Neuro 35 Basal Nuclei Physio

Front 1

if you have an INCREASE in GABA what is the effect on the next neuron in the pathway

Back 1

GABA is inhibitory so MORE inhibition

Front 2

if there is a DECREASE in GABA what is the effect on the next neuron in series

Back 2

increased activity, less inhibition

Front 3

what two things will increase activity of a neuron, use Glut and GABA

Back 3

increased Glut
Decreased GABA

Front 4

what two things will DECREASE activity of a neuron, use GABA nad glut

Back 4

increased GABA
decreased Glut

Front 5

if you have a decrease in GABA what is the effect on the next neuron in the path

Back 5

increase

Front 6

an increase in GABA does what?
a decrease in GABA does what?

**does what to the next neruon in the path

Back 6

decrease activity
increased activity

Front 7

explain why the direct path has an overall excitatory effect, using the path of the neirons and the NT they use

Back 7

Glut --> GABA ---> GABA ---> GLUT

from the cortex to the striatum is Glut, this increases the activity of the GABA neuron that projects from the striatum to the internal GP. THe increase in GABA in the GP caues inhibition on the next neuron, from GP to thalamus. This means that there is LESS GABA from the GP to the thalamus. Less GABA means less inhibition so the last neuron increases activity, this then casuses MORE glut in the cortex.

Excitatory

==Glut==> ==GABA==> --GABA--> ==Glut==>

Front 8

what is the lots little pattern for the amt of activity of neurons in the indirect path

Back 8

lots lots little lots lots little

**the forst four are the same for both paths "lots lots little lots"

Front 9

what is the patterna of NT released in teh indirect path

Back 9

Glut
GABA
GABA
GLUT
GABA
GLUT

**lots lots little, lots lots little

**direct is Glut GABA GABA GLUT, Lots lots little lots

Front 10

for both the direct and indirect the NT used are Glut, GABA, GABA, Glut. what other 2 are added to the indirect path

Back 10

GABA Glut,

we always end on glut

Front 11

whats it called when you want to perform but cant

whats it called when perform and cant stop?

**where is the leision

Back 11

hypokinesia, leision in both direct and indirect

hyperkinesia, indirect (no brakes)

Front 12

if you ahve a leision in the direct and indirect path what happens to movement, what is it called

Back 12

cant move even if you want to

hypokinesia

Front 13

if you ahve a leision in hte indirect path only what happens, what is it called

Back 13

lots of involuntary movements, cant put on the brakes

**hyperkinesia

Front 14

what are 2 types of specific hypokinetic disorders, categorize the movement, what is leisioned

Back 14

Akinesia (cant initiate), Bradykinesia (really slow)

**want to move but cant
**leision in both direct and indirect paths

Front 15

what is bradykinesia? is it hyper or hypo? what is leisioned

Back 15

slow/weak movements due to inappropriate activation of antagonist

**leision in BOTH direct and indirece
**pt WANTS to move bit cant, hypokinesia

Front 16

in what disorder do you have inappropriate activation of antagonists that leads to reduced speed/force of movements

Back 16

bradykinesia

**indirect and direct paths are leisioned, hypokinesia

Front 17

what is it called when you cant initiate a movement

Back 17

akinesia

type of hypokineasia due to leision in both direct and indirect

Front 18

is a resting tremor hypo or hyperkinetic

Back 18

neither, its own class

**thalamus has intrinsic oscilitory fire mech, when released you get a resting tremor

Front 19

what part of the direct/indirect path is leisioned in hypokinesia

Back 19

striatum (putamen)

Front 20

if the thalamus is released from its intrinisic fire mech what happens

Back 20

resting tremor

Front 21

basal nuclei disorders are classified as what

Back 21

hypokinetis (a/brady)
hyperkinetic (ballism, athetosis, chorea)

**parkinsons, huntington, tardive dyskinesia, hemiballismus

Front 22

what is a hyperkinetic disorder generally, what is leisioned what are 3 examples

Back 22

involuntary movements
leisioned inhibitory (cant put the brakes on)

Ballism: UE, fast
Athetosis: UE, slow
Chorea: rapid, all over

Front 23

a leision where iwll cause a person to perform motion that they dont want to do

Back 23

indirect

**hyperkinesia

Front 24

what is ballism? hyper or hypo? leision? sx

Back 24

rapid movements of UE
hyperkinetic
indirect

Front 25

what is athetosis?

Back 25

slow movements of hte UE (and LE)
Hyperkinetic, move when we dont want to due to leision in indirect path

Front 26

what is choreA? hyper or hypo, indirect or direct

Back 26

rapid flailing movements
hyper
leision in indirect

Front 27

are pts aware of hypokinesia and hyperkinesia

Back 27

yep, can be frustrating for them

Front 28

what are 3 sx of Parkinsons? what is the problem

Back 28

akinesia, bradykinesia, resting tremor

**no Dopamine from substantia niagra (recall this increased the contrast to speed motion up andincrease its force)

can be genetic, trauma, vascular,

Front 29

what disease is caused by a lack of dopanergic input to the BN

Back 29

parkinsons

**no dopamine from pars niagra so the person is akinetic, bradykinetic and has a pill rolling tremor

**leision in BOTH direct and incirect paths.

**can be inflammatory, genetic, vascular, degenerative unknown...

Front 30

what paths are affected in parkinsons

Back 30

direct AND indirect

**no dopamine so loose ability to increase speed and force of movement. akinesia, bradykinesia, resting tremor

Front 31

when do signs of parkinsons appear, what is the incidence

Back 31

45-65

1//500

Front 32

what is damages in parkinsons

Back 32

substantia niagra pars compacta

**affects both paths, increases speed and force so when damages we have decreased speed nad force

**due to degeneration, vascular, inflammation, genetic, trauma, idiopathic

Front 33

what are the sx of huntingtons

Back 33

chorea, dementia

**no dementia in parkinsons

Front 34

that is the pathology of huntingtons.

Back 34

degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum of INDIRECT path (when indirect is inhibited we have involuntary motion like chorea)

Front 35

is huntington or parkinsons caused by a defect in the indirect path

Back 35

huntingtons

Front 36

what is the cause of HD

Back 36

autosomal dominant

**contrast to the messy picture of parkinsosn

Front 37

when does chorea and dementia start
? how common

Back 37

ie HD is onset of 35-40
1/1800

Front 38

in MRI of HD what do we see

Back 38

degeneration of caudate, lateral ventrical looks enlarged

Front 39

why is it significant that hte medium spiny neurons are affected in HD

Back 39

??????????????

Front 40

what is tardive dyskinesia

Back 40

involuntary movemnts of the mouth

**hypersensitive to dopamine and agonists in the BN path of the face

Can be caused by meds

Front 41

if you are hypersensitive to dopamine restricted to the face what do you ahve

Back 41

tardive dyskinesia

**involuntary movemnts of the face

Front 42

what is hemiballism and what causes it

Back 42

recall ballism is a hyperkinetic disorder characterized by RAPID movements in the UE

*caused by damage to the CL subthalamic nucleus

Front 43

what happens if you have subthalamic nucleus

Back 43

you have HYPERkinesia

**hemiballism in CL side

*RAPID involuntary movement in UE on CL side of leision