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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biorhythm
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Inherent timing mechanism that controls or initiates various biological processes
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Biological Clock
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Neural systems that endogenously times behaviour.
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Period
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Time required to complete a cycle of activity
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Circannual Rhythm
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Yearly (ex. migration of birds)
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Infradian Rhythm
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Less than a year (ex. human menstrual cycle)
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Circadian Rhythm
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Daily (ex. sleep/wake cycle)
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Ultradian Rhythm
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Less than a day (ex. eating cycle)
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Free-Running Rhythms
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Rhythm of the body's own devising in the absence of all external cues.
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Without external cues, what is out bodies natural rhythm period?
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25-27 hrs
Sleep/wake cycle shifts an hour or so everyday |
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Diurnal Animals
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Animals that are active during the daytime.
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Nocturnal Animals
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Animals that are active during the nighttime
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Do diurnal animals expand or contract their free-running periods in the presence of constant darkness?
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Diurnal animals expand their free-running periods.
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Do nocturnal animals expand or contract their free-running periods in the presence of constant darkness?
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Nocturnal animals contract their free-runnning periods.
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Zeitgebers
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Environmental event that entrains biological rhythms; a "time giver"
ex. light resets the biological clock |
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Entrainment
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Determine of modify the period of a biorhythm
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Jet Lag
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Fatigue from rapid travel through time zones and exposure to a changed day-night cycle
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
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Main pacemaker or circadian rhythms located just above the optic chiasm
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Retinohypothalamic Pathway
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Neural route from a specific group of cone receptors to the SCN of the hypothalamus. It allows light ti entrain the rhythmic activity on the SCN.
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M-Cells
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One group of circadian neurons that control morning activity and need light for entrainment
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E-cells
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One group of circadian neurons that control eventing activity and need darkness for entrainment
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Melatonin
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Hormone secreted by the pineal gland during darkness (in the day/night cycle). It influences daily and seasonal biorhythms.
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During the summer, do hamsters have higher or lower melatonin levels and what biological effect does this have?
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-Lower melatonin levels = gonadol growth and increased hormonal sex drive
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Beta Rhythm
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Waking State; muscle tone/eyes move; 15-30 Hz
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Alpha Rhythm
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Drowsy State; muscle tone/eyes not moving; 7-11 Hz
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Delta Rhythm
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Sleeping State (NREM sleep); muscle tone/eyes not moving; 1-3 Hz
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REM Sleep
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Dreaming State; no muscle tone/eye moves; fast brain-wave pattern by EEG
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What are the four stages of Non-REM sleep?
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Stage 1 Shallow
Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Deep |
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What is the order of sleep stages?
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Awake, Stages (1,2,3,4), REM
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In what stage does sleeptalking/sleepwalking/nighmares occur?
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NREM sleep
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In what sleep stage are dreams (generally) more vivid?
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REM sleep
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Atonia
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No tone; condition of complete muscle inactivity produced by the inhibition of motor neurons by sleep regions of our brainstem
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Sigmund Freud's Manifest Content
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Loosely connected series of bizarre images and actions
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Sigmund Freud's Latent Content
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True meaning of the dream
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What is Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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Dreams are the symbolic fulfillment of unconscious wishes
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What is Carl Jung's psychoanalytic theory?
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Dreams are expressions of out 'collective unconscious' - history of the human race
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Which theory regard dreams as meaningless brain activity?
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Hobson's: Activation Synthesis
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What theory regards dreams as a coping strategy?
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Revonsuo's Evolutionary Hypothesis
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Do predators or prey sleep more?
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Predators tend to sleep more
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Basic Rest-Activity Cycle
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Ultradian Rhythm
Reoccurring cycles, about 90 minutes long, during which an animal's level of arousal waxes and wanes |
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Microsleep
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Brief period of sleep lasting a second or so
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Consolidation
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Process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning
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Reconsolidation
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The process of restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited.
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When is explicit memory consolidated?
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NREM sleep
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When is implicit memory consolidated?
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REM sleep
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Place cell
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Hippocampul neuron that fires when a rat is in certain location in an environment
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Reticular Activating System (RAS)/ Reticular Formation
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Associated with sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal
Stimulation of RAS produces waking EEG; damage to RAS produces slow-wave EEG |
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Basal Forebrain
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Contains Cholinergic cells that secrete acetycholine onto neocortical neurons that stimulate a waking EEG (beta) rhythm
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Median Raphe' Nucleus
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Contains seratonin neurons that project diffusely to the neocortex; also stimulates beta rhythms
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Peribrachial Area
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Cholinergic nucleus in the dorsal brainstem having a role in REM sleep behaviours; projects to the medial pontine reticulum
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Medial Pontine Reticulum
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Nucleus in the pons participating in REM sleep
Projects to several other brain areas that produce REM-related behaviours |
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Narcolepsy
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Sloe-wave sleep disorder in which a person uncontrollably falls asleep at inappropriate times
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Cataplexy
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A form of narcolepsy linked to strong emotional stimulation in which an animal loses all muscle activity tone , as if in REM sleep, while awake
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Hypnogogic Hallucination
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Dreamlike event at the beginning of sleep or while a persons is in a state of cataplexy
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