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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Contents of the Telencephalon, CN associations
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Cerebral cortex/ hemispheres. basal ganglia, lateral ventricles and foramen of monroe, CN 1
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Contents of Diencephalon, CN associations
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamas, formen of monroe leads to 3rd ventricle, CN 2
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Contents of Mesencephalon, CN associations
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Teguntum (floor) - cerebral peduncles/ crus cerebri, Tectum (roof) - corpora quadrigemina/ superior and inferior colliculi, Cerebral aqueduct, CN 3-4
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Contents of Metencephalon, CN associations
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Midbrain - Pons, cerebellum, rostral part of fourth ventricle, CN 5-8
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Contents of Myencephalon, CN associations
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Medulla oblungata, caudal part of fourth ventricle, the foramina of Magendi (medially) and Luschka (laterally) communicate with the subarachnoid space, CN 9-12
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Location & Functions of the Thalamus
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Located in Diencephalon; Thalamus relays sensory information to the cortex as well as motor information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum
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Location & Functions of the Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, subthalamus
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All are in the diencephalon, and the hypothalamus assists with maintaining homeostasis, the epithalamus participates in endocrine function and the subthalamus participates in motor and sensory perception
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Function of the Mesencephalon
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contains neurons forming part of motor system, controls eye movements, assists in alertness
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Location & Function of the Pons
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Pons is in the Metencephalon, and ventral region relays motor information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum, and dorsal region is involved in respiration, tase and controlling sleep/ awake cycles
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Location & Funtion of the Cerebellum
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Cerebellum is in the Metencephalon, and receives somatosensory information from the spinal cord, motor info from the cortex, and vestibular information from the inner ear. It serves to maintain balance, and smooth movements.
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Functions of Myencephelon
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Medulla oblongata, nuclei regulating blood pressure, respiration and motor of mouth, also nuclei receiving information from mechano and chemoreceptors
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Layers of the cerebral cortex
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Layer 1: Molecular/ Plexiform Layer
Layer 2: External Granular layer Layer 3: External Pyramidal layer Layer 4:Internal Granular layer Layer 5:Internal Pyramidal layer Layer 6: multiform layer |
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Describe Layer 1 of cerebral cortex
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Molecular (plexiform) layer has very few neuronal somata, apical dendrites of cells located in the deeper cortical layers, axons passing through/ connecting in this layer, axons arise in this layer travelling parallel to the pia
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Describe Layer 2 of cerebral cortex
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External Granular layer - small granular cells that communicate with ipsilateral cortical areas
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Describe layer 3 of cerebral cortex
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External pyramidal layer - small to medium sized pyramidal neurons projecting from the cortex, communication with homotrophic contralateral cortices via commissural fibers
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Describe layer 4 of cerebral cortex
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Internal Granular layer has no pyramidal neurons, interneurons receive incoming sensory input (thalamo-cortical) projecting to layers 2 and 3
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Describe layer 5 of cerebral cortex
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External pyramidal layer has large pyramidal cells and is a major source of cortical output to the brain-stem and spinal cord
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Describe layer 6 of cerebral cortex
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Multiform layer - small cells receiving input from the thalamus and from layers 2,3 and 5 of cortex
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where do most thalamo-cortical neurons end and what are they communicating?
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somatosensory information and they end in layer 4
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Where do axons of cortical neuron associations end and what do they communicate?
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motor information and they end in 2, 3 and 4
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Pyramidal cells can be found in layers.... and what do they communicate?
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2,3,5, 6, form output pathway from the cortex for motor signals
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striatum
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caudate nucleus + putamen
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caudate nucleus + putamen
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striatum
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putamen + globus pallidus
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lentiform nucleus
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Lentiform nucleus is composed of
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putatem & globus pallidus
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3 forms of cerebral white matter
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Association (myelinated axons within same hemisphere), Commissural (information passing from one hemisphere to the homotrophic site in the other hemisphere) and Projection (white matter arising from the thalamus must reach the cortex)
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Composition of striatum
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putamen and caudate nucleus
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composition of lentiform
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globus pallidus and putamen
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Brodman's area for primary motor cortex
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4 (precentral gyrus)
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Brodman's area 4 (precentral gyrus)
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primary motor cortex
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Broca's motor speech area
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44 (pars opercularis) & 45 (pars triangularis)
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Wernicke's receptive speach area
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22 (planum temporale)
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Brodman's 22
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speech sounds and comprehension (Wernicke)
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Broadman's areas: vision
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17 (occipital lobe)
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Brodman's primary somatosensory
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3,1,2
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Broadman's 3, 1, 2
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primary somatosensory areas
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Brodman's area 5
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primary sensory association
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Superior colliculi - which geniculate and function
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lateral geniculate - eyes above ears - vision
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Inferior colliculi - which geniculate and function
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medial geniculate - eyes above ears - auditory
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Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) hemorrhage
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midbrain affected, vision issues
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stroke arteries
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lenticulostriate aka paraventricular aka intra-cerebral
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Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A Virgin Girls vagina And Hymen
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1)olfactory 2) optic 3) oculomotor 4) trochlear 5) trigeminal 6) abducens 7) facial 8) vestibulocochlear 9) glossopharyngeal 10) vagus 11) accessory 12) hypoglossal
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Functions of Astrocytes
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Maintain osmotic balances in brain
Send info via Ca2+ concentration Make HDL Cholesterol Regulate extracellular K+ concentration Uptake of neurotransmitter Glycogen to Lactate for energy |
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What gets transported by fast anterograde + what protein
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Mitochondria, vesicles via kinesin
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What gets transported by fast retrograde and what protein
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Recycled vesicle membranes, enzymes, lysosomes via Dinein
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What gets transported by slow anterograde
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Cytoskeleton molecules, soluble proteins, enzymes
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4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) mechanism of action
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Interferes with Quantal release by blocking K+ channels thus increasing the duration of the Ca2+ impulse and increasing Ach release
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Hypocalcemia
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Causes hypoparathyroidism, Needed to neutralize anions outside the membrane (and stabilize the membrane) so without it the membrane is leaky, the outside becomes more negative making the potential outside to inside closer to it's potential and leading to unwanted depolarizations and tetany. ex: DiGeorge Syndrome
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Hyperkalemia
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Increased K+ in the extracellular leads to more K+ moving inside the cell (basically alters the gradient) and brings cells closer to depolarization, either causing unwanted depolarizations, or leading to opening of some Na+ channels (but not enough for an AP) that will then in activate and a go through a refractory period where action potentials can't happen. This can cause ventricular fibrillation/ asystole
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Hypokalemia
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Lack of K+ in the extracellular will cause hyperpolarization as K+ exits the cell, this may mean a longer refractory period for myocytes and ventricular perkinje fibers.
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Kallman's syndrome
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No GnRH so no migration from olfactory placode to hypothalamus, results in anosmia (can't smell) and no secondary sexual characteristics (ie balls don't drop)
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Marie Charcot Tooth
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No PMP22 so laminin from Schwann cells can't myelinate PERIPHERAL neurons - CNS is fine, PNS has limited or no myelination
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EMX
OTX |
EMX=scizencephaly
OTX=epilepsy |
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Carbachol
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Ach analog - but not degraded by Ach at cleft, so used to increase Ach
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Glutamate receptors, agonists antagonists
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Receptors: AMPA, NMDA, agonists are just the receptors (AMPA and NMDA), and antagonists for GLUT are CNQX and AP5
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GABA receptors, agonists, antagonists
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GABA receptors are called Gaba A and Gaba B, it's agonists are muscimol and baclofen, and antagonists are Bicuculline and Phaclophen
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Glycine receptors, agonists and antagonists
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Glycine receptors and agonists are simply called glycine! It is antagonized (inhibited) by strichnine.
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How would you calculate how many vesicles are released for a given quanta?
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#=probability x number vesicles available: A standard way of lowering p at the NMJ is to replace Ca2+ with Mg2+ ions.
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increased Ca2+ increases the number of vesicles released proportionally
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How would you decrease the number of vesicles released in a quantum?
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Replace Ca2+ with mg2+ at the NMJ because this would lower the influx of Ca2+ and Mg2+ would block the voltage gated Ca2+ channels
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When p has been reduced to a very low value, the EPPs (end plate potentials) show quantal fluctuations.
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In a measurement of EPPs in low [Ca2+]o we find in 12 trials that a nerve stimulus produces 4 failures (no EPPs), 5 EPPs of 1 mV, 2 EPPs of 2 mV and 1 EPP of 3 mV amplitude. Calculate the mean amplitude of the minEPP and it's quantum content
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The mean amplitude of the MinEPP is 1 mV. The mean EPP is (4x0+5x1+2x2+1x3) /12 = 1 mV and the quantum content is (1 mV/1 mV), i.e. 1. This means that on average one impulse under these conditions is releasing the contents of one vesicle.
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Bicuculline
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antagonist of Gaba
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Phaclophen
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antagonist of Gaba
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Muscimol/ Baclofen
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Gaba agonists
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Strychnine
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Glycine anatagonist (inhibits the inhibitor)
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CNQX/ AP5
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Glutamate antagonists
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