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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Does the folding pattern of the brain have a cortical significance?
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no
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What is a gyrus?
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Gyrus is a fold of gray matter (2-4 mm) over a central core of white matter
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Where is the majority of gray matter?
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not on the surface
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Name the 12 gyri that cover the lateral surface of the head.
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--frontal--superior, middle and inferior
--precentral and postcentral --supramarginal and angular --superior parietal lobule --superior, middle and inferior temporal --occipital |
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Where do the pre and post central gyri interconnect?
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around the end of the central sulcus (the paracentral lobule surrounds the central sulcus)
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Is the precentral gyrus motor or somatosensory? What about the postcentral?
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Most of the precentral gyrus including the medial surface, is Brodmann area 4 - primary motor cortex
Most of postcentral gyrus, including the medial surface, is Brodmann areas 3,1, 2 - primary somatosensory cortex |
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Where would you find the primary motor of the tounge? (think homunculus)
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lateral portion of the precentral gyrus followed by swallowing and preceded by the lips, jaw face.
above this is the hand and remember to start just above the cingulate gyrus w/ feet and fold over--hold head above hands |
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What is the main distinction between a motor and sensory homunculus?
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sensory has a much larger face and the addition of the genitalia (preceding the foot, ie just above the cingulate gyrus)
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What sulci separate the frontal gyri?
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inferior and superior sulci
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What are the Broca's areas for:
supplementary motor and premotor frontal eye fields (function) speech area frontal pole (function?) Which part of the brain are all of these located in? |
The supplementary motor and premotor areas (BA6)
The frontal eye fields (8) plan eye movements Broca's area (BA 44, 45) is involved in speech The frontal pole is involved in higher functions (thinking, cognition, personality) All located in the frontal lobe |
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Which sulci separate the temporal gyri?
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superior and inferior sulci.
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What is the Broca # for Wernicke's area?
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22 found in the superior temporal gyrus.
22 involved in hearing and speech |
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Where can you find the supramarginal gyrus? The angular gyrus?
What are the associated Broca #s? Which lobe are these found in? |
At the end of the lateral fissure: # 39
just below is the angular gyrus: # 40 found in the parietal lobe |
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What is the angular gyrus in front of?
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an imaginary line connecting the preoccipital notch withthe superior endof the parietooccipital sulcus on the medial side.
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When parts of the frontal and temporal gyri are cut away what is visible beneath?
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Can see planum temporale
and transverse temporal (Heschi's) gyri--superior aspect of the temporal lobe within the lateral fissure. |
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Where is the primary auditory cortex found? What is it surrounded by?
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areas 41 and 42. surrounded by 22--secondary auditory cortex
found in the temporal lobe |
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Do cuts need to be made to see the insula and transverse temporal gyri?
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No, just pull temporal back to expose just below. Just move gyri out of the way.
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Where are the short and long gyri found?
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short insular gyri are found more anterior while the long are found posterior. short looks like 3 fingers. Found w/in the temporal lobe--deep to exterior
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Where is the circular sulcus found?
What separates the long and short gyri? |
found around the insula
insula=island of reil long and short gyri separated by the central sulcus of the insula |
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What is an operculae?
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operculum is latin for lid and in the brain used to describe the lobes that cover the insula (frontal, temporal and parietal)
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What are the supramarginal and angular gyri a part of?
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part of the inferior parietal lobule
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Where can the INTRAparietal sulcus be found? What does it separate?
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found posterior from the postcental gyrus and separates the superior and inferior parietal lobule
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From an inferior view, what main gyri can be seen?
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medial to lateral: gyrus rectus, orbital gyri
medial to lateral: parahippocampal gyrus, occiptotemporal and inferior temporal gyrus. |
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Where is the olfactory tract and bulb found?
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found between the gyrus rectus and the orbital gyri lying within the olfactory sulcus
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What is found on the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus?
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uncus
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What sulcus separates the parahippocampal gyrus from the occipitotemporal gyrus?
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collateral sulcus
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What important Broadmann #s are found on the inferior surface of the brain? Where?
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34 medial side of uncus and 28 on anterior parahippocampal gyrus
include primary olfactory cortex and LIMBIC (emotion and motivation) association cortex. |
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What arteries feed into the circle of Willis?
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internal carotid and basilar aa
vertebral too? |
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What 3 cerebral aa supply the cortex?
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anterior, middle and posterior cerebral aa
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What is the pathway of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)?
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wraps dorsally around the corpus callosum in the longitudinal fissure. supplies medial surface no furtur than to the parieto occipital sulcus
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What does the MCA supply?
What is its path? |
supplies superior temporal lobe and much of the lateral surface. Also supplies the insula
couses back through the lateral fissure. |
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What does the PCA supply?
What is its path? |
supplies the medial and inferior temporal lobe AND medial and lateral occipital lobes
courses posteriorly between the cerebrum and cerebellum |
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What are the major regions of the brain?
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prosencephalon: telencephalon and diencephalon
rhombencephalon: mesencephalon, metencephalon, and mylencephalon spinal cord |
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Which way is rostral? caudal?
What axis is used when describing neuroanatomy? |
rostral towards the snout
caudal towards the tail neuraxis |
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Where is the tectum found?
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the prominent posterior (dorsal)part of the midbrain
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What makes up the brainstem?
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midbrain, pons, medulla
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Where is the 4th ventricle?
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overlies the pons and the rostral 1/2 of the medulla
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Where is the cerebral aqueduct?
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passes thru the midbrain
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What is the core of the cerebral hemisphere?
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the diencephalon (just rostral to the midbrain)
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what covers the 4th ventricle?
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the cerebellum
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What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?
What are they connected by? |
thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
connected by the mass intermedia |
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What surrounds the massa intermedia?
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the 3rd ventricle, lies between the thalami
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What does the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle include?
What is the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle called? |
anterior commissure
lamina terminalis |
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What are the components of the epithalamus?
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posterior commisure and the pineal gland
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What are the parts of the hypothalamus?
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mammilary bodies and pituitary stalk
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What is an important landmark inferior and rostral to the hypothalamus?
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the optic chiasm
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Is the corpus callosum white or grey matter?
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white, largest area of white matter
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What large white matter tract arches over the thalamus?
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fornix
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What stretches between the corpus callosum and the fornix?
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the septum pellucidum-separates teh left and right lateral ventricles
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Which lobes of the brain can be seen in mid sagital section?
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frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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Is the epitalamus an integrated unit?
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No, but it has structures that function in several systems.
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What connects the pineal gland to the brain?
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the pineal stalk--note ventral and dorsal walls
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What extends into the stalk?
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the third ventricle
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What does the pineal gland sit in?
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CSF between the midbrain and the corpus callosum
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What is found ON the dorsal medial thalamus?
What arces OVER the dorsalmedial thalamus? What is in the dorsal wall of the pineal stalk? |
habenula (bump) overlying the habenular nucleus
over: stria medullaris thalami In the dorsal wall is the habenular comissure |
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What is the stria medularis thalami?
What does the habenular commissure include? |
complex afferent fiber bundle to the habenula
habenular commissure includes commissural and decussating fibers |
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What color does myelin stain w/ a myelin stain?
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black
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Before CT how was the pineal gland imaged?
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by x-ray b/c of calcification
calcified pineal gland can be seen by CT too |
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What happens if there's a tumor in the pineal gland?
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the pineal tumor will compress the midbrain tectum which will compress the cerebral aqueduct
causes hydrocepalus and eye movement disorders |
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What does the midbrain tectum have a function in?
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rostral part functions in the visual system
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Where does the posterior commissure attach?
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between the ventral wall of the pineal stalk and the midbrain tectum near the junction of the 3rd ventricle and cerebral aqueduct
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What do the fibers of the posterior commisure interconnect?
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midbrain nuceli involved with the visual system
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What is the massa intermedia?
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Commissure in the third ventricle that connects the left and right diencephalon.
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Is the spinothalamic tract and fasciculus one way or two way? What about superior longitudinal fasciculus and medial longitudinal fassiculus?
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spino and fasc gracilis are ONE way
sup and med longitudinal fasciculus are 2 way |
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What is an ex of a radiation?
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acoustic radiation from medial geniculate nucleus to transverse temporal gyri
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What do the arcuate fasciculi interconnect?
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(short)interconnect close regions like adjacent gyri
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What is the course of the intrahemispheric association fiberbundles?
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anteroposteriorly
cingulum, superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculus |
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What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?
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parietal, occipital, and temporal with the frontal lobe
AND Wernicke (speech comprehension) and Broca's (motor speech) |
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What does a lesion in the superior longitudinal (arcuate) fasciculus cause?
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problems with speech and language
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What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?
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parietal and occipital lobes with the temporal lobe
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What does the hook shaped uncinate fasciculus connect?
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anterior temporal and lower frontal lobes
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What type of tract is the cingulum?
What does it parallel? |
limbic association tract
underlying and paralleling the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri. |
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What are the anterior and posterior commisures?
Where are they located? Where does the anterior commisure cross the midline? |
small cylindrical transverse fiber bundles
located at either end of the corpus callosum anterior commisure crosses the midline in the lamina terminalis |
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What does the anterior commissure interconnect?
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interconnects the anterior temporal lobes.
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What connects similar areas in opposite hemispheres?
What are the anterior and posteriormost arching fibers called? |
corpus callosal fibers
forceps major (post) and minor (ant) |
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Where would you find the most fibers in the corpus callosum?
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in the rostral and caudal ends b/c of greater accomadation of more fibers
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What are the main parts of the corpus callosum?
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rostrum, genu, body, splenium
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What does the corpus callosum lie at the bottom of?
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the longitudinal fissure.
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Which technique has replaced frontal lobotomy?
Which section should be left intact for best results? |
callosotomy used especially in epileptic seizures.
If splenium is spared can minimize split brain symptoms |
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Who is Kim Peek and what was he born with?
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Rainman--born with congenital absence of corpus callosum and anterior commisure
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What does the absence of the corpus callosum produce? Give an example.
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disconnection syndromes.
Ex. if lesion is posterior visual info from right occiput (left visual field)cannot reach the left side so can't say what is in the left field. |
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Where does the corona radiata carry fibers to and from?
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carries fibers to and from the cortex and the diencephalon, brainstem or spinal cord
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What do the fibers of the corona radiata pass thru as they narrow down?
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pass between large grey matter nuclei called basal ganglia
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Where will you find orderly arranged fibers of the corona radiata?
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w/in the internal capsule and those that reach the midbrain
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Where does the internal capsule pass?
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between the lentiform nucleus laterally
the thalamus and caudate neucleus medially continuous w/ the corona radiata superiorly crus cerebri in the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain inferiorly |
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What does the internal capsule look like in horizontal section?
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V shaped, bend of the V is the genu--remaining parts are limbs--anterior and posterior
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Where is the external capsule found? What is it made of?
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thin white matter sheet lateral to the lentiform nucleus. Found lateral to the internal capsule--if you can believe it
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What is found betwen the external capsule?
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insula--very thin grey structure called the claustrum
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What do the internal and external capusules encapsulate?
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the lentiform nucleus
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On a coronal section how will the internal capsule appear?
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Only see one piece of it--no longer looks like a V. only see teh anterior or posterior limb
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What do you call the large central area of white matter in the cerebrum? What does it include?
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centrum semiovale--includes the intersectins of the internal capsule, callosal fibers, and superior longitudinal fissure.
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What is the function of the MLF?
The central tegmental tract? |
2 way connector in the BRAINSTEM
coordinates motor nuclei for extrinsic eye mm. tegmental tract interconnects reticular regions--coordinates breathing, visceral funcitons |
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In the spinal cord is grey or white matter on the inside?
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grey inside, white outside
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What could cause a stiff neck and fever with prior cough and fatigue?
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bacterial meningitis
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What produces CSF?
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choroid plexus of the four ventricles
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What is the function of the CSF?
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structural support and cushioning to the brain and spinal cord
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What are leptomeninges composed of?
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pia mater and arachnoid mater
Note: lepto=thin (so thin meningeal layers) |
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What is the dura mater made of?
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periosteal layer and meningeal layer. 2 parts: An inner and outer layer
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What are the parts of the meningeal layer of the dura mater?
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falx cerebri and cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sellae
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Where is the CSF usually found?
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in the subarachnoid space
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What does the internal capsule look like in horizontal section?
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V shaped, bend of the V is the genu--remaining parts are limbs--anterior and posterior
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Where is the external capsule found? What is it made of?
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thin white matter sheet lateral to the lentiform nucleus. Found lateral to the internal capsule--if you can believe it
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What is found betwen the external capsule?
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insula--very thin grey structure called the claustrum
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What do the internal and external capusules encapsulate?
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the lentiform nucleus
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On a coronal section how will the internal capsule appear?
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Only see one piece of it--no longer looks like a V. only see teh anterior or posterior limb
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What is the name of the large central area of white matter in the cerebrum?
What does it include? |
centrum semiovale
includes internal capsule, callosal fibers, and superior longitudinal fissure. |
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What is the MLF?
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an important two way connector in the brainstem--connects the motor nuclei for the extrinsic eye mm
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What does the central tegmental tract do?
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inteconnects the reticular regions--coordinates breathing, visceral functions etc
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Where is the CSF produced?
What is its function? |
by the choroid plexus of the four ventricles
functions in structural support and cushions the brain and spinal cord |
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What is the leptomeninges composed of?
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pia mater and arachnoid
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What are the layers of the dura mater?
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periosteal layer and meningeal layer
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What are parts of the meningeal layer?
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falx cerebri and cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli diaphragma sellae |
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Is the subdural space potential or real?
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potential
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Where is the CSF usually?
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subarachnoid space
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Where can the CSF get reabsorbed?
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in the arachnoid granules
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What is the likely diagnosis of a 65 y/o male w/ stiff neck, fever, one week prior cough and fatigue. With a lumbar puncture revealing high WBC and cloudyness?
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bacterial meningitis
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Is the epidural space of the cranium real? Spinal cord?
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cranium--not real
spinal cord--real |
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Is the subdural space real?
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subdural is a potential space--can become real
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What is found in the subarachnoid space?
anterior? posterior? lateral? spinal? |
cisterns
anterior: chiasmatic, interpeduncular, pontine posterior: superior, cerebellomedullary (magna) lateral: lateral cistern spinal area: lumbar cistern |
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Where would you do a lumbar puncture?
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between L3/4 in the lumbar cistern in the subarachnoid space where there is CSF
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Describe the flow of CSF.
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choroid plexus of lateral ventricles
to interventricular foramen (Monro) to 3rd ventricle to cerebral aqueduct (sylvius) to 4th ventricle to median and lateral apertures (Foramina of Magendie and Luschka) goes down on posterior side and up on anterior side |
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From the arachnoid vili where does CSF go?
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to the superior sagital sinus
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Where can infections occur related to the emissary veins?
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cranial sinues, bones. Can happen during fetal monitoring and brain surgery
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What is papilledema?
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swelling around the optic disc can view w/ opthalmascope
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What could the dx of a 35y/o M CO NV sinusitis, papilledema?
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cranial epidural abscess
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What are the 3 major types of intracranial bleeding?
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
subdural hemorrhage extradural hemorrhage |
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When is subarachnoid hemorrhage common?
cause? symptoms? |
in trauma patients, unconscious more than 1 hr.
cause: ruptured arterial aneurysm at the base of the brain sudden onset, severe headache and stiff neck signs of meningeal irritation |
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Which artery has the highest pressure?
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middle cerebral
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do you see bones on an MRI?
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no use xray or ct
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What is a subdural hemorrhage?
What is the cause? Who are they common in? |
minor to severe head trauma
usually subdural veins ruputre--SLOWLY can cross suture lines--w/in th esubdural space, below the anchor points where the suture lines are common in alcoholics |
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When do extradural (Epidural) hemorrhages occur?
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follow a traumatic rupture of the middle meningeal a or v
OR fracture of the squamous temporal bone resutling in a cut vessel |
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Can an epidural hemorrhage cross the midline and suture lines?
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can cross midline---push the brain aside, but canNOT cross the sutrue lines b/c the dura is ANCHORED
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What can happen when there is a build up of CSF?
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hydroencephalus
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What are the causes of hydroencephalus?
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obstructive and communicating
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What is the difference between obstructive and communicating hydroencephalus?
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obstrucive: blockage in system or around the brain due to tumors, hemorrhage, infection, genetics
communicating: overproduction of CSF, impared absorption by arachnoid vili. vili affected by blood. Can result in meningitis. venus insufficiency can cause communicating too. |
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What does the pineal gland secrete?
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secretes melatonin
neuroendocrine gland highly vascular, receives afferent fibers mostly sympathetic daylight to retina to suprachaismatic nucleus of thalamus to hypothalamic regulation of symphathetic nn |
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Where is the habenular trigone found?
What types of fibers are found in the stria medullaris? What is the output of the habenular nucleus? |
part of the thalamus made of a complex bundle with inputs from a variety of structures and regions which are mostly limbic
the habenular commissure connects the habenular regions The output is the habenulointerpeduncluar tract which courses to a nucleus in the ipsilateral midbrain. |
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If a patient comes in complaining of headache and difficulty controlling eye movements what would you order and what could a possible dx be?
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midsagittal MRI to see the pineal gland compression on the midbrain tectum and subsequently on the cerebral aqueduct.
Pineal tumor likely |
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What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
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the central sulcus or sulcus of Rolando
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If there is a lesion in the precentral gyrus what will result? Postcentral?
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precentral: paralysis
postcentral: anasthesia |
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What do BA 3,1,2
4 6 8 correspond to? |
312=postcentral gyrus=primary somatosensory cortex
4 primary motor cortex= precentral gyrus 6 supplementary and premotor area 8 frontal eye field |
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What do BA 17
18,19 22 28 correspond to? |
17: primary visual cortex
18,19: visual association cortex 22: secondary auditory cortex--post. part on left is Wernicke's area 28: primary olfactory cortex |
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What do 39,40
38 41 (42) 44, 45 correspond to? |
39,49: primary sensory speech processing Wernicke's area sometimes
41(42): primary auditory cortex 44,45 primary motor speech area--Broca's area |
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What areas of the frontal cortex did Fineus Gauge damage?
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prefrontal association cortex which in addition to thinking understanding and planning also affects personality.
Broca's area, Wernicke's area, supplementary motor cortex were not involved. |
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Where is Broca's area found?
How does Broca's communicate w/ Wernicke? |
in the frontal lobe BA: 44,45
via the arcuate fasciculus |
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What would a lesion in Broca's area cause? Wernicke's?
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Broca's would lead to aphasia--impairment or loss of speech.
Wernicke's--inabilty to understand written or spoken speech |
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Where is Wernicke's area found?
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temporal lobe
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What BA # does the temporal pole correspond with?
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BA 38--olfactory cortex and limbic association cortex
smell and emotion |
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What does the occipital pole correspond with?
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BA 17: primary visual cortex
note 18 and 19 are concentric circles around it visual association areas |
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What happens in the superior parietal lobule?
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visual association cortex
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What BA does the supramarginal gyrus correspond to? The angular?
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angular 39
supramarginal 40 both are association cortices for vision, reading and speech |
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What does the planume temporale funciton in?
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BA: 41(42) found deep w/in the transverse (Heschi)gyri: secondary auditory association area. just behind B22
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What divides the superior and inferior occipital gyri? What name is given to the superior and inferior gyri?
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the calcarine sulcus divides the occipital lobe. superior to the calcarine sulcus is CUNEUS and inferior is the LINGUAL gyrus
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What is the lingual gyrus continuous with inferiorly?
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parahippocampal gyrus--most medial gyrus of the temporal lobe
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What is found on the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus? What does it cover?
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the uncus. The amygdala nucleus
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What gyrus is lateral to the lingual gyrus?
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the occipitotemporal gyrus
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What separates the parahippocampal and occipitotemporal gyri?
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the collateral sulcus
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Where is BA 28?
BA34? |
anterior 1/2 o fthe parahippocampal gyrus=BA28 primary olfactory cortex
BA:34 medial uncus=limbic association cortex |
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What can a CINGULotomy treat?
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can treat cancer pain, obsessive compulsive disorder, mental disorders
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What does a lesion in the posterior commissure affect the most?
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vertical gaze
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What makes the internal capsule?
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the corona radiata narrowing down
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What are the 3 broad categories of white matter in the brainstem and spinal cord?
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long asscending= sensory 1 way
long descending=motor 1 way integrative tracts: 2 way |
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What are the 2 principal integrative tracts in the brainstem?
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central tegmental tract and medial longitudinal fasciculus.
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What fibers does the internal capsule carry?
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ascending: thalamocortical
descending: corticothalamic, corticospinal, and corticobulbar |
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What does the anterior limb of the internal capsule separate?
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caudate nucleus head from the lenticular nucleus, carries thalamocortical and corticopontine fibers
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What does the posterior limb of the internal capsule separate? What fibers does it carry?
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separates teh thalamus from the lenticular nucleus
includes the corticospinal tract |
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What fibers does the genu contain?
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corticobulbar tract fibers
remember the internal capsule forms a v in horizontal brain sections, with the point most medial |
