Back 26

Five secondary brain vesicles arise : telencephalon, diencephalon come from the procensephalon the mesencephalon dosnt divide and the rhombencephalon dives into the metencephalon, and myelencephalon

Telencephalic vesicles appear

Front 27

neurolation is

Back 27

the process where the flat neural plate develops lateral neural folds and changes shape to become the neural tube

Front 28

neural crest cell development
Forebrain NCC---->
Midbrain NCC---->
Hindbrain NCC---->
Somites 1-4 NCC---->
Somites 1-7 NCC----->
Somites 4-28 NCC---->
Somites 18-24 NCC---->

Back 28

Forebrain NCC---->frontonasal
skeleton

Midbrain NCC---->ciliary ganglion

Hindbrain NCC---->skeletal elements
of pharyngeal (branchial) arches, other parasympathetic ganglia, neurons and glia of the cranial sensory ganglia

Somites 1-4 NCC----> great vessels
of heart (“cardiac crest”)

Somites 1-7 NCC-----> neurons and
glia of enteric nervous system
(“vagal” crest)

Somites 4-28 NCC----> neurons and
glia of sensory and sympathetic
ganglia

Somites 18-24 NCC----> chromaffin
cells of adrenal medulla

Front 29

sensory neuron cell bodies are located in ___ which are derived from ____

Back 29

dorsal root ganglia
neural crest cells

Front 30

Once the rostral neuropore has closed, what happens

Back 30

the three primary brain vesicles are apparent
the prosencephalon(forbrain ), mesencephalon (midbrain) and the rhombencephalon( hindbrain)

Front 31

spinal cord develops from the ____ part of the neural tube

Back 31

caudal

Front 32

the brain develops from the

Back 32

portion of the neural tube cranila to the level of the 4th pair of somites

Front 33

rapid growth of the emryonic brain produces the

Back 33

cephalic (at the midbrain) and cervical flexure (at the junction of hindbrain and spinal cord )

flexure = bend

Front 34

flexures are

Back 34

allow the neural tube to bend aroudn the anterior end of the notocord

Front 35

The pontine flexure

Back 35

a bend in the opposite direction, appears somewhat later , and is located between the other two flexures

Front 36

as we grow The pronounced cephalic flexure does what

Back 36

The pronounced cephalic flexure persists, and accounts for the axis change of the brain at the level of the mesencephalon:

Front 37

the myelenchephalon develops into

Back 37

walls = medulla oblongata
lumen= part of the 4th ventricle
basal plate on each side = 3 groups of motor nuclei
alar plate on each side = 3 groups of sensory nuclei
roofplate = layer of ependymal cells and the pia mater - together known as tela choroidea which grows and forms the choroid plexus

Front 38

the choroid plexus produces

Back 38

cerebrospinal fluid at 5th week of development

Front 39

metencephalon extends to what and develops into what

Back 39

- extends from the pontine flexure caudally to the rhombencephalic isthmus cranialy

walls= pons and cerebellum
lumen = part of the 4th ventricle
basal plate on each side = 3 groups of motor nuclei
alar plate on each side = 3 groups of sensory nuclei

Front 40

cerebellum develops from the

Back 40

rhombic lips ( dorsolateral parts of the metencephalon alar plates )
- rhombic lips come together in the midline and are compressed to form the cerebellar plate

Front 41

the mesencephalon forms

Back 41

-basal plate on each side =2 groups of motor nuclei

-alar plate on each side =quadrigeminal plate = superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

-lumen= cerebral aqueduct

-marginal layer of the mesencephalon conatins descending axon groups from the cerebral cortex (crus cerebri, or cerebral peduncles)

Front 42

diencephalon develops into

Back 42

lumen= most of the 3rd ventricle

3 swelling on each wall of the diencephalon = epithalamus (habenula and pineal gland ) , thalamus , hypothalamus

- optic cups and optic stalks come from diencephalon

roofplate= choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle and peniel body
floor = neurohypophysis part of pituitary gland

Front 43

telencephalon develops into

Back 43

lumen of the median part of the tele forms the anterior part of the third ventricle

cerebral vesicles= cerebral hemisphere= all alar and roofplate derivatives
lumen of cerebral vesicles = lateral ventricles

interventricual foramin initially large then becomes smaller

Front 44

cerebral hemisphere expands

Back 44

to cover diencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain and meet eachother inthe middle

Front 45

at week 14 _____can be dfined

Back 45

frontal , parietal , temporal, and occipital lobes can be identified

Front 46

at week 6 a swelling , ____, appears on the floor of each cerebral hemisphere and give rise to _____

Back 46

corpus stratium
most of the nuclei in the basal ganglia ( caudate, putamen, glubus pallidus )

Front 47

on the medial aspect of each hemisphere the developing ______ , which is involved in ______, migrates to final location in the _____

Back 47

hippocampus, learning and memory , temporal lobe

Front 48

Medial foramen of Magendie, and lateral
foramina of Luschka, are open

Back 48

by the end
of the first trimester

Front 49

myencephalon Sensory relay nuclei develop in alar plate are

Back 49

vestibular and cochlear, solitary, spinal trigeminal)

Front 50

myencephalon Motor nuclei develop in basal plate are

Back 50

hypoglossal, dorsal motor vagal, nucleus ambiguus)

Front 51

metencephalon Sensory nuclei of pons develop in alar plate are

Back 51

portions of trigeminal, solitary, and
vestibulocochlear)

Front 52

metencephalon Motor nuclei of pons develop in basal plate are

Back 52

trigeminal, abducens, facial)

Front 53

mesencephalon Alar plate neurons also migrate ventrally to
form

Back 53

red nucleus and substantia nigra
(controversial)

Front 54

mesencephalon Basal plate neurons form

Back 54

the trochlear and
oculomotor nuclei, + Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Front 55

in the diencephalon only the hypothalamus

Back 55

is a basal plate derivative

Front 56

cerebral commissure provide ____
in what order do they form ?

Back 56

a natural crossing pathway
anterior first then hippocampal commisure , then corpus callosum

Front 57

the lateral terminalis is ____

Back 57

the rosteral wall of the forbrain from the roofplate of the diencephalon to the optic chiasm , and is a natural pathway for axons to extend form one hemisphere to the other

Front 58

the corpus callosum initially _____

Back 58

lies in the lamina terminalis but extends beyond it as the cerebral hemispheres grow, and more axons cross the midline

the corpus callosum is a well developed and importan commissure in humans

Front 59

the spinal cord enlargments are places where ____ and are located ____ and ____

Back 59

more neuron cell bodies, more axons required to represent larger target areas (i.e. limbs)

in the cervical and lumbosacral region

Front 60

the cervical enlargment houses

Back 60

- sensory information from upper extremities
- motor control over upper extremities

Front 61

the lumbosacral enlargment houses

Back 61

- sensory information from lower extremities
- motor control over lower extremities

Front 62

spinal nerves how many?

Back 62

-31 pair

-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
-5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal

Front 63

are CENTRAL AXONS OF DRG SENSORY NEURONS
myelinated or unmyelinated?

Back 63

they can be both

Front 64

dorsal faniculus is
lateral faniculus is
ventral faniculus is

Back 64

all are tracts, or bundles of axons that appear as white matter due to the myelination prodcued by schwann cells(PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)

-dorsal = between dorsal median fissure and dorsolateral sulcus ascending axons in fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus = touch and conscious proprioception)

-lateral= between dorsolateral sulcus and ventrolateral sulcus (ascending and descending axon tracts)

-ventral = between ventolateral sulcus and vetral median fissure (smaller descending axon tracts)

Front 65

axons ___ and ____with in the faniculus

Back 65

ascend and descend

Front 66

for large DRG neurons what do central axons do

Back 66

main branch ascends in dorsal funiculus; ipsilateral and contralateral branches for spinal reflexes (e.g. deep tendon)

Front 67

for small DRG neurson what do central axons do

Back 67

branches ascend and descend in dorsolateral fasciculus of Lissauer, synapse with second-order neurons in substantia gelatinosa --->
axons cross (decussate) in anterior white commissure, and ascend in spinothalamic tract

Front 68

where is the dorsolateral fasciculus of lissauer located?

Back 68

inthe very tip of the dorsal horn

Front 69

Conus medullaris is

Back 69

caudal (inferior) end of spinal cord

Front 70

the conus medullaris is found where in small and tall adults and whrre would you place a punture needle

Back 70

• at birth is at level of L3 vertebral body
• in short adult, at L2/L3; in tall adult, at T12/L1
lumbar puncture needle introduced between L3/L4 or L4/L5

Front 71

cauda equina is

Back 71

dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots extending from conus medullaris

Front 72

grey matter is

Back 72

• centrally-located “butterfly” or “H” in spinal cord
• consists of neuron cell bodies + interneurons

Front 73

white matter is

Back 73

• peripherally-located tracts or “cables” in spinal cord
• consists of neuronal processes (axons) + myelinating glial cells

Front 74

central canal is

Back 74

remnant of lumen of embryonic neural tube

Front 75

what happens in the Dorsolateral (posterolateral) sulcus and the Anterolateral (ventrolateral) sulcus

Back 75

-Dorsolateral (posterolateral) sulcus (entering sensory roots, i.e. DRG axons)
-Anterolateral (ventrolateral) sulcus (exiting motor roots, i.e. motor axons)

Front 76

dorsal horn in the grey matter neural cell bodies are involved in

Back 76

transmission and processing of pain and temperature sensory information itch, tickle, and sexual sensation enters via central axons of DRG neurons (first-order)

Front 77

what part of the dorsal horn consists of neuron cell bodies (second order) that recieve pain and temp info form dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons

Back 77

substantia gelatinosa

Front 78

the neuron cell bodies located in the intermediate horn (lateral horn) of the spinal cord grey matter are involved in

Back 78

the transmission and processing of either autonomic info , or unconscious proprioception info

Front 79

for the autonomic nervous system where are the cell bodies located and what are they responsible for

Back 79

- in the intermediolateral cell column = cell bodies for preganglionic sympathetic neurons, T1-L2

- in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus = cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons for innervation of pelvic visceria , S2-S4

Front 80

for the unconscious proprioception in the lateral horn is destined for and tells what

Back 80

- the positional information is destined for the cerebellum . proprioception DRG sensory neurons(first order) transmit info about muscle tension and position , joint angle and movement in the intermediate horn

Front 81

unconscious proprioception cell bodies located and responsible for in

Back 81

- nucleus dorsalis or clarke(second order) = cell bodies here and project axons in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. found at T1-L2/L3

-spinal border cells(second order) = cell bodies of neurons that decussate , and project axons in the ventral spinocerebellar tract. found at L1-S2

Front 82

ventral horn contain cellbodies of ______ and recieve info from ____

Back 82

of alpha motor neurons that innervate voluntary skeletal muscle

neurons located in higher regions of the CNS (cerebral cortex) and are refered to as lower motor neurons

Front 83

the location of the cell bodies in the ventral horn are organized based on the corelation with

Back 83

the locations and fucntions of the muscles that they innervate

Front 84

the principle of maping body parts onto the neurons that innervate them and maintaingin this map throughout all the connections in the CNS is called

Back 84

somatotopic organization

Front 85

2 rules of somatotopic organization inthe ventral horn

Back 85

- proximal distal rule = motor neurons that innervate proximal muslces (trunk,pectoral and pelvic girdle are located medially in the ventral horn . motor neurons that innervate distal mucles( hands , feet) are located laterally in the ventral horn

- flexor - extensor rule = motor neurons innervate flexor muscles located in dorsal portion of ventral horn , extensor located in ventral region

Front 86

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s disease)

Back 86

alpha motor neurons become diseased, and die

Front 87

the ventral horn in the Upper cervical spinal cord contain

Back 87

spinal accessory motor nucleus (alpha motor neurons that innervate trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles)

Front 88

dorsal funiculus constists of

Back 88

- fasciculus gracilis
-fasciculus cuneatus

Front 89

Fasciculus gracilis

Back 89

ascending sensory information from the lower limbs (discriminative touch, conscious proprioception, vibration)

Front 90

Fasciculus cuneatus

Back 90

ascending sensory information from the upper limbs (discriminative touch, conscious proprioception, vibration)

Front 91

ascending tracts of lateral funiculus

Back 91

sensory
1. Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract
2. Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract
3. Spinothalamic tract

Front 92

1. Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract =
2. Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract =
3. Spinothalamic tract =

Back 92

1. Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract = consits of the axons of neurons in the nucleus dorsalis of clarke. transmit ascending unconscious proprioception concerning individual lower limb muscles to the cerebellum

2. Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract = consist of axons of the spinal border cell neurons . ascending unconscious proprioception concerning lower limb muscles as a whole (e.g. position of lower limb in space) to the cerebellum

3. Spinothalamic tract = ascending information regarding pain, temperature, itch, tickle, and sexual sensation. conisists of axons form the dorsal horn neurons .

Front 93

descending tracts of leteral funiculus

Back 93

motor
1. Lateral corticospinal tract
2. Rubrospinal tract
**3. hypothalamospinal

Front 94

1. Lateral corticospinal tract =
2. Rubrospinal tract =
3.“hypothalamospinal”=

Back 94

1. Lateral corticospinal tract = descending information for control of distal limb muscles, primarily . consitss of axons of cerebral cortical neurons

2. Rubrospinal tract = descending information for control of axial and proximal muscles of upper limb only (existence in humans is questionable). consists of axons of neurons in the red nucleus of the midbrain transmits mudlatory info to alpha motor neurons that innervate axial and proximal flexor muscles .

3. Descending autonomic axons from the hypothalamus (diffuse) “hypothalamospinal”

Front 95

ventral faniculus contians

Back 95

several smaller motor tracts descending form the cerebral cortex and brainstem (mainly axial and proximal limb muscles )

- anterior corticospinal tract

Front 96

other small tracts of the ventral funiculus

Back 96

vestibulospinale tract
reticulospinal tract
tectospinal tract

Front 97

blood supply to spinal cord

Back 97

• spinal arteries arise from vertebral arteries
• two posterior spinal arteries, each located near dorsolateral sulcus
• one anterior spinal artery, located near anterior median fissure
• small radicular arteries arise from spinal branches of segmental arteries

Front 98

complete transection of spinal cord

Back 98

1. All voluntary movement abolished completely and permanently, below level of transection 2. All sensation arising from below level of transection is abolished completely and permanently 3. Initially, spinal shock may temporarily abolish local spinal reflexes below level of transection. When these reflexes return, they are usually exaggerated (hypertonic)

Front 99

Characterized by:
1. ipsilateral spastic weakness
2. ipsilateral loss of discriminative touch, conscious proprioception, and vibration sense
3. contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation

Back 99

hemisection of the spinal cord